In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with l...In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with low molecular weight and amorphous state.X-ray diffraction results revealed that the natural starch crystalline region was largely disrupted by ionic liquid owing to the broken intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.After hydrolysis,the morphology of starch changed from particles of native corn starch into little pieces,and their molecular weight could be effectively regulated during the hydrolysis process,and also the hydrolyzed starch samples exhibited decreased thermal stability with the extension of hydrolysis time.This work would counsel as a powerful tool for the development of native starch in realistic applications.展开更多
Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were i...Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.展开更多
Soft machines harness material-level physical intelligence to perform adaptive tasks,enabling advancements in biomedical and human-machine interaction fields.Soft switches are the basic building blocks to achieve inte...Soft machines harness material-level physical intelligence to perform adaptive tasks,enabling advancements in biomedical and human-machine interaction fields.Soft switches are the basic building blocks to achieve intelligent functions like autonomous decisions and mechanical computation.However,current soft switches suffer from complex fabrication processes,limited performance,and a lack of multimodal control,which hinder their practical application and the realization of machine intelligence.Herein,by harnessing the unique self-pinch and self-healing effects of the gallium-based liquid metals(LMs),we describe a soft high-performance electric switch composed of an LM line encapsulated within an elastomer.Applying pressure to deform the LM switch can increase local current density,leading to the electromagnetic self-pinch effect for switching off.After releasing pressure,the LM can spontaneously heal with the elastic recovery of the elastomer for switching on.This LM switch shows comprehensive advantages,including a compact design(0.5 mm×1.5 mm×10 mm),good stretchability(100%),high on/off ratio(~10^(9)),rapid response time(<100 ms),and excellent durability(>12000 cycles).Moreover,the LM switches enable multiple control modes,including magnetic and optical stimulation,through the integration of responsive materials.We demonstrate various LM switch-enabled functional soft machines,such as an interactive flexible gripper,a self-oscillating soft crawler,and wearable logic gates.This work will open new avenues for the application of LM in intelligent soft machines and advanced wearable electronics.展开更多
This study investigates the reduction in polarization measurement accuracy caused by varying in-cident angles in a liquid crystal variable retarder(LCVR).The phase delay characteristics of the LCVR were examined,with ...This study investigates the reduction in polarization measurement accuracy caused by varying in-cident angles in a liquid crystal variable retarder(LCVR).The phase delay characteristics of the LCVR were examined,with particular emphasis on the influence of different two-dimensional incident angles on phase delay behavior.Building upon the calibration of phase delay under normal incidence,a phase delay calibra-tion model was developed to account for variations in incident angle and driving voltage.A mathematical re-lationship was established between phase delay and the azimuth angle(α)and pitch angle(β).Experimental validation was conducted under three conditions:α=20°,β=0°;α=0°,β=20°;and an arbitrary angle whereα=5°,β=15°.The results demonstrated that the maximum average deviation between theoretical pre-dictions and experimental measurements did not exceed 0.059 rad.The proposed calibration method proved to be both accurate and practical.This approach offers robust support for LCVR parameter calibration and performance optimization in optical systems,particularly in polarization imaging applications.展开更多
This study investigates the droplet formation for the liquid–liquid two-phase flow within a square T-junction microchannel through numerical simulation using volume of fluid method and experimental visualization usin...This study investigates the droplet formation for the liquid–liquid two-phase flow within a square T-junction microchannel through numerical simulation using volume of fluid method and experimental visualization using high-speed camera imaging.The T-junction microchannel has a cross-sectional width of 0.6 mm and a total length of 27.3 mm.The solution of cyclohexane with 2%and 3%mass concentrations of sorbitan trioleate surfactant were used as the continuous phase,and water was used as the dispersed phase.Slug flow,characteristic of squeezing regime,were predominantly observed.The effects of liquid–liquid two-phase flow rate ratio,and dimensionless number on droplet size,and pressure drop were investigated.The squeezing regime was mapped for 0.0005≤Ca_(c)≤0.0052(capillary number)and 0.1≤q≤10(flow rate ratio).The pressure drops of slugs were in the range from 40 Pa to 200 Pa.The slug lengths were measured between 1 mm and 9 mm.A universal flow map dependent on Ca_(c)Re_(d)^(0.5) are projected to investigate the droplet formation behavior in T-junction microchannel.Correlation expressions are proposed to predict pressure drops and the slug lengths for liquid–liquid two-phase flow in a square T-junction microchannel,using dimensionless numbers such as flow rate ratio and capillary number.The result shows that large continuous phase flow rates facilitate smaller slugs,whereas higher dispersed phase flow rates result in longer shorts.展开更多
As the global textile industry has accelerated its transition to a circular economy,iterative innovation in regenerated cellulose fibers has become a key industry focus.With viscose fiber having been industrialized fo...As the global textile industry has accelerated its transition to a circular economy,iterative innovation in regenerated cellulose fibers has become a key industry focus.With viscose fiber having been industrialized for over a century and lyocell fiber gaining market recognition because of its environmentally friendly process,which is the next regenerated cellulose fiber.Herein,ionic liquids with low vapor pressure,nonflammability,relatively simple recovery,and high dissolution efficiency were used to fabricate regenerated cellulose fibers.The viscose and lyocell properties of the fibers were systematically compared,including microscopic morphology,dyeing behavior,fibrillation resistance,mechanical properties,yarn-forming capacity,and fabric performance.The ionic liquid(IL)fiber exhibited a smooth surface and circular cross-section,with the highest tensile strength,moderate dyeing and fibrillation properties,and similar spinning and weaving performance.This work can provide a reference for the commercial application of regenerated cellulose fibers fabricated from ionic liquid.展开更多
