The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile ...The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile self-sacrifice template method is developed to prepare FeS encapsulated into N,S co-doped carbon(FeS/NSC)composite using melamine-cyanuric acid(MCA)supermolecule as a multifunctional template precursor.The function of MCA supermolecule for material synthesis is explored,revealing its special function as a dispersant,dopant and pore-forming agent.Furthermore,the effect of Fe source dosage on the morphology,structure and composition of the final products is explored.The resultant FeS/NSC-0.1(where 0.1 represents the mass of added Fe source)exhibits the most optimal proportion,characterized by a good dispersion status of FeS within the NSC matrix,effective N,S co-doping and ample porosity.Benefiting from these merits,the FeS/NSC-0.1 anode demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability when compared to the counterparts.Undoubtedly,this work offers a universal method to produce advanced transition metal sulfide/carbon composite electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems.展开更多
Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors(PIHCs)tactfully combining capacitor-type cathode with battery-type anode have recently attracted increasing attentions due to their advantages of decent energy density,high power densit...Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors(PIHCs)tactfully combining capacitor-type cathode with battery-type anode have recently attracted increasing attentions due to their advantages of decent energy density,high power density,and low cost;the mismatches of capacity and kinetics between capacitor-type cathode and battery-type anode in PIHCs yet hinder their overall performance output.Herein,based on prediction of density functional theory calculations,we find Se/N co-doped porous carbon is a promising candidate for K+storage and thus develop a simple and universal self-sacrifice template method to fabricate Se and N co-doped three-dimensional(3D)macroporous carbon(Se/N-3DMpC),which features favorable properties of connective hier-archical pores,expanded interlayer structure,and rich activity site for boosting pseudocapacitive activity and kinetics toward K^(+)storage anode and enhancing capacitance performance for the reversible anion adsorption/desorption cath-ode.As expected,the as-assembled PIHCs full cell with a working voltage as high as 4.0 V delivers a high energy density of 186 Wh kg^(−1) and a power output of 8100 W kg^(−1) as well as excellent long service life.The proof-of-concept PIHCs with excellent performance open a new avenue for the development and application of high-performance hybrid capacitors.展开更多
Europium orthophosphate monohydrate （EuPO4·H2O） nanorods with typical dimensions of about 10-30 nm in diameter and 300-500 nm in length were prepared by using the soft template method. The effects of using diet...Europium orthophosphate monohydrate （EuPO4·H2O） nanorods with typical dimensions of about 10-30 nm in diameter and 300-500 nm in length were prepared by using the soft template method. The effects of using diethylene glycol （DEG） and polyethylene glycol （PEG） polymers as well as the pH values on the size, crystalline structure and morphology of EuPO4·H2O nanorods were investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） data of the prepared samples were elucidated. The nanorods were highly uniform and their mean length was reduced by using DEG and PEG as soft template agents. For all prepared samples, the rhabdophanetype hexagonal EuPO4·H2O was the dominated phase. The photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopy measurements of EuPO4·H2O nanorods revealed that, under UV excitation, EuPO4·H2O nanorods exhibited strong luminescence with narrow bands corresponding to the intra-4f transitions of ^5D0→^7Fj （j=1, 2, 3, 4） of Eu^3＋ ions. The peaks were found at 594 nm （^5D0→^7F1）, 619 nm （^5D0→^7F2）, 652 nm （^5D0→^7F3）, and 697 nm （^5D0→^7F4）, with the strongest emission at 594 nm.展开更多
The pore structures and electrochemical performances of mesoporous carbons prepared by silica sol template method as electrode material for supercapacitor were investigated. The mean pore size and mass specific capaci...The pore structures and electrochemical performances of mesoporous carbons prepared by silica sol template method as electrode material for supercapacitor were investigated. The mean pore size and mass specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbons increase with the increase of mass ratio of silica sol to carbon source （glucose）. A modified template method, combining silica sol template method and ZnCl2 chemical activation method, was proposed to improve the mass specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbon with an improved BET surface area. The correlation of rate capability and pore structure was studied by constant current discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A commercially available microporous carbon was used for comparison. The result shows that mesoporous carbon with a larger pore size displays a higher rate capability. Mesoporous carbon synthesized by modified template method has both high mass specific capacitance and good rate capability.展开更多
A modified Stober method has been developed which permits the controlled growth of spherical hollow spheres with diameters between 197 and 208 nanometers by consecutively cocondensed methyltrimethoxysilane and dimethy...A modified Stober method has been developed which permits the controlled growth of spherical hollow spheres with diameters between 197 and 208 nanometers by consecutively cocondensed methyltrimethoxysilane and dimethyldimethoxysilane monomers onto microemulsion of polydimethylsiloxane and subsequently removing the templated polydimethylsiloxane by exposure to solvents. Ammonia was used as a morphological catalyst. The morphology of the polymer spheres was demonstrated by transmission electron micrographs （TEM） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）.展开更多
