The growth of electrochemically inert segregation layers on the surface of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes has become a bottleneck restricting the development of perovskite-structured oxygen reduction catalysts.Here,we...The growth of electrochemically inert segregation layers on the surface of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes has become a bottleneck restricting the development of perovskite-structured oxygen reduction catalysts.Here,we report a new discovery in which enriched Ba and Fe ions on the near-surface of Nd_(1/2)Ba_(1/2)Co_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(3-δ)spontaneously agglomerate into dispersed Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8) nanoparticles and maintain a highly active and durable perovskite structure on the surface.This unique surface selfcleaning phenomenon is related to the low average potential energy of Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8),which is grown on the near-surface layer.The electrochemically inert Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8) segregation layer on the near-surface of the perovskite catalyst achieves self-cleaning by regulating the formation energy of enriched metal oxides.This self-cleaned perovskite surface exhibits an ultrafast oxygen exchange rate,high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction,and good adaptability to the actual working conditions of solid oxide fuel cell stacks.This study paves a new way for overcoming the stubborn problem of perovskite catalyst surface deactivation and enriches the scientific knowledge of surface catalysis.展开更多
We investigated the influence of PEG on the surface morphology,photocatalytic performance,photovoltaic conversion efficiency(PCE),and performance in complex environments of TiO_(2)-PEG composite films.The PEG content ...We investigated the influence of PEG on the surface morphology,photocatalytic performance,photovoltaic conversion efficiency(PCE),and performance in complex environments of TiO_(2)-PEG composite films.The PEG content was varied to further optimize the comprehensive performance of the composite films.Using titanium isopropoxide as the main raw material,TiO_(2)-PEG sol was prepared via sol-gel method and coated on the surface of photovoltaic(PV)glass by spin coating.The surface morphology and crystalline phase of the TiO_(2)-PEG film were analyzed,and the effects of the TiO_(2)-PEG film on the photocatalytic performance,PCE,contact angle,and performance in complex environments of PV glass were studied.The experimental results show that under the specified experimental conditions,when 4 g PEG10000 is added,the comprehensive performance of the coated PV glass reaches its optimum,with an average transmittance of 91.73%at 550 nm.Using methylene blue(MB)dye degradation experiments,the degradation rate after 2 hours of xenon lamp irradiation reaches 98.15%.The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the composite film reaches 16.33%,and the contact angle is 3.28°,indicating a superhydrophilic state.It is demonstrated that the appropriate amount of PEG can enhance the transmittance,self-cleaning performance,and photovoltaic conversion efficiency of coated PV glass.展开更多
In this work,the influences of surface layer slurry at different temperatures(10℃,14℃,18℃,22℃)on wax patterns deformation,shrinkage,slurry coating characteristics,and the surface quality of the casting were invest...In this work,the influences of surface layer slurry at different temperatures(10℃,14℃,18℃,22℃)on wax patterns deformation,shrinkage,slurry coating characteristics,and the surface quality of the casting were investigated by using a single factor variable method.The surface morphologies of the shell molds produced by different temperatures of the surface(first)layer slurries were observed via electron microscopy.Furthermore,the microscopic composition of these shell molds was obtained by EDS,and the osmotic effect of the slurry on the wax patterns at different temperatures was also assessed by the PZ-200 Contact Angle detector.The forming reasons for the surface cracks and holes of thick and large ZTC4 titanium alloy by investment casting were analyzed.The experimental results show that the surface of the shell molds prepared by the surface layer slurry with a low temperature exhibits noticeable damage,which is mainly due to the poor coating performance and the serious expansion and contraction of wax pattern at low temperatures.The second layer shell material(SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3))immerses into the crack area of the surface layer,contacts and reacts with the molten titanium to form surface cracks and holes in the castings.With the increase of the temperature of surface layer slurry,the damage to the shell surface tends to weaken,and the composition of the shell molds'surface becomes more uniform with less impurities.The results show that the surface layer slurry at 22℃is evenly coated on the surface of the wax patterns with appropriate thickness,and there is no surface shell mold rupture caused by sliding slurry after sand leaching.The surface layer slurry temperature is consistent with the wax pattern temperature and the workshop temperature,so there is no damage of the surface layer shell caused by expansion and contraction.Therefore,the shell mold prepared by the surface layer slurry at this temperature has good integrity,isolating the contact between the low inert shell material and the titanium liquid effectively,and the ZTC4 titanium alloy cylinder casting prepared by this shell mold is smooth,without cracks and holes.展开更多