The doped quantum spin liquid on the kagome lattice provides a fascinating platform to explore exotic quantum states,such as the reported holon Wigner crystal at low doping.By extending the doping range toδ=0.027–0....The doped quantum spin liquid on the kagome lattice provides a fascinating platform to explore exotic quantum states,such as the reported holon Wigner crystal at low doping.By extending the doping range toδ=0.027–0.36,we studied the kagome-lattice t-J model using state-of-the-art density matrix renormalization group calculations.On the L_(y)=3 cylinder(Ly is the number of unit cells along the circumferential direction),we established a quantum phase diagram with an increasing doping level.In addition to the charge density wave states at lower doping levels,we found an emergent Fermi-liquid-like phase by melting the holon Wigner crystal at δ≈0.15,which is characterized by the suppression of charge density oscillation and power-law decay of various correlation functions.For a wider L_(y)=4 cylinder,the bond-dimension extrapolated correlation functions also support such a Fermi-liquid-like state,suggesting its stability with increasing system size.In a narrow doping range near δ=1/3 for the L_(y)=3 cylinder,we find a state with an exponential decay of the single-particle correlation,but the other correlation functions preserve the features in the Fermi-liquid-like phase,which may be a precursor of a superconducting state.Nevertheless,this peculiar state nearδ=1/3 disappears for the L_(y)=4 cylinder,implying a possible lattice-size dependence.Our results reveal quantum melting from a holon Wigner crystal to a Fermi-liquid-like state with increasing hole density and suggest a doping regime to explore superconductivity in future studies.展开更多
The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))an...The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))and Zn(BF_(4))_(2),the supramolecular gelatorβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)was added,and then a gel electrolyte(CD-ILZE)for zinc-ion batteries was prepared through host-vip interaction betweenβ-CD and DMSO-ILZE electrolyte.The gel electrolyte has good conductivity between-30 and 80℃,which is found by fitting the Arrhenius equation that the gel electrolyte satisfies the liquid law within this temperature range.In addition,the supramolecular gel electrolyte can effectively decrease hydrogen evolution corrosion and the formation of zinc dendrites.Compared with the battery prepared by DMSO-ILZE electrolyte(about 1100 h),the prepared Zn||Zn battery exhibits a more stable cycle(over 2800 h)at a current density of 0.5 m A·cm^(-2).At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the prepared Zn||V_(2)O_(5)gel electrolyte cell has a capacity of 30 m Ah·g^(-1)and a capacity retention rate of 85.17%after more than 1500 cycles.The CD-ILZE supramolecular gel electrolyte can inhibit the formation of hydrogen evolution corrosion and zinc dendrites,and improve the cycling performance of the battery.展开更多
Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surf...Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surface wettability,insufficient interfacial contact,and unfavorable energy level alignment at the PTAA/perovskite interface.Here,we report a highly effective interfacial engineering strategy employing the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate(DMIMPH)as a multifunctional interfacial modifier.The incorporation of DMIMPH improves PTAA wettability,promoting the growth of high-quality perovskite films with enhanced interfacial contact.Concurrently,DMIMPH effectively tunes the energy levels of PTAA,enhances its electrical conductivity,and passivates interfacial defects with more efficient hole extraction and charge transport.Moreover,its interaction with residual PbI_(2) modulates perovskite crystallization kinetics,yielding highly crystalline perovskite films with enlarged grain sizes,reduced PbI_(2) residue,and suppressed trap densities.As a result,PTAA-based p-i-n PSCs employing this approach achieve a record certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.52%,with a champion efficiency of 25.12%—the highest certified value for PTAA-based perovskite devices to date.Impressively,the DMIMPH-modified PSCs without encapsulation maintained 87.48%of their initial efficiency after 1600 h in air.This strategy offers an effective pathway for advancing the performance and stability of polymer-based inverted PSCs.展开更多
The efficient flotation separation of rare earth elements(REEs)from gangue minerals is crucial in mineral processing.This study synthesized a quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquid collector,tetrabutylammonium salicylh...The efficient flotation separation of rare earth elements(REEs)from gangue minerals is crucial in mineral processing.This study synthesized a quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquid collector,tetrabutylammonium salicylhydroxamate(T-S),and investigated its performance in separating bastnaesite and fluorite.T-S was synthesized from salicylhydroxamic acid(SHA)and tetrabutylammonium chloride(TBAC),and its molecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.Microflotation tests indicate that T-S outperforms SHA and TBAC in both collecting ability and selectivity for bastnaesite.Adsorption,zeta potential,and infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal that T-S exhibits stronger adsorption on bastnaesite compared to SHA and TBAC.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and molecular dynamics simulations(MDS)results confirm that chemical adsorption occurs between Ce on the bastnaesite surface and the-C(=O)NHOH groups of T-S.Moreover,the interaction between T-S and the bastnaesite surface is stronger than that with the fluorite surface.This work provides valuable insights for designing ionic liquid collectors for the flotation separation of bastnaesite and fluorite.展开更多