Copper azide(CA), as a primary explosive with high energy density, has not been practically used so far because of its high electrostatic sensitivity. The Cu2O@HKUST-1 core-shell structure hybrid material was synthesi...Copper azide(CA), as a primary explosive with high energy density, has not been practically used so far because of its high electrostatic sensitivity. The Cu2O@HKUST-1 core-shell structure hybrid material was synthesized by the “bottle around ship” methodology in this research by regulating the dissolution rate of Cu2O and the generation rate of metal-organic framework(MOF) materials. Cu2O@HKUST-1 was carbonized to form a Cu O@porous carbon(CuO@PC) composite material. CuO@PC was synthesized into a copper azide(CA) @PC composite energetic material through a gas-solid phase in-situ azidation reaction.CA is encapsulated in PC framework, which acts as a nanoscale Faraday cage, and its excellent electrical conductivity prevents electrostatic charges from accumulating on the energetic material’s surface. The CA@PC composite energetic material has a CA content of 89.6%, and its electrostatic safety is nearly 30times that of pure CA(1.47 mJ compared to 0.05 mJ). CA@PC delivers an outstanding balance of safety and energy density compared to similar materials.展开更多
The hollow strontium carbonate pompons was synthesized for the first time by a controlled reaction precipitation method with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)and polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)work together as templat...The hollow strontium carbonate pompons was synthesized for the first time by a controlled reaction precipitation method with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)and polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)work together as template.The sampled particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy(EDX),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry(TGA-DSC),etc.It is shown that the assynthesized hollow strontium carbonate pompons with the size of about 2μm consist of flake-like particles under the optimal reaction conditions.The formation mechanism of hollow strontium carbonate pompons was preliminarily explored.展开更多
A appropriate size with three-dimension(3 D) channels for lithium diffusion plays an important role in constructing highperforming LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4(LNMO) cathode materials, as it can not only reduce the transport...A appropriate size with three-dimension(3 D) channels for lithium diffusion plays an important role in constructing highperforming LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4(LNMO) cathode materials, as it can not only reduce the transport path of lithium ions and electrons, but also reduce the side effects and withstand the structural strain in the process of repetitive Li~+ intercalation/deintercalation. In this work, an e fficient method for designing the hollow LNMO microsphere with 3 D channels structure by using polyethylene oxide(PEO) as soft template agent assisted solvothermal method is proposed. Experimental results indicate that PEO can make the reagents mingle evenly and nucleate slowly in the solvothermal process, thus obtaining a homogeneous distribution of carbonate precursors. In the final LNMO products, the hollow 3 D channels structure obtained by the decomposition of PEO and carbonate precursor in the calcination can provide abundant electroactive zones and electron/ion transport paths during the charge/discharge process, which benefits to improve the cycling performance and rate capability. The LNMO prepared by adding 1 g PEO possesses the most outstanding electrochemical performance, which presented an excellent discharge capacity of 143.1 mAh g~(-1) at 0.1 C and with a capacity retention of 92.2% after 100 cycles at 1 C. The superior performance attributed to the 3 D channels structure of hollow microspheres, which provide uninterrupted conductive systems and therefore achieve the stable transfer for electron/ion.展开更多
A simple and convenient method, free of template, has been proposed to synthesize hollow carambolashaped Ag2 S microspheres with Ag NO3, thiourea（TU）, Na Cl and diethanolamine as reagents using a microwave-assisted ...A simple and convenient method, free of template, has been proposed to synthesize hollow carambolashaped Ag2 S microspheres with Ag NO3, thiourea（TU）, Na Cl and diethanolamine as reagents using a microwave-assisted method, at low temperatures of below 100 ℃. Powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of those microspheres. The results indicated that the hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres（with high purity and homogeneous morphology） were prepared by an Ostwald ripening process. A possible formation mechanism of hollow carambola-shaped Ag2 S microspheres was proposed.展开更多
PEDOT nanotubes were prepared by a template synthesis method. Based on our template, it was deduced that there are two successive processes in the formation of nanotubes. The first step is soakage of the porous templa...PEDOT nanotubes were prepared by a template synthesis method. Based on our template, it was deduced that there are two successive processes in the formation of nanotubes. The first step is soakage of the porous templates by a polymer solution, and the second step is adsorption of free charged cationic groups and doped PEDOT onto the template surface with negative charges. XRD results showed that well orientated PEDOT chains were formed during the synthesis, moreover the arrange conductivity of molecular chains strongly affect the structures of PEDOT nanotubes. The nanotubes were measured to be about 5.5-17.6 S/cm, which is higher than that of nanotube pellet due to the high contact resistance between the adjacent nanotubes.展开更多