Herein,the surface of Moso bamboo was hydrophobically modified by combining O_(2)/N_(2)plasma treatments with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)solution treatment as the hydrophobic solution.The effects of plasma treatment pr...Herein,the surface of Moso bamboo was hydrophobically modified by combining O_(2)/N_(2)plasma treatments with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)solution treatment as the hydrophobic solution.The effects of plasma treatment process(power and time),PDMS solution concentration,and maceration time on the hydrophobic performance of bamboo specimens were studied,and the optimal treatment conditions for improving the hydrophobicity were determined.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)were used to analyze the surface morphology,chemical structure,and functional groups in the specimens before and after the plasma and PDMS solution treatments under optimal conditions.Response surface analysis was also performed to determine the optimal treatment conditions.Results show that the hydrophobic performance of the Moso bamboo surface is effectively improved and the surface energy is reduced after the coordinated treatment.The optimal conditions for improving the hydrophobic performance of Moso bamboo surface are a treatment power of 800 W,treatment time of 15 s,O_(2)flow rate of 1.5 L/min,PDMS solution concentration of 5%,and maceration time of 60 min for O_(2)plasma treatment and a treatment power of 1000 W,treatment time of 15 s,N_(2)flow rate of 1.5 L/min,PDMS solution concentration of 5%,and maceration time of 60 min for N_(2)plasma treatment.After treatment,silicone oil particles and plasma etching traces are observed on the bamboo surface.Moreover,Si-O bonds in the PDMS solution are grafted to the bamboo surface via covalent bonds,thereby increasing the contact angle and decreasing the surface energy to achieve the hydrophobic effect.展开更多
Broadband transparent films play a pivotal role in various applications such as lenses and solar cells,particularly porous structured transparent films exhibit significant potential.This study investigates a porous Si...Broadband transparent films play a pivotal role in various applications such as lenses and solar cells,particularly porous structured transparent films exhibit significant potential.This study investigates a porous SiO_(2) refractive index gradient anti-reflective film prepared by atomic layer deposition(ALD).A porous SiO_(2) film with gradual porosity was obtained by phosphoric acid etching of Al_(2)O_(3)/SiO_(2) multilayers with gradient Al2O3 ratios,achieving a gradual decrease in refractive index from the substrate to the surface.The film exhibited an average transmittance as high as 97.8%within the wavelength range from 320 nm to 1200 nm.The environmental adaptability was further enhanced by surface modification using rare earth oxide(REO)La_(2)O_(3),resulting in formation of a lotus leaf-like structure and achieving a water contact angle of 100.0°.These data proved that the modification significantly improved hydrophobic self-cleaning capability while maintaining exceptional transparency of the film.The surface structure of the modified film remained undamaged even after undergoing wipe testing,demonstrating its excellent surface durability.展开更多
As one of the lightest engineering materials,magnesium(Mg)alloy possesses excellent mechanical performance,meeting the needs of versatile engineering fields and holding the potential to address cutting-edge issues in ...As one of the lightest engineering materials,magnesium(Mg)alloy possesses excellent mechanical performance,meeting the needs of versatile engineering fields and holding the potential to address cutting-edge issues in aerospace,electronics,biomedicine.The design of superhydrophobic(SHB)surfaces with micro and nanostructures can endow Mg alloys with multiple functionalities,such as self-cleaning,self-healing,antibacterial,and corrosion resistance.Over the past decade,researchers have drawn inspiration from nature to implement biomimetic design principles,resulting in the rapid development of micro/nanostructured SHB surfaces on Mg alloys,which hold great promise for biomedical applications.This review comprehensively introduces the biomimetic design principles of micro/nanostructured SHB surfaces on Mg alloys,discusses the challenges along with advantages and disadvantages of current preparation methods,and explores the future perspectives for preparing these SHB surfaces,providing strategies to enhance their performance in biomedical applications.展开更多
In recent decades,capacitive pressure sensors(CPSs)with high sensitivity have demonstrated significant potential in applications such as medical monitoring,artificial intelligence,and soft robotics.Efforts to enhance ...In recent decades,capacitive pressure sensors(CPSs)with high sensitivity have demonstrated significant potential in applications such as medical monitoring,artificial intelligence,and soft robotics.Efforts to enhance this sensitivity have predominantly focused on material design and structural optimization,with surface microstructures such as wrinkles,pyramids,and micro-pillars proving effective.Although finite element modeling(FEM)has guided enhancements in CPS sensitivity across various surface designs,a theoretical understanding of sensitivity improvements remains underexplored.This paper employs sinusoidal wavy surfaces as a representative model to analytically elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sensitivity enhancement through contact mechanics.These theoretical insights are corroborated by FEM and experimental validations.Our findings underscore that optimizing material properties,such as Young’s modulus and relative permittivity,alongside adjustments in surface roughness and substrate thickness,can significantly elevate the sensitivity.The optimal performance is achieved when the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio(H/)is about 0.2.These results offer critical insights for designing ultrasensitive CPS devices,paving the way for advancements in sensor technology.展开更多
Magnesium(Mg)-based bioresorbable stents represent a potentially groundbreaking advancement in cardiovascular therapy;offering tem-porary vessel support and complete biodegradability—addressing limitations of traditi...Magnesium(Mg)-based bioresorbable stents represent a potentially groundbreaking advancement in cardiovascular therapy;offering tem-porary vessel support and complete biodegradability—addressing limitations of traditional stents like in-stent restenosis and long-term com-plications.However,challenges such as rapid corrosion and suboptimal endothelialisation have hindered their clinical adoption.This review highlights the latest breakthroughs in surface modification,alloying,and coating strategies to enhance the mechanical integrity,corrosion resistance,and biocompatibility of Mg-based stents.Key surface engineering techniques,including polymer and bioactive coatings,are ex-amined for their role in promoting endothelial healing and minimising inflammatory responses.Future directions are proposed,focusing on personalised stent designs to optimize efficacy and long-term outcomes,positioning Mg-based stents as a transformative solution in interventional cardiology.展开更多