Ionic liquids(ILs)have exhibited great application potential in many fields due to their unique properties.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulation has been widely employed to investigate their microscopic structure.However,c...Ionic liquids(ILs)have exhibited great application potential in many fields due to their unique properties.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulation has been widely employed to investigate their microscopic structure.However,classical molecular dynamics simulations struggle to accurately describe the complex interactions in ILs using the existing parameterized force fields.Recently,the MD simulations based on machine learning force fields(MLFFs)trained by first-principles calculations have attracted considerable attentions due to their abilities to balance computational accuracy and efficiency.Herein,we report the Bayesian-based MLFFs which can be successfully applied in IL systems and accelerate MD simulation.The calculated atomic forces,structures,and vibrational behaviors were validated to match the accuracy of firstprinciples calculations.Properties of the imidazolium-based ILs,including density,self-diffusion coefficients,viscosity,and radial distribution functions were predicted at the extended scales.Z-bonds that describe the unique structures in ILs were analyzed and the influences of Cpositions,temperature,and solvent H2O on Z-bonding configurations were systematically investigated.Our results confirmed that MLFFs presented the strong feasibility to investigate the large and complex systems,especially to predict structures and properties of the ILs.And the procedure described for MLFFs provides valuable guidance for researchers who are studying ILs.展开更多
The integration of multi-omic liquid biopsies with artificial intelligence(AI)represents a rapidly evolving frontier in early cancer detection,offering the potential to enhance personalized medicine and improve patien...The integration of multi-omic liquid biopsies with artificial intelligence(AI)represents a rapidly evolving frontier in early cancer detection,offering the potential to enhance personalized medicine and improve patient outcomes.This review explores the current state and emerging directions of this approach,focusing on the synergistic value of combining genomics,epigenomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics with AIdriven analytics.We discuss advances in multi-analyte blood tests such as CancerSEEK,which have demonstrated promising multi-cancer detection capabilities in early studies,as well as efforts to integrate liquid biopsy data with imaging modalities to improve diagnostic performance.The review also highlights ongoing challenges,including the need for greater analytical sensitivity,improved specificity for early-stage disease,standardization of workflows,and harmonization with existing screening modalities.We outline the prospective—but still largely investigational—impact of these technologies on cancer management,including early detection,treatment monitoring,and minimal residual disease assessment,along with their potential economic implications.Ultimately,we envision a future in which multi-omic liquid biopsies integrated with AI may contribute to more effective,noninvasive cancer detection strategies,while recognizing that substantial validation,regulatory approval,and health-system integration are required before widespread clinical adoption can occur.展开更多
Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the deve...Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.展开更多
The cloud liquid water content(LWC)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is crucial for cloud water conversion.There are very few accurate observations of the LWC on the TP.This makes our estimation of the LWC and precipitation i...The cloud liquid water content(LWC)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is crucial for cloud water conversion.There are very few accurate observations of the LWC on the TP.This makes our estimation of the LWC and precipitation inaccurate on the TP.This paper introduces an indirect estimation scheme for the LWC profile obtained using a monochromatic radiative transfer model(MonoRTM)and microwave radiometers(MWRs)on the TP.The LWC estimation method was improved using an optimization of the difference between the simulated and observed brightness temperature(TB)at specific microwave channels that are sensitive to liquid water.The accuracy of the LWC estimation method depends heavily on the value of the cloud-base environment humidity criterion(CBEHC).Our experiment confirmed that the default CBEHC value of 95%is unsuitable for the TP.For the rainfall scenarios,the optimization method suggested the use of CBEHC values of 81%,76%,and 83%for Mangya,Nagqu,and Qamdo stations,respectively.The new CBEHC values produced a 30 K improvement in the TB simulation when compared to that of 95%CBEHC under rainfall conditions.This demonstrates the robustness of the LWC estimation scheme and its significant improvement in LWC estimation on the TP.For no-rainfall scenarios,the original Karstens model remained suitable for Nagqu station.An adjustment of the CBEHC to 94%for Mangya station resulted in a 1 K improvement of its TB simulation.Qamdo station had a 2.5 K improvement when the CBEHC was adjusted to 98%.The relationship between the simulated TB simulation error and the maximum relative humidity of the radiosonde profiles weakened after CBEHC optimization.Thus,the innovative method proposed in this article provides a practical estimation method for LWC in the TP region.This LWC estimation method has a higher potential for rainfall days than no-rainfall days.Under no-rainfall conditions,the accuracy of the proposed LWC estimation method is sensitive to TB errors included in its measurement and simulation.An accurate estimation of LWC for no-rainfall conditions relies more on the equipment and radiation model.展开更多
Pediatric cancers are particularly significant due to their uncommon occurrence in children,driven by a variety of underlying factors.Because of their distinct molecular and genetic makeup,which makes early detection ...Pediatric cancers are particularly significant due to their uncommon occurrence in children,driven by a variety of underlying factors.Because of their distinct molecular and genetic makeup,which makes early detection challenging,they are linked to problems.Diagnostic methods like imaging and tissue biopsy are only effective when the tumor has reached a size that can be identified.The liquid biopsy technique,the least intrusive and most convenient diagnostic method,is the subject of this review.It focuses on the significance of single cell analysis in examining uncommon cancer types.The many biomarkers found in bodily fluids and the cancer types they are linked to in children have been assessed,as has the potential route towards early detection and cancer recurrence forecasting.Combining the single cell liquid biopsy with the newest technologies,such as computational and multi-omics approaches,which have improved the efficiency of processing massive and unique genetic data,appears promising.This article discusses on a number of case reports for uncommon pediatric malignancies,such as Neuroblastoma,Medulloblastoma,Wilms Tumor,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Ewing Sarcoma,and Retinoblastoma,as well as their liquid biopsy profiles.Furthermore,the findings raise ethical questions regarding the therapeutic application of the technology as well as possible difficulties related to clinical translation.The likelihood that this single cell liquid biopsy will be clinically validated and eventually used as a routine diagnostic tool for uncommon pediatric cancers will rise with the realistic approach to sensitivity monitoring,specificity upgrading,and optimization.展开更多