A new method for fabricating ordered porous silicon is reported. A two-dimensional silica nanosphere array is used as a template with a hydrofluoric acid-hydrogen peroxide solution for etching the nanospheres. The ini...A new method for fabricating ordered porous silicon is reported. A two-dimensional silica nanosphere array is used as a template with a hydrofluoric acid-hydrogen peroxide solution for etching the nanospheres. The initial diameter and distribution of the holes in the resulting porous silicon layer are determined by the size and distribution of the silica nanospheres. The corrosion time can be used to control the depths of the holes. It is found that the presence of a SiO2 layer, formed by the oxidation of the rough internal surface of the hole, is the primary reason allowing the corrosion to proceed. Ultraviolet reflection and thermal conductivity measurements show that the diameter and distribution of the holes have a great influence on properties of the porous silicon.展开更多
Viscose fiber templates(15 cm×15 cm×1 cm)were put into ZrOCl_(2) solutions of different concentrations(1,2 and 3 mol·L^(-1))and impregnated at different temperatures(20,40 and 60℃)for 20 h.After washin...Viscose fiber templates(15 cm×15 cm×1 cm)were put into ZrOCl_(2) solutions of different concentrations(1,2 and 3 mol·L^(-1))and impregnated at different temperatures(20,40 and 60℃)for 20 h.After washing,centrifugation and drying,ZrO_(2) fiber precursors were obtained.ZrO_(2) fibers were prepared by heat treatment of the precursors at different temperatures(600,800,1000 and 1200℃)for 2 h.The effects of the impregnation temperature,the impregnation solution concentration and the heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and the phase composition of the ZrO_(2) fibers were studied.The results show that with the increase of the impregnation temperature from 20℃to 60℃and the impregnation solution concentration increase from 1 mol·L^(-1) to 3 mol·L^(-1),the microstructure of fiber cross section changes from flat to cylindrical,and the average fiber diameter increases,indicating that the increase of the impregnation solution concentration and the impregnation temperature is beneficial to increasing the adsorption capacity of Zr4+on viscose fiber templates.After heat treatment,ZrO_(2) fiber mainly exists in the form of monoclinic ZrO_(2).With the increase of the heat treatment temperature,the grains in ZrO_(2) fibers become larger and the crystallinity degree increases,meanwhile the fiber surface undergoes a transition from smooth to small grains and then to cracks.展开更多
Highly dispersed carbon microspheres(CMSs)derived from D-xylose were successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and followed by further carbonization,in which F127 was used as a soft template.As-synthesize...Highly dispersed carbon microspheres(CMSs)derived from D-xylose were successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and followed by further carbonization,in which F127 was used as a soft template.As-synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),flourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),thermal gravimetric(TG)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that the morphology and structure of the CMSs prominently depended on the stirring speed during hydrothermal reaction.The resultant CMSs principally had non-porous structure without stirring and had a very smooth surface.When the stirring speed increased to 200 rpm,the synthesized mesoporous carbon microspheres at 220?C for 24 h(CMSs-5)had a uniform size distribution of 1–1.4μm and a specific surface area of 452 m^2/g.Nevertheless,with further increasing to 400 rpm,as-fabricated carbon products were mostly amorphous with a low degree of sphericity.Results demonstrated that the diameter of the products decreased with the increase of stirring speed.Furthermore,the sphericity product yield of CMSs reduced with the increase of stirring speed.XRD result showed that all the obtained samples contained partial graphite phase.In addition,a formation mechanism was proposed that involved polymerization product as the precursors for microsphere formation.The controllable and green strategy may provide a great convenience to study properties and applications of carbon microspheres.展开更多
Ceria nanotubes with high CO conversion activity by means of carbon nanotubes as removable templates in the simple liquid phase process were fabricated under moderate conditions. The pristine CNTs were first pretreate...Ceria nanotubes with high CO conversion activity by means of carbon nanotubes as removable templates in the simple liquid phase process were fabricated under moderate conditions. The pristine CNTs were first pretreated by refluxing in a 30% nitric acid solution at 140 ℃ for 24 h, then dispersed in an ethanolic Ce（NO3）3.6H2O solution with ultrasonic radiation at room temperature for 1 h. Under vigorous stirring, NaOH solution was added drop by drop into the above ethanolic solution until the pH value was 10. The product was collected and repeatedly washed with ethanol and on drying at 60 ℃, the CeO2/CNT composites were obtained. Then, the as-prepared composites were heated at 450 ℃ in an air atmosphere for 30 min to remove CNTs. The ceria nanotubes were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction （XRD）, Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM）, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrum （XPS）. The results showed that the ceria nanotubes were polycrystalline face-centered cubic phase and were composed of lots of dense cefia nanoparficles. The diameter of cefia nanotubes was about 40-50 nm. Catalytic activity of the product for CO oxidation was carded out at the region of 30-300 ℃ in a U-shaped quartz reactor with feeding about 0.15 g of the catalyst, which was loaded on Al2O3 carder. The inlet gas composition was 1.0% CO and 28% O2 with N2 as balance, and the rate of flow was kept at 40 ml/min. The catalytic products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The as-repared CeO2 nanotubes showed higher CO oxidation activity, which indicated that the morphology of ceria products affected the catalytic performance. The ceria nanotubes supported on Al2O3 demonstrated that conversion temperature for CO oxidation to CO2 was lower than that for bulk catalysts.展开更多