Emerging contaminants(ECs)have raised global concern due to their adverse effect on ecosystems and human health.However,the occurrence and transport of ECs in stormwater remain unclear.The impact of ECs from stormwate...Emerging contaminants(ECs)have raised global concern due to their adverse effect on ecosystems and human health.However,the occurrence and transport of ECs in stormwater remain unclear.The impact of ECs from stormwater on surface water quality and ecosystem health is also poorly documented.In this review,we examined the variations in EC concentrations in surface water resulting from stormwater.During the wet weather,the concentrations of most investigated ECs,e.g.,microplastics,per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,and vehicle-related compounds,significantly increase in surface water,indicating that stormwater may be a critical source of these contaminants.Furthermore,the potential pathways of ECs from stormwater enter surface water are outlined.Studies demonstrate that surface runoff and combined sewer overflows are important pathways for ECs,with discharges comparable to or exceeding those from wastewater treatment plants.Illicit connection also plays an important part in elevated EC concentrations in surface water.Overall,our findings underscore the importance of stormwater as a source for ECs in surface waters,and urge for increased emphasis on,and reinforcement of,stormwater monitoring and control measures to minimize the transport of ECs into receiving water bodies.展开更多
The roughness of the fracture surface directly affects the strength,deformation,and permeability of the surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.Understanding the effect of high temperature and thermal cycle o...The roughness of the fracture surface directly affects the strength,deformation,and permeability of the surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.Understanding the effect of high temperature and thermal cycle on the fracture surface roughness plays an important role in estimating the damage degree and stability of deep rock mass.In this paper,the variations of fracture surface roughness of granite after different heating and thermal cycles were investigated using the joint roughness coefficient method(JRC),three-dimensional(3D)roughness parameters,and fractal dimension(D),and the mechanism of damage and deterioration of granite were revealed.The experimental results show an increase in the roughness of the granite fracture surface as temperature and cycle number were incremented.The variations of JRC,height parameter,inclination parameter and area parameter with the temperature conformed to the Boltzmann's functional distribution,while the D decreased linearly as the temperature increased.Besides,the anisotropy index(Ip)of the granite fracture surface increased as the temperature increased,and the larger parameter values of roughness characterization at different temperatures were attained mainly in directions of 20°–40°,60°–100°and 140°–160°.The fracture aperture of granite after fracture followed the Gauss distribution and the average aperture increased with increasing temperature,which increased from 0.665 mm at 25℃to 1.058 mm at 800℃.High temperature caused an uneven thermal expansion,water evaporation,and oxidation of minerals within the granite,which promoted the growth and expansion of microfractures,and reduced interparticle bonding strength.In particular,the damage was exacerbated by the expansion and cracking of the quartz phase transition after T>500℃.Thermal cycles contributed to the accumulation of this damage and further weakened the interparticle bonding forces,resulting in a significant increase in the roughness,anisotropy,and aperture of the fracture surface after five cycles.展开更多
The kitchen-oil wastewater is characterized by a high concentration of organicmatter,complex composition and refractory pollutants,which make wastewater treatment more difficult.Based on the study of using micro-elect...The kitchen-oil wastewater is characterized by a high concentration of organicmatter,complex composition and refractory pollutants,which make wastewater treatment more difficult.Based on the study of using micro-electric field characteristic catalyst HCLL-S8-M to enhance the electron transfer between microorganisms in kitchen-oil wastewater which further improved the COD removal rate,we focus on themicrobial community,intracellular metabolism and extracellular respiration,and make an in-depth analysis of the molecular biological mechanisms to microbial treatment in wastewater.It is found that electroactive microorganisms are enriched on the material surface,and the expression levels of cytochrome c and riboflavin genes related to electron transfer are up-regulated,confirming that the surface micro-electric field structure could enhance the electron transfer between microbial species and improve the efficiency ofwastewater degradation.This study provides a new idea for the treatment of refractory organic wastewater.展开更多
As a mathematical analysis method,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe irregular shapes with self-similar or self-affine properties.Fractal analysis has been used to characterize the shapes of metal...As a mathematical analysis method,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe irregular shapes with self-similar or self-affine properties.Fractal analysis has been used to characterize the shapes of metal materials at various scales and dimensions.Conventional methods make it difficult to quantitatively describe the relationship between the regular characteristics and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces.However,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe the shape characteristics of metal materials and to establish the quantitative relationships between the shape characteristics and various properties of metal materials.From the perspective of two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional curved surfaces,this paper reviews the current research status of the fractal analysis of metal precipitate interfaces,metal grain boundary interfaces,metal-deposited film surfaces,metal fracture surfaces,metal machined surfaces,and metal wear surfaces.The relationship between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces is summarized.Starting from three perspectives of fractal analysis,namely,research scope,image acquisition methods,and calculation methods,this paper identifies the direction of research on fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces that need to be developed.It is believed that revealing the deep influence mechanism between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces will be the key research direction of the fractal analysis of metal materials in the future.展开更多