While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfa...While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.展开更多
Accurate diagnosis of liquid loading in gas wells is hindered by inconsistent criteria for identifying the critical liquid-loading condition and by reliance on subjective observation during the development of physical...Accurate diagnosis of liquid loading in gas wells is hindered by inconsistent criteria for identifying the critical liquid-loading condition and by reliance on subjective observation during the development of physical models.To address this issue,controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate pressure fluctuations in gas–liquid two-phase flow under different flow regimes,with the aim of establishing a quantitative criterion to identify such critical conditions.High-frequency pressure signals were collected and analyzed using complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition(CEEMD).Characteristic parameters describing slug flow,annular flow,and the critical liquid-loading condition were extracted accordingly,including signal variance,intrinsic mode function energy entropy,and kurtosis.The results demonstrate that the critical liquid-loading state exhibits distinctive pressure fluctuation features compared with slug and annular flow regimes.Evidence is provided that,by integrating statistical indicators with fractal-based analysis,the proposed method enables reliable identification of the critical liquid-loading condition.展开更多
Structural engineering of Pt-based nanoalloys is crucial for the rational design and manufacturing of high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Here,we reported PtNi nanoparti...Structural engineering of Pt-based nanoalloys is crucial for the rational design and manufacturing of high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Here,we reported PtNi nanoparticles with a refined size of 2.71 nm and regular strains loaded on carbon black,synthesized using the high-temperature liquid shock(HTLS)method.This approach offers significant advantages over conventional synthesis methods,including high scalability,rapid reaction rates,and precise control over the size and shape of nanocrystals.Importantly,the synthesized PtNi electrocatalysts demonstrate outstanding catalytic activity and long-term stability for HER,achieving low overpotentials of 19 and 203 mV at current densities of 10 and 1000 mA/cm^(2),respectively.The superior performance can be attributed to the combination of a refined particle size,lattice strains,and synergistic effects between Pt and Ni.This rapid liquid-state synthesis demonstrated here holds great potential for scalable and industrial manufacturing of micro-/nano-catalysts.展开更多
Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can r...Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can replenish the propellant for the emitter online,thus prolonging the lifetime of the thruster.In order to gain a deeper understanding of its operating characteristics,the changes in thruster performance before and after propellant replenishment deserve to be scrutinized.In this study,the performance changes of a porous electrowetting ionic liquid electrospray thruster are tested by voltage-current test and time-of-flight mass spectrometry over a long operating time.The experimental results show that asymmetric operation with a negative current less than positive current for a long period of time causes anions to compensate for the emission after accumulation at the emitter,resulting in a phenomenon that the negative current is much larger than positive current.The reason for the difference in emission characteristics between the positive and negative modes is that the plume in the positive mode is quite ionized while the plume in the negative mode contains liquid droplets.This study provides a reference for the selection of operating conditions for ionic liquid electrospray thrusters.展开更多
文摘In this work,we proposed a strategy for the hydrolysis of native corn starch after the treatment of corn starch in an ionic liquid aqueous solution,and it is an awfully“green”and simple means to obtain starch with low molecular weight and amorphous state.X-ray diffraction results revealed that the natural starch crystalline region was largely disrupted by ionic liquid owing to the broken intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.After hydrolysis,the morphology of starch changed from particles of native corn starch into little pieces,and their molecular weight could be effectively regulated during the hydrolysis process,and also the hydrolyzed starch samples exhibited decreased thermal stability with the extension of hydrolysis time.This work would counsel as a powerful tool for the development of native starch in realistic applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278272)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-129).
文摘Separation of 2-methylfuran(2-MF)and methanol(MeOH)azeotropes is a key challenge in biofuel production because of the efficiency and sustainability issues of conventional methods.In this study,ionic liquids(ILs)were introduced as green solvents for separation of 2-MF/MeOH through liquid–liquid equilibrium(LLE)experiment.Three ILs,namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),1-propyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)])and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole dihydrogen phosphate([BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]),were screened out from 425 candidates using the conductor-like screening model for real solvents(COSMO-RS).Then,the ternary LLE data of 2-MF(1)+MeOH(2)+ILs(3)were determined at 30℃ and 101.32 kPa.Results confirmed[EMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]as the best performer,achieving a selectivity of 343.86 and a distribution coefficient of 36.66 for MeOH—significantly higher than[PMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)]and[BMIM][H_(2)PO_(4)].The accuracy of the LLE data was verified by Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations(R^(2)>0.90).The non-random two liquid model was used to correlate the experimental data(RMSD<2%).Besides,the combination of electrostatic surfaces potential,independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition,mean square displacement and radial distribution functions revealed strong electrostatic interactions between[H_(2)PO_(4)]^(–) and MeOH.Interaction energy analysis further emphasizes the mechanism of MeOH separation from a mixture of 2-MF and MeOH by ILs.This work provides a multiscale strategy for the separation of 2-MF and MeOH azeotropes,highlighting the potential of ILs to improve biofuel purification while reducing energy and environmental costs.