Mesoporous cerium-zirconium mixed oxides were prepared by hydrothermal method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template. The effects of amount of template, pH value of solution and hydrothermal tempera...Mesoporous cerium-zirconium mixed oxides were prepared by hydrothermal method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template. The effects of amount of template, pH value of solution and hydrothermal temperature on mesostructure of samples were systematically investigated. The final products were characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and BET. The results indicate that all the cerium-zirconium mixed oxides present a meso-structure. At molar ratio of n(CTAB)/n((Ce)+(Zr))= 0.15, pH value of 9, and hydrothermal temperature of 120 ℃, the samples obtained possess a specific surface area of 207.9 m2/g with pore diameter of 3.70 nm and pore volume of 0.19 cm3/g.展开更多
Core-shell structured mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been firstly synthesized with the new template from L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride(H-Leu-OMe·HCl).LMSNs were characterized by transmission electron...Core-shell structured mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been firstly synthesized with the new template from L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride(H-Leu-OMe·HCl).LMSNs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption/desorption,and small-angle X-ray diffraction(SAXRD),demonstrating a well-ordered mesostructure.After loading doxorubicin hydrochloride(Dox) into pores,considerable loading capacity of 30.5% and favorable cumulative release amount were obtained.MTT assay suggested that Dox-loaded LMSNs demonstrated great promise to anti-tumor.The use of MSNs with the synthesized template,as a drug delivery carrier,will exte nd the pharmaceutical applications of silica materials.展开更多
Binary transition metal sulfides are hotly investigated in advanced energy storage devices because of their ultra-high reversible capacity.Nevertheless,the unsatisfied rate capability and cycling stability still hinde...Binary transition metal sulfides are hotly investigated in advanced energy storage devices because of their ultra-high reversible capacity.Nevertheless,the unsatisfied rate capability and cycling stability still hinder their practical application.Herein,hierarchical nanoporous carbon@NiCo_(2)S_(4)(HNCMs@NCS)composites with coreshell flower-like structures were prepared by in situ growing of NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanosheets on HNCMs through a hydro thermal-as sis ted template sacrificial method.Benefiting from a synergistic effect between the NiCo_(2)S_(4)shell with high specific capacity and the HNCMs with unique porous structure,the synthesized flower-like HNCMs@NCS composites exhibit extraordinary electrochemical performances,including a high capacity of 346.9 mAh·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1),superb rate property with86.4%initial capacity at 30 A·g^(-1)and predominant cycle stability with 81.2%capacity retention after 5000 cycles.Furthermore,the resulting HNCMs@NCS cathode was coupled with the chemical-activated HNCMs(AHNCMs)anode to construct a hybrid supercapacitor device.The asfabricated device exhibits superior energy density(49.9 Wh·kg^(-1)at 802 W·kg^(-1))and ultra-high power density(24 kW·kg^(-1)at 29.5 Wh·kg^(-1)).This fascinating result further demonstrates the tremendous prospect of the synthesized HNCMs@NCS composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.展开更多
TiO2 nanofibrils were prepared within the pores of alumina template membrane by use of sol-gel chemistry. The TiO2 nanofibrils have good crystallinity and size. There is agglomeration free among the particulates of ...TiO2 nanofibrils were prepared within the pores of alumina template membrane by use of sol-gel chemistry. The TiO2 nanofibrils have good crystallinity and size. There is agglomeration free among the particulates of TiO2 and the fibrils show high catalytic activity.展开更多
The atomic and electronic structures of Pb bilayer/Pt（111） are investigated with two theoretical calculations. We find that the stable （2 × 2）/（3 × 3） Pb/Pt（lll） structure is a promising candidate fo...The atomic and electronic structures of Pb bilayer/Pt（111） are investigated with two theoretical calculations. We find that the stable （2 × 2）/（3 × 3） Pb/Pt（lll） structure is a promising candidate for being used as a template with self-organized ordered Pb semi-cluster array on the first Pb monolayer. This stable structure can realize the ordered Au single-atom array around the Pb semi-clusters that can cause selective adsorption of noble atoms. The size of Pb magic number semi-cluster plays a more important role in determining the periodicity of the template than the lattice constant misfit between the substrate and the overlayer. This leads to quite a different periodicity between the two stable templates, which are （2 × 2）/（3 × 3） Pb/Pt（111） and Pb/Cu（111）. Therefore, by considering the size of the stable semi-clusters and carefully selecting different substrate materials, we can tune the density of Pb semi-clusters as the nucleation points and then tune the periodicity of the stable template.展开更多
A series of alumina samples were prepared using β-cyclodextrin as the non-surfactant template. These samples were characterized by XRD, BET and TEM. The results showed that the alumina samples prepared using β-cyclo...A series of alumina samples were prepared using β-cyclodextrin as the non-surfactant template. These samples were characterized by XRD, BET and TEM. The results showed that the alumina samples prepared using β-cyclodextrin template had the higher surface areas （124-484 m^2/g）, larger pore volumes （0.7-1.27 mL/g） and more thermal stability than samples prepared without using β-cyclodextrin.展开更多
基金supported by the Science Technology Talents Lifting Project of Hunan Province(No.2022TJ-N16)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2024JJ4022,2023JJ30277,2025JJ60382)+3 种基金the China Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(GZC20233205)the Scientifc Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China(No.24B0270)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32201646)the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Research and Development Program(No.20243BBI91001).
