Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitiv...Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitive biases are hard to diag- nose in real animals （Marshall et al., 2013b）, we investigate Trivers＇ proposal that individuals should self-deceive first in order to better deceive others （Trivers, 2011）. Although this proposal has been scrutinized extensively （Bandura et al., 2011） it has not been formally modelled. We present the first model designed to investigate Trivers＇ proposal. We introduce an extension to a re- cent model of the evolution of self-deception （Johnson and Fowler, 2011）. In the extended model individuals make decisions by taking directly into account the benefits and costs of each outcome and by choosing the course of action that can be estimated as the best with the information available. It is shown that in certain circumstances self-deceiving decision-makers are the most evolutionarily successful, even when there is no deception between these. In a further extension of this model individuals addi- tionally exhibit deception biases and Trivers＇ premise （that effective deception is less physiologically costly with the aid of self-deception） is incorporated. It is shown that under Trivers＇ hypothesis natural selection favors individuals that self-deceive as they deceive others .展开更多
Invisible Man is both a historical biography of the black man in America and an anguish process of man's quest for identity in the dehumanizing and absurd society of racial discrimination. Personal weakness of the...Invisible Man is both a historical biography of the black man in America and an anguish process of man's quest for identity in the dehumanizing and absurd society of racial discrimination. Personal weakness of the protagonist: his effort to evade his past functions as the last straw leading to his invisibility. Therefore, this paper tries to analyze the cause of the invisibility of the protagonist by further textual analysis in an attempt to reveal how a nameless African American reflects the existential crisis of modern man.展开更多
This is an analysis of the character Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’play Death of a Salesman,who is a salesman living in his own"American Dream".His dream is shattered and finally destroyed by reality,so he c...This is an analysis of the character Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’play Death of a Salesman,who is a salesman living in his own"American Dream".His dream is shattered and finally destroyed by reality,so he chooses to die in the hope that he may retain his dignity and practically render some help to his family with the assurance.展开更多
文摘Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitive biases are hard to diag- nose in real animals （Marshall et al., 2013b）, we investigate Trivers＇ proposal that individuals should self-deceive first in order to better deceive others （Trivers, 2011）. Although this proposal has been scrutinized extensively （Bandura et al., 2011） it has not been formally modelled. We present the first model designed to investigate Trivers＇ proposal. We introduce an extension to a re- cent model of the evolution of self-deception （Johnson and Fowler, 2011）. In the extended model individuals make decisions by taking directly into account the benefits and costs of each outcome and by choosing the course of action that can be estimated as the best with the information available. It is shown that in certain circumstances self-deceiving decision-makers are the most evolutionarily successful, even when there is no deception between these. In a further extension of this model individuals addi- tionally exhibit deception biases and Trivers＇ premise （that effective deception is less physiologically costly with the aid of self-deception） is incorporated. It is shown that under Trivers＇ hypothesis natural selection favors individuals that self-deceive as they deceive others .
文摘Invisible Man is both a historical biography of the black man in America and an anguish process of man's quest for identity in the dehumanizing and absurd society of racial discrimination. Personal weakness of the protagonist: his effort to evade his past functions as the last straw leading to his invisibility. Therefore, this paper tries to analyze the cause of the invisibility of the protagonist by further textual analysis in an attempt to reveal how a nameless African American reflects the existential crisis of modern man.
文摘This is an analysis of the character Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’play Death of a Salesman,who is a salesman living in his own"American Dream".His dream is shattered and finally destroyed by reality,so he chooses to die in the hope that he may retain his dignity and practically render some help to his family with the assurance.