This paper presents an investigation on the target-guided coordinated control(TACC)of unmanned surface vehicles(USVs).In the scenario of tracking non-cooperative targets,the status information of the target can only b...This paper presents an investigation on the target-guided coordinated control(TACC)of unmanned surface vehicles(USVs).In the scenario of tracking non-cooperative targets,the status information of the target can only be obtained by some USVs.In order to achieve semi-encirclement tracking of noncooperative targets under maritime security conditions,a fixed-time tracking control method based on dynamic surface control(DSC)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,a novel TACC architecture with decoupled kinematic control law and decoupled kinetic control law was designed to reduce the complexity of control system design.Secondly,the proposed DSC-based target-guided kinematic control law including tracking points pre-allocation strategy and sigmoid artificial potential functions(SigAPFs)can avoid collisions during tracking process and optimize kinematic control output.Finally,a fixed-time TACC system was proposed to achieve fast convergence of kinematic and kinetics errors.The effectiveness of the proposed TACC approach in improving target tracking safety and reducing control output chattering was verified by simulation comparison results.展开更多
Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reserv...Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area,China.The total concentrations of∑_(11)analyzed PAEs(11PAEs)in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L(mean±IQR:583.1±308.4 ng/L).While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE,DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3%of the∑_(11)PAEs.The concentrations of the∑_(11)PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from themiddle reaches.To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs,seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction(QWASI).The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs,and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one.For all simulated PAEs,water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir,whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways.The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied fromPAEs,depending on their properties.The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based onmonitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value,implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.展开更多
Land surface temperature(LST)is the key variable in land-atmosphere interaction,having an important impact on weather and climate forecasting.However,achieving consistent analysis of LST and the atmosphere in assimila...Land surface temperature(LST)is the key variable in land-atmosphere interaction,having an important impact on weather and climate forecasting.However,achieving consistent analysis of LST and the atmosphere in assimilation is quite challenging.This is because there is limited knowledge about the cross-component background error covariance(BEC)between LST and atmospheric state variables.This study aims to clarify whether there is a relationship between the error of LST and atmospheric variables,and whether this relationship varies spatially and temporally.To this end,the BEC coupled with atmospheric variables and LST was constructed(LST-BEC),and its characteristics were analyzed based on the 2023 mei-yu season.The general characteristics of LST-BEC show that the LST is mainly correlated with the atmospheric temperature and the correlation decreases gradually with a rise in atmospheric height,and the error standard deviation of the LST is noticeably larger than that of the low-level atmospheric temperature.The spatiotemporal characteristics of LST-BEC on the heavy-rain day and light-rain day show that the error correlation and error standard deviation of LST and low-level atmospheric temperature and humidity are closely related to the weather background,and also have obvious diurnal variations.These results provide valuable information for strongly coupled land-atmosphere assimilation.展开更多
Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)are inexpensive and safe,but side reactions on the Zn anode and Zn dendrite growth hinder their practical applications.In this study,1,3,5-triformylphloroglycerol(Tp)and various diamine monomer...Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)are inexpensive and safe,but side reactions on the Zn anode and Zn dendrite growth hinder their practical applications.In this study,1,3,5-triformylphloroglycerol(Tp)and various diamine monomers(p-phenylenediamine(Pa),benzidine(BD),and 4,4"-diamino-p-terphenyl(DATP))were used to synthesize a series of two-dimensional covalent-organic frameworks(COFs).The resulting COFs were named TpPa,TpBD,and TpDATP,respectively,and they showed uniform zincophilic sites,different pore sizes,and high Young's moduli on the Zn anode.Among them,TpPa and TpBD showed lower surface work functions and higher ion transfer numbers,which were conducive to uniform galvanizing/stripping zinc and inhibited dendrite growth.Theoretical calculations showed that TpPa and TpBD had wider negative potential region and greater adsorption capacity for Zn2+than TpDATP,providing more electron donor sites to coordinate with Zn^(2+).Symmetric cells protected by TpPa and TpBD stably cycled for more than 2300 h,whereas TpDATP@Zn and the bare zinc symmetric cells failed after around 150 and200 h.The full cells containing TpPa and TpBD modification layers also showed excellent cycling capacity at 1 A/g.This study provides comprehensive insights into the construction of highly reversible Zn anodes via COF modification layers for advanced rechargeable ZIBs.展开更多