文摘The development of high-performance transition metal sulfide(TMS)/carbon composites to replace conventional graphite anode remains a critical challenge for advancing lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,a facile self-sacrifice template method is developed to prepare FeS encapsulated into N,S co-doped carbon(FeS/NSC)composite using melamine-cyanuric acid(MCA)supermolecule as a multifunctional template precursor.The function of MCA supermolecule for material synthesis is explored,revealing its special function as a dispersant,dopant and pore-forming agent.Furthermore,the effect of Fe source dosage on the morphology,structure and composition of the final products is explored.The resultant FeS/NSC-0.1(where 0.1 represents the mass of added Fe source)exhibits the most optimal proportion,characterized by a good dispersion status of FeS within the NSC matrix,effective N,S co-doping and ample porosity.Benefiting from these merits,the FeS/NSC-0.1 anode demonstrates significantly improved cycling stability and rate capability when compared to the counterparts.Undoubtedly,this work offers a universal method to produce advanced transition metal sulfide/carbon composite electrodes for energy storage and conversion systems.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.21875253)CAS-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(CSIRO)Joint Research Projects(121835KYSB20200039)Scientific Research and Equipment Development Project of CAS(YJKYYQ20190007).
文摘Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors(PIHCs)tactfully combining capacitor-type cathode with battery-type anode have recently attracted increasing attentions due to their advantages of decent energy density,high power density,and low cost;the mismatches of capacity and kinetics between capacitor-type cathode and battery-type anode in PIHCs yet hinder their overall performance output.Herein,based on prediction of density functional theory calculations,we find Se/N co-doped porous carbon is a promising candidate for K+storage and thus develop a simple and universal self-sacrifice template method to fabricate Se and N co-doped three-dimensional(3D)macroporous carbon(Se/N-3DMpC),which features favorable properties of connective hier-archical pores,expanded interlayer structure,and rich activity site for boosting pseudocapacitive activity and kinetics toward K^(+)storage anode and enhancing capacitance performance for the reversible anion adsorption/desorption cath-ode.As expected,the as-assembled PIHCs full cell with a working voltage as high as 4.0 V delivers a high energy density of 186 Wh kg^(−1) and a power output of 8100 W kg^(−1) as well as excellent long service life.The proof-of-concept PIHCs with excellent performance open a new avenue for the development and application of high-performance hybrid capacitors.
基金Project supported by Vietnam's National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (103.06.46.09)
文摘Europium orthophosphate monohydrate （EuPO4·H2O） nanorods with typical dimensions of about 10-30 nm in diameter and 300-500 nm in length were prepared by using the soft template method. The effects of using diethylene glycol （DEG） and polyethylene glycol （PEG） polymers as well as the pH values on the size, crystalline structure and morphology of EuPO4·H2O nanorods were investigated. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） data of the prepared samples were elucidated. The nanorods were highly uniform and their mean length was reduced by using DEG and PEG as soft template agents. For all prepared samples, the rhabdophanetype hexagonal EuPO4·H2O was the dominated phase. The photoluminescence （PL） spectroscopy measurements of EuPO4·H2O nanorods revealed that, under UV excitation, EuPO4·H2O nanorods exhibited strong luminescence with narrow bands corresponding to the intra-4f transitions of ^5D0→^7Fj （j=1, 2, 3, 4） of Eu^3＋ ions. The peaks were found at 594 nm （^5D0→^7F1）, 619 nm （^5D0→^7F2）, 652 nm （^5D0→^7F3）, and 697 nm （^5D0→^7F4）, with the strongest emission at 594 nm.
文摘The pore structures and electrochemical performances of mesoporous carbons prepared by silica sol template method as electrode material for supercapacitor were investigated. The mean pore size and mass specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbons increase with the increase of mass ratio of silica sol to carbon source （glucose）. A modified template method, combining silica sol template method and ZnCl2 chemical activation method, was proposed to improve the mass specific capacitance of the mesoporous carbon with an improved BET surface area. The correlation of rate capability and pore structure was studied by constant current discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A commercially available microporous carbon was used for comparison. The result shows that mesoporous carbon with a larger pore size displays a higher rate capability. Mesoporous carbon synthesized by modified template method has both high mass specific capacitance and good rate capability.