基金financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20220859)the Jiangsu Provincial Scientific Research Center of Applied Mathematics(BK20233002)+2 种基金the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX24_0473)the SEU Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan for Doctoral Students(CXJH_SEU 24144)supported by Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University。
文摘Soft machines harness material-level physical intelligence to perform adaptive tasks,enabling advancements in biomedical and human-machine interaction fields.Soft switches are the basic building blocks to achieve intelligent functions like autonomous decisions and mechanical computation.However,current soft switches suffer from complex fabrication processes,limited performance,and a lack of multimodal control,which hinder their practical application and the realization of machine intelligence.Herein,by harnessing the unique self-pinch and self-healing effects of the gallium-based liquid metals(LMs),we describe a soft high-performance electric switch composed of an LM line encapsulated within an elastomer.Applying pressure to deform the LM switch can increase local current density,leading to the electromagnetic self-pinch effect for switching off.After releasing pressure,the LM can spontaneously heal with the elastic recovery of the elastomer for switching on.This LM switch shows comprehensive advantages,including a compact design(0.5 mm×1.5 mm×10 mm),good stretchability(100%),high on/off ratio(~10^(9)),rapid response time(<100 ms),and excellent durability(>12000 cycles).Moreover,the LM switches enable multiple control modes,including magnetic and optical stimulation,through the integration of responsive materials.We demonstrate various LM switch-enabled functional soft machines,such as an interactive flexible gripper,a self-oscillating soft crawler,and wearable logic gates.This work will open new avenues for the application of LM in intelligent soft machines and advanced wearable electronics.
文摘This study investigates the reduction in polarization measurement accuracy caused by varying in-cident angles in a liquid crystal variable retarder(LCVR).The phase delay characteristics of the LCVR were examined,with particular emphasis on the influence of different two-dimensional incident angles on phase delay behavior.Building upon the calibration of phase delay under normal incidence,a phase delay calibra-tion model was developed to account for variations in incident angle and driving voltage.A mathematical re-lationship was established between phase delay and the azimuth angle(α)and pitch angle(β).Experimental validation was conducted under three conditions:α=20°,β=0°;α=0°,β=20°;and an arbitrary angle whereα=5°,β=15°.The results demonstrated that the maximum average deviation between theoretical pre-dictions and experimental measurements did not exceed 0.059 rad.The proposed calibration method proved to be both accurate and practical.This approach offers robust support for LCVR parameter calibration and performance optimization in optical systems,particularly in polarization imaging applications.
基金supports for this project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378295).
文摘This study investigates the droplet formation for the liquid–liquid two-phase flow within a square T-junction microchannel through numerical simulation using volume of fluid method and experimental visualization using high-speed camera imaging.The T-junction microchannel has a cross-sectional width of 0.6 mm and a total length of 27.3 mm.The solution of cyclohexane with 2%and 3%mass concentrations of sorbitan trioleate surfactant were used as the continuous phase,and water was used as the dispersed phase.Slug flow,characteristic of squeezing regime,were predominantly observed.The effects of liquid–liquid two-phase flow rate ratio,and dimensionless number on droplet size,and pressure drop were investigated.The squeezing regime was mapped for 0.0005≤Ca_(c)≤0.0052(capillary number)and 0.1≤q≤10(flow rate ratio).The pressure drops of slugs were in the range from 40 Pa to 200 Pa.The slug lengths were measured between 1 mm and 9 mm.A universal flow map dependent on Ca_(c)Re_(d)^(0.5) are projected to investigate the droplet formation behavior in T-junction microchannel.Correlation expressions are proposed to predict pressure drops and the slug lengths for liquid–liquid two-phase flow in a square T-junction microchannel,using dimensionless numbers such as flow rate ratio and capillary number.The result shows that large continuous phase flow rates facilitate smaller slugs,whereas higher dispersed phase flow rates result in longer shorts.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22005226 and 52203124)Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry,Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CCNC-202402)+1 种基金the Basic and Advanced Research Project from Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau(No.2022013988065201)Hubei Integrative Technology and Innovation Center for Advanced Fiberous Materials,project(No.XC2024G3013)。
文摘As the global textile industry has accelerated its transition to a circular economy,iterative innovation in regenerated cellulose fibers has become a key industry focus.With viscose fiber having been industrialized for over a century and lyocell fiber gaining market recognition because of its environmentally friendly process,which is the next regenerated cellulose fiber.Herein,ionic liquids with low vapor pressure,nonflammability,relatively simple recovery,and high dissolution efficiency were used to fabricate regenerated cellulose fibers.The viscose and lyocell properties of the fibers were systematically compared,including microscopic morphology,dyeing behavior,fibrillation resistance,mechanical properties,yarn-forming capacity,and fabric performance.The ionic liquid(IL)fiber exhibited a smooth surface and circular cross-section,with the highest tensile strength,moderate dyeing and fibrillation properties,and similar spinning and weaving performance.This work can provide a reference for the commercial application of regenerated cellulose fibers fabricated from ionic liquid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.12274014 and 12534009)the Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative (Grant No.GDZX2501006)+4 种基金the Special Project in Key Areas for Universities in Guangdong Province (Grant No.2023ZDZX3054)the Dongguan Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Design for Advanced Materialssupported by the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Basic Energy Sciences (Grant No.DE-FG02-06ER46305) for DMRG studies on unconventional superconductivitysupported by the SongShan Lake HPC Center (SSL-HPC) at Great Bay University (X.Y.J.and S.S.G.)supported in part by the US National Science Foundation (Grant No.DMR-2406524) (D.N.S.)。