Hydrogel scaffolds have numerous potential applications in the tissue engineering field.However,tough hydrogel scaffolds implanted in vivo are seldom reported because it is difficult to balance biocompatibility and hi...Hydrogel scaffolds have numerous potential applications in the tissue engineering field.However,tough hydrogel scaffolds implanted in vivo are seldom reported because it is difficult to balance biocompatibility and high mechanical properties.Inspired by Chinese ramen,we propose a universal fabricating method(printing-P,training-T,cross-linking-C,PTC&PCT)for tough hydrogel scaffolds to fill this gap.First,3D printing fabricates a hydrogel scaffold with desired structures(P).Then,the scaffold could have extraordinarily high mechanical properties and functional surface structure by cycle mechanical training with salting-out assistance(T).Finally,the training results are fixed by photo-cross-linking processing(C).The tough gelatin hydrogel scaffolds exhibit excellent tensile strength of 6.66 MPa(622-fold untreated)and have excellent biocompatibility.Furthermore,this scaffold possesses functional surface structures from nanometer to micron to millimeter,which can efficiently induce directional cell growth.Interestingly,this strategy can produce bionic human tissue with mechanical properties of 10 kPa-10 MPa by changing the type of salt,and many hydrogels,such as gelatin and silk,could be improved with PTC or PCT strategies.Animal experiments show that this scaffold can effectively promote the new generation of muscle fibers,blood vessels,and nerves within 4 weeks,prompting the rapid regeneration of large-volume muscle loss injuries.展开更多
Strong surface impact will produce strong vibration,which will pose a threat to the safety of nearby buried pipelines and other important lifeline projects.Based on the verified numerical method,a comprehensive numeri...Strong surface impact will produce strong vibration,which will pose a threat to the safety of nearby buried pipelines and other important lifeline projects.Based on the verified numerical method,a comprehensive numerical parameter analysis is conducted on the key influencing factors of the vibration isolation hole(VIH),which include hole diameter,hole net spacing,hole depth,hole number,hole arrangement,and soil parameters.The results indicate that a smaller ratio of net spacing to hole diameter,the deeper the hole,the multi-row hole,the hole adoption of staggered arrangements,and better site soil conditions can enhance the efficiency of the VIH barrier.The average maximum vibration reduction efficiency within the vibration isolation area can reach 42.2%.The vibration safety of adjacent oil pipelines during a dynamic compaction projection was evaluated according to existing standards,and the measurement of the VIH was recommended to reduce excessive vibration.The single-row vibration isolation scheme and three-row staggered arrangement with the same hole parameters are suggested according to different cases.The research findings can serve as a reference for the vibration safety analysis,assessment,and control of adjacent underground facilities under the influence of strong surface impact loads.展开更多
Atomic surfaces are strictly required by high-performance devices of diamond.Nevertheless,diamond is the hardest material in nature,leading to the low material removal rate(MRR)and high surface roughness during machin...Atomic surfaces are strictly required by high-performance devices of diamond.Nevertheless,diamond is the hardest material in nature,leading to the low material removal rate(MRR)and high surface roughness during machining.Noxious slurries are widely used in conventional chemical mechanical polishing(CMP),resulting in the possible pollution to the environment.Moreover,the traditional slurries normally contain more than four ingredients,causing difficulties to control the process and quality of CMP.To solve these challenges,a novel green CMP for single crystal diamond was developed,consisting of only hydrogen peroxide,diamond abrasive and Prussian blue(PB)/titania catalyst.After CMP,atomic surface is achieved with surface roughness Sa of 0.079 nm,and the MRR is 1168 nm·h^(-1).Thickness of damaged layer is merely 0.66 nm confirmed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,electron paramagnetic resonance and TEM reveal that·OH radicals form under ultraviolet irradiation on PB/titania catalyst.The·OH radicals oxidize diamond,transforming it from monocrystalline to amorphous atomic structure,generating a soft amorphous layer.This contributes the high MRR and formation of atomic surface on diamond.The developed novel green CMP offers new insights to achieve atomic surface of diamond for potential use in their high-performance devices.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2032157)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20201425)。
文摘The growth of electrochemically inert segregation layers on the surface of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes has become a bottleneck restricting the development of perovskite-structured oxygen reduction catalysts.Here,we report a new discovery in which enriched Ba and Fe ions on the near-surface of Nd_(1/2)Ba_(1/2)Co_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(3-δ)spontaneously agglomerate into dispersed Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8) nanoparticles and maintain a highly active and durable perovskite structure on the surface.This unique surface selfcleaning phenomenon is related to the low average potential energy of Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8),which is grown on the near-surface layer.The electrochemically inert Ba_(5)Fe_(2)O_(8) segregation layer on the near-surface of the perovskite catalyst achieves self-cleaning by regulating the formation energy of enriched metal oxides.This self-cleaned perovskite surface exhibits an ultrafast oxygen exchange rate,high catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction,and good adaptability to the actual working conditions of solid oxide fuel cell stacks.This study paves a new way for overcoming the stubborn problem of perovskite catalyst surface deactivation and enriches the scientific knowledge of surface catalysis.