基金support of the Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology(Zhejiang Sci-Tech University),Ministry of Education(No.2005QN04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20573095)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘A modified Stober method has been developed which permits the controlled growth of spherical hollow spheres with diameters between 197 and 208 nanometers by consecutively cocondensed methyltrimethoxysilane and dimethyldimethoxysilane monomers onto microemulsion of polydimethylsiloxane and subsequently removing the templated polydimethylsiloxane by exposure to solvents. Ammonia was used as a morphological catalyst. The morphology of the polymer spheres was demonstrated by transmission electron micrographs （TEM） and atomic force microscopy （AFM）.
基金the financial support by Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program from Jiangsu Science and Technology Department under Grant number KYCX19_0320。
文摘Copper azide(CA), as a primary explosive with high energy density, has not been practically used so far because of its high electrostatic sensitivity. The Cu2O@HKUST-1 core-shell structure hybrid material was synthesized by the “bottle around ship” methodology in this research by regulating the dissolution rate of Cu2O and the generation rate of metal-organic framework(MOF) materials. Cu2O@HKUST-1 was carbonized to form a Cu O@porous carbon(CuO@PC) composite material. CuO@PC was synthesized into a copper azide(CA) @PC composite energetic material through a gas-solid phase in-situ azidation reaction.CA is encapsulated in PC framework, which acts as a nanoscale Faraday cage, and its excellent electrical conductivity prevents electrostatic charges from accumulating on the energetic material’s surface. The CA@PC composite energetic material has a CA content of 89.6%, and its electrostatic safety is nearly 30times that of pure CA(1.47 mJ compared to 0.05 mJ). CA@PC delivers an outstanding balance of safety and energy density compared to similar materials.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22002143)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China(No.201901D211223)the Postgraduate Students Scientific Research Project of North University of China(No.20201766)。
文摘The hollow strontium carbonate pompons was synthesized for the first time by a controlled reaction precipitation method with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS)and polyvinyl pyrrolidone(PVP)work together as template.The sampled particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy(EDX),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry(TGA-DSC),etc.It is shown that the assynthesized hollow strontium carbonate pompons with the size of about 2μm consist of flake-like particles under the optimal reaction conditions.The formation mechanism of hollow strontium carbonate pompons was preliminarily explored.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21776051)the Natural Science Foundations of Guangdong(No.2018A030313423)。
文摘A appropriate size with three-dimension(3 D) channels for lithium diffusion plays an important role in constructing highperforming LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4(LNMO) cathode materials, as it can not only reduce the transport path of lithium ions and electrons, but also reduce the side effects and withstand the structural strain in the process of repetitive Li~+ intercalation/deintercalation. In this work, an e fficient method for designing the hollow LNMO microsphere with 3 D channels structure by using polyethylene oxide(PEO) as soft template agent assisted solvothermal method is proposed. Experimental results indicate that PEO can make the reagents mingle evenly and nucleate slowly in the solvothermal process, thus obtaining a homogeneous distribution of carbonate precursors. In the final LNMO products, the hollow 3 D channels structure obtained by the decomposition of PEO and carbonate precursor in the calcination can provide abundant electroactive zones and electron/ion transport paths during the charge/discharge process, which benefits to improve the cycling performance and rate capability. The LNMO prepared by adding 1 g PEO possesses the most outstanding electrochemical performance, which presented an excellent discharge capacity of 143.1 mAh g~(-1) at 0.1 C and with a capacity retention of 92.2% after 100 cycles at 1 C. The superior performance attributed to the 3 D channels structure of hollow microspheres, which provide uninterrupted conductive systems and therefore achieve the stable transfer for electron/ion.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2232013A3-05)the National Science and Technology Ministry(No.ID 2012BAK30B03)
文摘A simple and convenient method, free of template, has been proposed to synthesize hollow carambolashaped Ag2 S microspheres with Ag NO3, thiourea（TU）, Na Cl and diethanolamine as reagents using a microwave-assisted method, at low temperatures of below 100 ℃. Powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（FESEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）were employed to characterize the morphology and composition of those microspheres. The results indicated that the hollow carambola-shaped silver sulfide microspheres（with high purity and homogeneous morphology） were prepared by an Ostwald ripening process. A possible formation mechanism of hollow carambola-shaped Ag2 S microspheres was proposed.