文摘The doped quantum spin liquid on the kagome lattice provides a fascinating platform to explore exotic quantum states,such as the reported holon Wigner crystal at low doping.By extending the doping range toδ=0.027–0.36,we studied the kagome-lattice t-J model using state-of-the-art density matrix renormalization group calculations.On the L_(y)=3 cylinder(Ly is the number of unit cells along the circumferential direction),we established a quantum phase diagram with an increasing doping level.In addition to the charge density wave states at lower doping levels,we found an emergent Fermi-liquid-like phase by melting the holon Wigner crystal at δ≈0.15,which is characterized by the suppression of charge density oscillation and power-law decay of various correlation functions.For a wider L_(y)=4 cylinder,the bond-dimension extrapolated correlation functions also support such a Fermi-liquid-like state,suggesting its stability with increasing system size.In a narrow doping range near δ=1/3 for the L_(y)=3 cylinder,we find a state with an exponential decay of the single-particle correlation,but the other correlation functions preserve the features in the Fermi-liquid-like phase,which may be a precursor of a superconducting state.Nevertheless,this peculiar state nearδ=1/3 disappears for the L_(y)=4 cylinder,implying a possible lattice-size dependence.Our results reveal quantum melting from a holon Wigner crystal to a Fermi-liquid-like state with increasing hole density and suggest a doping regime to explore superconductivity in future studies.
文摘The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))and Zn(BF_(4))_(2),the supramolecular gelatorβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)was added,and then a gel electrolyte(CD-ILZE)for zinc-ion batteries was prepared through host-vip interaction betweenβ-CD and DMSO-ILZE electrolyte.The gel electrolyte has good conductivity between-30 and 80℃,which is found by fitting the Arrhenius equation that the gel electrolyte satisfies the liquid law within this temperature range.In addition,the supramolecular gel electrolyte can effectively decrease hydrogen evolution corrosion and the formation of zinc dendrites.Compared with the battery prepared by DMSO-ILZE electrolyte(about 1100 h),the prepared Zn||Zn battery exhibits a more stable cycle(over 2800 h)at a current density of 0.5 m A·cm^(-2).At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the prepared Zn||V_(2)O_(5)gel electrolyte cell has a capacity of 30 m Ah·g^(-1)and a capacity retention rate of 85.17%after more than 1500 cycles.The CD-ILZE supramolecular gel electrolyte can inhibit the formation of hydrogen evolution corrosion and zinc dendrites,and improve the cycling performance of the battery.
基金supported by the Research Projects of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province 2024ZDZX3079The financial support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515011677)+4 种基金the Scientific and Technical Innovation Council of Shenzhen(20220812165832002)the Research Projects of Department of Education of Guangdong Province-2023GCZX015the Innovation Team Project of Guangdong(2022KCXTD055)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Certificate Number:2024M763441)is gratefully acknowledgedsupported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZB20250031 and Research Projects of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province 2023GCZX015。
文摘Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surface wettability,insufficient interfacial contact,and unfavorable energy level alignment at the PTAA/perovskite interface.Here,we report a highly effective interfacial engineering strategy employing the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate(DMIMPH)as a multifunctional interfacial modifier.The incorporation of DMIMPH improves PTAA wettability,promoting the growth of high-quality perovskite films with enhanced interfacial contact.Concurrently,DMIMPH effectively tunes the energy levels of PTAA,enhances its electrical conductivity,and passivates interfacial defects with more efficient hole extraction and charge transport.Moreover,its interaction with residual PbI_(2) modulates perovskite crystallization kinetics,yielding highly crystalline perovskite films with enlarged grain sizes,reduced PbI_(2) residue,and suppressed trap densities.As a result,PTAA-based p-i-n PSCs employing this approach achieve a record certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.52%,with a champion efficiency of 25.12%—the highest certified value for PTAA-based perovskite devices to date.Impressively,the DMIMPH-modified PSCs without encapsulation maintained 87.48%of their initial efficiency after 1600 h in air.This strategy offers an effective pathway for advancing the performance and stability of polymer-based inverted PSCs.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2905800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52374276,52274269)+2 种基金Yunnan Fundamental Re search Projects(202401AS070051)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(2024AFD123)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20200276)。
文摘The efficient flotation separation of rare earth elements(REEs)from gangue minerals is crucial in mineral processing.This study synthesized a quaternary ammonium salt ionic liquid collector,tetrabutylammonium salicylhydroxamate(T-S),and investigated its performance in separating bastnaesite and fluorite.T-S was synthesized from salicylhydroxamic acid(SHA)and tetrabutylammonium chloride(TBAC),and its molecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.Microflotation tests indicate that T-S outperforms SHA and TBAC in both collecting ability and selectivity for bastnaesite.Adsorption,zeta potential,and infrared spectroscopy measurements reveal that T-S exhibits stronger adsorption on bastnaesite compared to SHA and TBAC.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and molecular dynamics simulations(MDS)results confirm that chemical adsorption occurs between Ce on the bastnaesite surface and the-C(=O)NHOH groups of T-S.Moreover,the interaction between T-S and the bastnaesite surface is stronger than that with the fluorite surface.This work provides valuable insights for designing ionic liquid collectors for the flotation separation of bastnaesite and fluorite.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22278397)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024SMECP01).