基金Funded by the Project of Guangxi Science and Technology(No.ZY24212061)the Project of Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(No.AA24263054)the Project of Beihai Science and Technology(No.202379002)。
文摘We investigated the influence of PEG on the surface morphology,photocatalytic performance,photovoltaic conversion efficiency(PCE),and performance in complex environments of TiO_(2)-PEG composite films.The PEG content was varied to further optimize the comprehensive performance of the composite films.Using titanium isopropoxide as the main raw material,TiO_(2)-PEG sol was prepared via sol-gel method and coated on the surface of photovoltaic(PV)glass by spin coating.The surface morphology and crystalline phase of the TiO_(2)-PEG film were analyzed,and the effects of the TiO_(2)-PEG film on the photocatalytic performance,PCE,contact angle,and performance in complex environments of PV glass were studied.The experimental results show that under the specified experimental conditions,when 4 g PEG10000 is added,the comprehensive performance of the coated PV glass reaches its optimum,with an average transmittance of 91.73%at 550 nm.Using methylene blue(MB)dye degradation experiments,the degradation rate after 2 hours of xenon lamp irradiation reaches 98.15%.The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the composite film reaches 16.33%,and the contact angle is 3.28°,indicating a superhydrophilic state.It is demonstrated that the appropriate amount of PEG can enhance the transmittance,self-cleaning performance,and photovoltaic conversion efficiency of coated PV glass.
文摘In this work,the influences of surface layer slurry at different temperatures(10℃,14℃,18℃,22℃)on wax patterns deformation,shrinkage,slurry coating characteristics,and the surface quality of the casting were investigated by using a single factor variable method.The surface morphologies of the shell molds produced by different temperatures of the surface(first)layer slurries were observed via electron microscopy.Furthermore,the microscopic composition of these shell molds was obtained by EDS,and the osmotic effect of the slurry on the wax patterns at different temperatures was also assessed by the PZ-200 Contact Angle detector.The forming reasons for the surface cracks and holes of thick and large ZTC4 titanium alloy by investment casting were analyzed.The experimental results show that the surface of the shell molds prepared by the surface layer slurry with a low temperature exhibits noticeable damage,which is mainly due to the poor coating performance and the serious expansion and contraction of wax pattern at low temperatures.The second layer shell material(SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3))immerses into the crack area of the surface layer,contacts and reacts with the molten titanium to form surface cracks and holes in the castings.With the increase of the temperature of surface layer slurry,the damage to the shell surface tends to weaken,and the composition of the shell molds'surface becomes more uniform with less impurities.The results show that the surface layer slurry at 22℃is evenly coated on the surface of the wax patterns with appropriate thickness,and there is no surface shell mold rupture caused by sliding slurry after sand leaching.The surface layer slurry temperature is consistent with the wax pattern temperature and the workshop temperature,so there is no damage of the surface layer shell caused by expansion and contraction.Therefore,the shell mold prepared by the surface layer slurry at this temperature has good integrity,isolating the contact between the low inert shell material and the titanium liquid effectively,and the ZTC4 titanium alloy cylinder casting prepared by this shell mold is smooth,without cracks and holes.
基金Zhejiang Provincial Cooperative Forestry Science and Technology Project(No.2023SY05)Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Project(No.2024F1065-2).
文摘Herein,the surface of Moso bamboo was hydrophobically modified by combining O_(2)/N_(2)plasma treatments with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)solution treatment as the hydrophobic solution.The effects of plasma treatment process(power and time),PDMS solution concentration,and maceration time on the hydrophobic performance of bamboo specimens were studied,and the optimal treatment conditions for improving the hydrophobicity were determined.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)were used to analyze the surface morphology,chemical structure,and functional groups in the specimens before and after the plasma and PDMS solution treatments under optimal conditions.Response surface analysis was also performed to determine the optimal treatment conditions.Results show that the hydrophobic performance of the Moso bamboo surface is effectively improved and the surface energy is reduced after the coordinated treatment.The optimal conditions for improving the hydrophobic performance of Moso bamboo surface are a treatment power of 800 W,treatment time of 15 s,O_(2)flow rate of 1.5 L/min,PDMS solution concentration of 5%,and maceration time of 60 min for O_(2)plasma treatment and a treatment power of 1000 W,treatment time of 15 s,N_(2)flow rate of 1.5 L/min,PDMS solution concentration of 5%,and maceration time of 60 min for N_(2)plasma treatment.After treatment,silicone oil particles and plasma etching traces are observed on the bamboo surface.Moreover,Si-O bonds in the PDMS solution are grafted to the bamboo surface via covalent bonds,thereby increasing the contact angle and decreasing the surface energy to achieve the hydrophobic effect.