基金Funded National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.: 60372002)
文摘PEDOT nanotubes were prepared by a template synthesis method. Based on our template, it was deduced that there are two successive processes in the formation of nanotubes. The first step is soakage of the porous templates by a polymer solution, and the second step is adsorption of free charged cationic groups and doped PEDOT onto the template surface with negative charges. XRD results showed that well orientated PEDOT chains were formed during the synthesis, moreover the arrange conductivity of molecular chains strongly affect the structures of PEDOT nanotubes. The nanotubes were measured to be about 5.5-17.6 S/cm, which is higher than that of nanotube pellet due to the high contact resistance between the adjacent nanotubes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 10804026 and 51101049the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province under Grant Nos A2013205101 and A2014205051the Hebei Talent Cultivation Foundation under Grant No A201400119
文摘A new method for fabricating ordered porous silicon is reported. A two-dimensional silica nanosphere array is used as a template with a hydrofluoric acid-hydrogen peroxide solution for etching the nanospheres. The initial diameter and distribution of the holes in the resulting porous silicon layer are determined by the size and distribution of the silica nanospheres. The corrosion time can be used to control the depths of the holes. It is found that the presence of a SiO2 layer, formed by the oxidation of the rough internal surface of the hole, is the primary reason allowing the corrosion to proceed. Ultraviolet reflection and thermal conductivity measurements show that the diameter and distribution of the holes have a great influence on properties of the porous silicon.
文摘Viscose fiber templates(15 cm×15 cm×1 cm)were put into ZrOCl_(2) solutions of different concentrations(1,2 and 3 mol·L^(-1))and impregnated at different temperatures(20,40 and 60℃)for 20 h.After washing,centrifugation and drying,ZrO_(2) fiber precursors were obtained.ZrO_(2) fibers were prepared by heat treatment of the precursors at different temperatures(600,800,1000 and 1200℃)for 2 h.The effects of the impregnation temperature,the impregnation solution concentration and the heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and the phase composition of the ZrO_(2) fibers were studied.The results show that with the increase of the impregnation temperature from 20℃to 60℃and the impregnation solution concentration increase from 1 mol·L^(-1) to 3 mol·L^(-1),the microstructure of fiber cross section changes from flat to cylindrical,and the average fiber diameter increases,indicating that the increase of the impregnation solution concentration and the impregnation temperature is beneficial to increasing the adsorption capacity of Zr4+on viscose fiber templates.After heat treatment,ZrO_(2) fiber mainly exists in the form of monoclinic ZrO_(2).With the increase of the heat treatment temperature,the grains in ZrO_(2) fibers become larger and the crystallinity degree increases,meanwhile the fiber surface undergoes a transition from smooth to small grains and then to cracks.
基金supported financially by the Outstanding Youth Science Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2018JC-028)the fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics,Beijing Technology and Business University(No.51772243)+1 种基金the Innovation Team Plan of Shaanxi Province(No.2017KCT-17)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51772243).
文摘Highly dispersed carbon microspheres(CMSs)derived from D-xylose were successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and followed by further carbonization,in which F127 was used as a soft template.As-synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),flourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),thermal gravimetric(TG)and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results showed that the morphology and structure of the CMSs prominently depended on the stirring speed during hydrothermal reaction.The resultant CMSs principally had non-porous structure without stirring and had a very smooth surface.When the stirring speed increased to 200 rpm,the synthesized mesoporous carbon microspheres at 220?C for 24 h(CMSs-5)had a uniform size distribution of 1–1.4μm and a specific surface area of 452 m^2/g.Nevertheless,with further increasing to 400 rpm,as-fabricated carbon products were mostly amorphous with a low degree of sphericity.Results demonstrated that the diameter of the products decreased with the increase of stirring speed.Furthermore,the sphericity product yield of CMSs reduced with the increase of stirring speed.XRD result showed that all the obtained samples contained partial graphite phase.In addition,a formation mechanism was proposed that involved polymerization product as the precursors for microsphere formation.The controllable and green strategy may provide a great convenience to study properties and applications of carbon microspheres.
基金Fundamental Research Key Project of Shanghai (06JC14060)
文摘Ceria nanotubes with high CO conversion activity by means of carbon nanotubes as removable templates in the simple liquid phase process were fabricated under moderate conditions. The pristine CNTs were first pretreated by refluxing in a 30% nitric acid solution at 140 ℃ for 24 h, then dispersed in an ethanolic Ce（NO3）3.6H2O solution with ultrasonic radiation at room temperature for 1 h. Under vigorous stirring, NaOH solution was added drop by drop into the above ethanolic solution until the pH value was 10. The product was collected and repeatedly washed with ethanol and on drying at 60 ℃, the CeO2/CNT composites were obtained. Then, the as-prepared composites were heated at 450 ℃ in an air atmosphere for 30 min to remove CNTs. The ceria nanotubes were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction （XRD）, Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM）, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrum （XPS）. The results showed that the ceria nanotubes were polycrystalline face-centered cubic phase and were composed of lots of dense cefia nanoparficles. The diameter of cefia nanotubes was about 40-50 nm. Catalytic activity of the product for CO oxidation was carded out at the region of 30-300 ℃ in a U-shaped quartz reactor with feeding about 0.15 g of the catalyst, which was loaded on Al2O3 carder. The inlet gas composition was 1.0% CO and 28% O2 with N2 as balance, and the rate of flow was kept at 40 ml/min. The catalytic products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The as-repared CeO2 nanotubes showed higher CO oxidation activity, which indicated that the morphology of ceria products affected the catalytic performance. The ceria nanotubes supported on Al2O3 demonstrated that conversion temperature for CO oxidation to CO2 was lower than that for bulk catalysts.