文摘Ionic liquids(ILs)have exhibited great application potential in many fields due to their unique properties.Molecular dynamics(MD)simulation has been widely employed to investigate their microscopic structure.However,classical molecular dynamics simulations struggle to accurately describe the complex interactions in ILs using the existing parameterized force fields.Recently,the MD simulations based on machine learning force fields(MLFFs)trained by first-principles calculations have attracted considerable attentions due to their abilities to balance computational accuracy and efficiency.Herein,we report the Bayesian-based MLFFs which can be successfully applied in IL systems and accelerate MD simulation.The calculated atomic forces,structures,and vibrational behaviors were validated to match the accuracy of firstprinciples calculations.Properties of the imidazolium-based ILs,including density,self-diffusion coefficients,viscosity,and radial distribution functions were predicted at the extended scales.Z-bonds that describe the unique structures in ILs were analyzed and the influences of Cpositions,temperature,and solvent H2O on Z-bonding configurations were systematically investigated.Our results confirmed that MLFFs presented the strong feasibility to investigate the large and complex systems,especially to predict structures and properties of the ILs.And the procedure described for MLFFs provides valuable guidance for researchers who are studying ILs.
文摘The integration of multi-omic liquid biopsies with artificial intelligence(AI)represents a rapidly evolving frontier in early cancer detection,offering the potential to enhance personalized medicine and improve patient outcomes.This review explores the current state and emerging directions of this approach,focusing on the synergistic value of combining genomics,epigenomics,transcriptomics,proteomics,and metabolomics with AIdriven analytics.We discuss advances in multi-analyte blood tests such as CancerSEEK,which have demonstrated promising multi-cancer detection capabilities in early studies,as well as efforts to integrate liquid biopsy data with imaging modalities to improve diagnostic performance.The review also highlights ongoing challenges,including the need for greater analytical sensitivity,improved specificity for early-stage disease,standardization of workflows,and harmonization with existing screening modalities.We outline the prospective—but still largely investigational—impact of these technologies on cancer management,including early detection,treatment monitoring,and minimal residual disease assessment,along with their potential economic implications.Ultimately,we envision a future in which multi-omic liquid biopsies integrated with AI may contribute to more effective,noninvasive cancer detection strategies,while recognizing that substantial validation,regulatory approval,and health-system integration are required before widespread clinical adoption can occur.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22308358,22208346,22421003)IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research(QYJC-2023-05)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-038).
文摘Dimethylphenols serve as important intermediates in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,yet traditional distillation struggles to separate their isomers due to minimal boiling point differences,and the development of melt crystallization is hampered by lacking solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE) data for some isomers.Therefore,the SLE data of both binary and ternary mixtures of 2,3-dimethylphenol (2,3-DMP),3,5-dimethylphenol (3,5-DMP),and 3,4-dimethylphenol (3,4-DMP) were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry in this work.Additionally,crystallographic analysis was conducted to investigate the thermodynamic characteristics of these mixtures.The experimental results indicated that all the systems investigated in this research exhibited eutectic behavior.The experimentally obtained SLE data were well correlated with the Wilson and non-random two-liquid models.The excess thermodynamic functions were calculated to analyze the types and intensities of the molecular interactions occurring in the mixtures.Furthermore,this study developed a model for the correlation between the theoretical crystallization yield and the actual cooling yield and final yield in melt crystallization.This study has furnished reliable data essential for developing and optimizing the melt crystallization process of mixtures of 2,3-DMP,3,5-DMP,and 3,4-DMP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41975009 and U2442213).
文摘The cloud liquid water content(LWC)of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)is crucial for cloud water conversion.There are very few accurate observations of the LWC on the TP.This makes our estimation of the LWC and precipitation inaccurate on the TP.This paper introduces an indirect estimation scheme for the LWC profile obtained using a monochromatic radiative transfer model(MonoRTM)and microwave radiometers(MWRs)on the TP.The LWC estimation method was improved using an optimization of the difference between the simulated and observed brightness temperature(TB)at specific microwave channels that are sensitive to liquid water.The accuracy of the LWC estimation method depends heavily on the value of the cloud-base environment humidity criterion(CBEHC).Our experiment confirmed that the default CBEHC value of 95%is unsuitable for the TP.For the rainfall scenarios,the optimization method suggested the use of CBEHC values of 81%,76%,and 83%for Mangya,Nagqu,and Qamdo stations,respectively.The new CBEHC values produced a 30 K improvement in the TB simulation when compared to that of 95%CBEHC under rainfall conditions.This demonstrates the robustness of the LWC estimation scheme and its significant improvement in LWC estimation on the TP.For no-rainfall scenarios,the original Karstens model remained suitable for Nagqu station.An adjustment of the CBEHC to 94%for Mangya station resulted in a 1 K improvement of its TB simulation.Qamdo station had a 2.5 K improvement when the CBEHC was adjusted to 98%.The relationship between the simulated TB simulation error and the maximum relative humidity of the radiosonde profiles weakened after CBEHC optimization.Thus,the innovative method proposed in this article provides a practical estimation method for LWC in the TP region.This LWC estimation method has a higher potential for rainfall days than no-rainfall days.Under no-rainfall conditions,the accuracy of the proposed LWC estimation method is sensitive to TB errors included in its measurement and simulation.An accurate estimation of LWC for no-rainfall conditions relies more on the equipment and radiation model.