文摘Broadband transparent films play a pivotal role in various applications such as lenses and solar cells,particularly porous structured transparent films exhibit significant potential.This study investigates a porous SiO_(2) refractive index gradient anti-reflective film prepared by atomic layer deposition(ALD).A porous SiO_(2) film with gradual porosity was obtained by phosphoric acid etching of Al_(2)O_(3)/SiO_(2) multilayers with gradient Al2O3 ratios,achieving a gradual decrease in refractive index from the substrate to the surface.The film exhibited an average transmittance as high as 97.8%within the wavelength range from 320 nm to 1200 nm.The environmental adaptability was further enhanced by surface modification using rare earth oxide(REO)La_(2)O_(3),resulting in formation of a lotus leaf-like structure and achieving a water contact angle of 100.0°.These data proved that the modification significantly improved hydrophobic self-cleaning capability while maintaining exceptional transparency of the film.The surface structure of the modified film remained undamaged even after undergoing wipe testing,demonstrating its excellent surface durability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Found for Distinguished Young Scholars(52225101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:104972024RSCbs0018 and 2023CDJYXTD-002)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0527)the Chongqing Academician Special Fund(2022YSZXJCX0014CSTB).
文摘As one of the lightest engineering materials,magnesium(Mg)alloy possesses excellent mechanical performance,meeting the needs of versatile engineering fields and holding the potential to address cutting-edge issues in aerospace,electronics,biomedicine.The design of superhydrophobic(SHB)surfaces with micro and nanostructures can endow Mg alloys with multiple functionalities,such as self-cleaning,self-healing,antibacterial,and corrosion resistance.Over the past decade,researchers have drawn inspiration from nature to implement biomimetic design principles,resulting in the rapid development of micro/nanostructured SHB surfaces on Mg alloys,which hold great promise for biomedical applications.This review comprehensively introduces the biomimetic design principles of micro/nanostructured SHB surfaces on Mg alloys,discusses the challenges along with advantages and disadvantages of current preparation methods,and explores the future perspectives for preparing these SHB surfaces,providing strategies to enhance their performance in biomedical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12272369)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0620101).
文摘In recent decades,capacitive pressure sensors(CPSs)with high sensitivity have demonstrated significant potential in applications such as medical monitoring,artificial intelligence,and soft robotics.Efforts to enhance this sensitivity have predominantly focused on material design and structural optimization,with surface microstructures such as wrinkles,pyramids,and micro-pillars proving effective.Although finite element modeling(FEM)has guided enhancements in CPS sensitivity across various surface designs,a theoretical understanding of sensitivity improvements remains underexplored.This paper employs sinusoidal wavy surfaces as a representative model to analytically elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sensitivity enhancement through contact mechanics.These theoretical insights are corroborated by FEM and experimental validations.Our findings underscore that optimizing material properties,such as Young’s modulus and relative permittivity,alongside adjustments in surface roughness and substrate thickness,can significantly elevate the sensitivity.The optimal performance is achieved when the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio(H/)is about 0.2.These results offer critical insights for designing ultrasensitive CPS devices,paving the way for advancements in sensor technology.
文摘Magnesium(Mg)-based bioresorbable stents represent a potentially groundbreaking advancement in cardiovascular therapy;offering tem-porary vessel support and complete biodegradability—addressing limitations of traditional stents like in-stent restenosis and long-term com-plications.However,challenges such as rapid corrosion and suboptimal endothelialisation have hindered their clinical adoption.This review highlights the latest breakthroughs in surface modification,alloying,and coating strategies to enhance the mechanical integrity,corrosion resistance,and biocompatibility of Mg-based stents.Key surface engineering techniques,including polymer and bioactive coatings,are ex-amined for their role in promoting endothelial healing and minimising inflammatory responses.Future directions are proposed,focusing on personalised stent designs to optimize efficacy and long-term outcomes,positioning Mg-based stents as a transformative solution in interventional cardiology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52325001 and 52170009)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC3200700)the Programof Shanghai Academic Research Leader,China(No.21XD1424000).
文摘Emerging contaminants(ECs)have raised global concern due to their adverse effect on ecosystems and human health.However,the occurrence and transport of ECs in stormwater remain unclear.The impact of ECs from stormwater on surface water quality and ecosystem health is also poorly documented.In this review,we examined the variations in EC concentrations in surface water resulting from stormwater.During the wet weather,the concentrations of most investigated ECs,e.g.,microplastics,per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,and vehicle-related compounds,significantly increase in surface water,indicating that stormwater may be a critical source of these contaminants.Furthermore,the potential pathways of ECs from stormwater enter surface water are outlined.Studies demonstrate that surface runoff and combined sewer overflows are important pathways for ECs,with discharges comparable to or exceeding those from wastewater treatment plants.Illicit connection also plays an important part in elevated EC concentrations in surface water.Overall,our findings underscore the importance of stormwater as a source for ECs in surface waters,and urge for increased emphasis on,and reinforcement of,stormwater monitoring and control measures to minimize the transport of ECs into receiving water bodies.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274082)the Program of Qingjiang Excellent Young Talents,Jiangxi University of Science and Technology(Grant No.JXUSTQJBJ2020003)the Innovation Fund Designated for Graduate Students of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.YC2023-B215).