基金Project(CHCL0501) supported by Hubei Provincial Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Catalytic Material Science and Technology
文摘Mesoporous cerium-zirconium mixed oxides were prepared by hydrothermal method using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as template. The effects of amount of template, pH value of solution and hydrothermal temperature on mesostructure of samples were systematically investigated. The final products were characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and BET. The results indicate that all the cerium-zirconium mixed oxides present a meso-structure. At molar ratio of n(CTAB)/n((Ce)+(Zr))= 0.15, pH value of 9, and hydrothermal temperature of 120 ℃, the samples obtained possess a specific surface area of 207.9 m2/g with pore diameter of 3.70 nm and pore volume of 0.19 cm3/g.
基金supported by the Career Development Support Plan for Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (No.ZQN2018005)。
文摘Core-shell structured mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been firstly synthesized with the new template from L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride(H-Leu-OMe·HCl).LMSNs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nitrogen adsorption/desorption,and small-angle X-ray diffraction(SAXRD),demonstrating a well-ordered mesostructure.After loading doxorubicin hydrochloride(Dox) into pores,considerable loading capacity of 30.5% and favorable cumulative release amount were obtained.MTT assay suggested that Dox-loaded LMSNs demonstrated great promise to anti-tumor.The use of MSNs with the synthesized template,as a drug delivery carrier,will exte nd the pharmaceutical applications of silica materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174247)the Distinguish Young Scientists of Hunan province(No.2022JJ10024)+2 种基金"Hejian"Innovative Talent Project of Hunan Province(No.2022RC1088)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2021JJ30212 and 2021JJ30216)the Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of Hunan University of Technology(No.CX2209)。
文摘Binary transition metal sulfides are hotly investigated in advanced energy storage devices because of their ultra-high reversible capacity.Nevertheless,the unsatisfied rate capability and cycling stability still hinder their practical application.Herein,hierarchical nanoporous carbon@NiCo_(2)S_(4)(HNCMs@NCS)composites with coreshell flower-like structures were prepared by in situ growing of NiCo_(2)S_(4) nanosheets on HNCMs through a hydro thermal-as sis ted template sacrificial method.Benefiting from a synergistic effect between the NiCo_(2)S_(4)shell with high specific capacity and the HNCMs with unique porous structure,the synthesized flower-like HNCMs@NCS composites exhibit extraordinary electrochemical performances,including a high capacity of 346.9 mAh·g^(-1)at 1 A·g^(-1),superb rate property with86.4%initial capacity at 30 A·g^(-1)and predominant cycle stability with 81.2%capacity retention after 5000 cycles.Furthermore,the resulting HNCMs@NCS cathode was coupled with the chemical-activated HNCMs(AHNCMs)anode to construct a hybrid supercapacitor device.The asfabricated device exhibits superior energy density(49.9 Wh·kg^(-1)at 802 W·kg^(-1))and ultra-high power density(24 kW·kg^(-1)at 29.5 Wh·kg^(-1)).This fascinating result further demonstrates the tremendous prospect of the synthesized HNCMs@NCS composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No 69890220)
文摘TiO2 nanofibrils were prepared within the pores of alumina template membrane by use of sol-gel chemistry. The TiO2 nanofibrils have good crystallinity and size. There is agglomeration free among the particulates of TiO2 and the fibrils show high catalytic activity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50531050)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB605100)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Scientists of China (GrantNo. 20090450426)the CRI of UNC-Charlotte
文摘The atomic and electronic structures of Pb bilayer/Pt（111） are investigated with two theoretical calculations. We find that the stable （2 × 2）/（3 × 3） Pb/Pt（lll） structure is a promising candidate for being used as a template with self-organized ordered Pb semi-cluster array on the first Pb monolayer. This stable structure can realize the ordered Au single-atom array around the Pb semi-clusters that can cause selective adsorption of noble atoms. The size of Pb magic number semi-cluster plays a more important role in determining the periodicity of the template than the lattice constant misfit between the substrate and the overlayer. This leads to quite a different periodicity between the two stable templates, which are （2 × 2）/（3 × 3） Pb/Pt（111） and Pb/Cu（111）. Therefore, by considering the size of the stable semi-clusters and carefully selecting different substrate materials, we can tune the density of Pb semi-clusters as the nucleation points and then tune the periodicity of the stable template.
文摘A series of alumina samples were prepared using β-cyclodextrin as the non-surfactant template. These samples were characterized by XRD, BET and TEM. The results showed that the alumina samples prepared using β-cyclodextrin template had the higher surface areas （124-484 m^2/g）, larger pore volumes （0.7-1.27 mL/g） and more thermal stability than samples prepared without using β-cyclodextrin.