文摘Pediatric cancers are particularly significant due to their uncommon occurrence in children,driven by a variety of underlying factors.Because of their distinct molecular and genetic makeup,which makes early detection challenging,they are linked to problems.Diagnostic methods like imaging and tissue biopsy are only effective when the tumor has reached a size that can be identified.The liquid biopsy technique,the least intrusive and most convenient diagnostic method,is the subject of this review.It focuses on the significance of single cell analysis in examining uncommon cancer types.The many biomarkers found in bodily fluids and the cancer types they are linked to in children have been assessed,as has the potential route towards early detection and cancer recurrence forecasting.Combining the single cell liquid biopsy with the newest technologies,such as computational and multi-omics approaches,which have improved the efficiency of processing massive and unique genetic data,appears promising.This article discusses on a number of case reports for uncommon pediatric malignancies,such as Neuroblastoma,Medulloblastoma,Wilms Tumor,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Ewing Sarcoma,and Retinoblastoma,as well as their liquid biopsy profiles.Furthermore,the findings raise ethical questions regarding the therapeutic application of the technology as well as possible difficulties related to clinical translation.The likelihood that this single cell liquid biopsy will be clinically validated and eventually used as a routine diagnostic tool for uncommon pediatric cancers will rise with the realistic approach to sensitivity monitoring,specificity upgrading,and optimization.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3804902,2022YFB3804900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203226,52161145406,42376045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232024Y-01,2232025D-02).
文摘While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.
文摘Accurate diagnosis of liquid loading in gas wells is hindered by inconsistent criteria for identifying the critical liquid-loading condition and by reliance on subjective observation during the development of physical models.To address this issue,controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate pressure fluctuations in gas–liquid two-phase flow under different flow regimes,with the aim of establishing a quantitative criterion to identify such critical conditions.High-frequency pressure signals were collected and analyzed using complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition(CEEMD).Characteristic parameters describing slug flow,annular flow,and the critical liquid-loading condition were extracted accordingly,including signal variance,intrinsic mode function energy entropy,and kurtosis.The results demonstrate that the critical liquid-loading state exhibits distinctive pressure fluctuation features compared with slug and annular flow regimes.Evidence is provided that,by integrating statistical indicators with fractal-based analysis,the proposed method enables reliable identification of the critical liquid-loading condition.
基金the staff of beamline BL13SSW at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for experiments supports. This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12205165)Hebei Province Innovation Ability Improvement Plan Project (No. 225676111H).
文摘Structural engineering of Pt-based nanoalloys is crucial for the rational design and manufacturing of high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).Here,we reported PtNi nanoparticles with a refined size of 2.71 nm and regular strains loaded on carbon black,synthesized using the high-temperature liquid shock(HTLS)method.This approach offers significant advantages over conventional synthesis methods,including high scalability,rapid reaction rates,and precise control over the size and shape of nanocrystals.Importantly,the synthesized PtNi electrocatalysts demonstrate outstanding catalytic activity and long-term stability for HER,achieving low overpotentials of 19 and 203 mV at current densities of 10 and 1000 mA/cm^(2),respectively.The superior performance can be attributed to the combination of a refined particle size,lattice strains,and synergistic effects between Pt and Ni.This rapid liquid-state synthesis demonstrated here holds great potential for scalable and industrial manufacturing of micro-/nano-catalysts.
基金co-supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2020YFC2201103 and 2022YFB4601300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22B20120)+1 种基金the Program of Beijing Engineering Research Center of Efficient and Green Aerospace Propulsion Technology,China(No.Lab ASP-2024-09)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars,China。
文摘Porous ionic liquid electrospray thrusters are the ideal propulsion technology for CubeSats because of their structural simplicity,high thrust accuracy and plume self-neutralization.The electrowetting technology can replenish the propellant for the emitter online,thus prolonging the lifetime of the thruster.In order to gain a deeper understanding of its operating characteristics,the changes in thruster performance before and after propellant replenishment deserve to be scrutinized.In this study,the performance changes of a porous electrowetting ionic liquid electrospray thruster are tested by voltage-current test and time-of-flight mass spectrometry over a long operating time.The experimental results show that asymmetric operation with a negative current less than positive current for a long period of time causes anions to compensate for the emission after accumulation at the emitter,resulting in a phenomenon that the negative current is much larger than positive current.The reason for the difference in emission characteristics between the positive and negative modes is that the plume in the positive mode is quite ionized while the plume in the negative mode contains liquid droplets.This study provides a reference for the selection of operating conditions for ionic liquid electrospray thrusters.