文摘The roughness of the fracture surface directly affects the strength,deformation,and permeability of the surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.Understanding the effect of high temperature and thermal cycle on the fracture surface roughness plays an important role in estimating the damage degree and stability of deep rock mass.In this paper,the variations of fracture surface roughness of granite after different heating and thermal cycles were investigated using the joint roughness coefficient method(JRC),three-dimensional(3D)roughness parameters,and fractal dimension(D),and the mechanism of damage and deterioration of granite were revealed.The experimental results show an increase in the roughness of the granite fracture surface as temperature and cycle number were incremented.The variations of JRC,height parameter,inclination parameter and area parameter with the temperature conformed to the Boltzmann's functional distribution,while the D decreased linearly as the temperature increased.Besides,the anisotropy index(Ip)of the granite fracture surface increased as the temperature increased,and the larger parameter values of roughness characterization at different temperatures were attained mainly in directions of 20°–40°,60°–100°and 140°–160°.The fracture aperture of granite after fracture followed the Gauss distribution and the average aperture increased with increasing temperature,which increased from 0.665 mm at 25℃to 1.058 mm at 800℃.High temperature caused an uneven thermal expansion,water evaporation,and oxidation of minerals within the granite,which promoted the growth and expansion of microfractures,and reduced interparticle bonding strength.In particular,the damage was exacerbated by the expansion and cracking of the quartz phase transition after T>500℃.Thermal cycles contributed to the accumulation of this damage and further weakened the interparticle bonding forces,resulting in a significant increase in the roughness,anisotropy,and aperture of the fracture surface after five cycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52150056 and 51838005)the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2023A1515111061).
文摘The kitchen-oil wastewater is characterized by a high concentration of organicmatter,complex composition and refractory pollutants,which make wastewater treatment more difficult.Based on the study of using micro-electric field characteristic catalyst HCLL-S8-M to enhance the electron transfer between microorganisms in kitchen-oil wastewater which further improved the COD removal rate,we focus on themicrobial community,intracellular metabolism and extracellular respiration,and make an in-depth analysis of the molecular biological mechanisms to microbial treatment in wastewater.It is found that electroactive microorganisms are enriched on the material surface,and the expression levels of cytochrome c and riboflavin genes related to electron transfer are up-regulated,confirming that the surface micro-electric field structure could enhance the electron transfer between microbial species and improve the efficiency ofwastewater degradation.This study provides a new idea for the treatment of refractory organic wastewater.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0121300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374376)the Introduction Plan for High-end Foreign Experts(No.G2023105001L)。
文摘As a mathematical analysis method,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe irregular shapes with self-similar or self-affine properties.Fractal analysis has been used to characterize the shapes of metal materials at various scales and dimensions.Conventional methods make it difficult to quantitatively describe the relationship between the regular characteristics and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces.However,fractal analysis can be used to quantitatively describe the shape characteristics of metal materials and to establish the quantitative relationships between the shape characteristics and various properties of metal materials.From the perspective of two-dimensional planes and three-dimensional curved surfaces,this paper reviews the current research status of the fractal analysis of metal precipitate interfaces,metal grain boundary interfaces,metal-deposited film surfaces,metal fracture surfaces,metal machined surfaces,and metal wear surfaces.The relationship between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces is summarized.Starting from three perspectives of fractal analysis,namely,research scope,image acquisition methods,and calculation methods,this paper identifies the direction of research on fractal analysis of metal material surfaces and interfaces that need to be developed.It is believed that revealing the deep influence mechanism between the fractal dimensions and properties of metal material surfaces and interfaces will be the key research direction of the fractal analysis of metal materials in the future.
文摘This paper presents an investigation on the target-guided coordinated control(TACC)of unmanned surface vehicles(USVs).In the scenario of tracking non-cooperative targets,the status information of the target can only be obtained by some USVs.In order to achieve semi-encirclement tracking of noncooperative targets under maritime security conditions,a fixed-time tracking control method based on dynamic surface control(DSC)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,a novel TACC architecture with decoupled kinematic control law and decoupled kinetic control law was designed to reduce the complexity of control system design.Secondly,the proposed DSC-based target-guided kinematic control law including tracking points pre-allocation strategy and sigmoid artificial potential functions(SigAPFs)can avoid collisions during tracking process and optimize kinematic control output.Finally,a fixed-time TACC system was proposed to achieve fast convergence of kinematic and kinetics errors.The effectiveness of the proposed TACC approach in improving target tracking safety and reducing control output chattering was verified by simulation comparison results.
基金supported by the Innovation Fund of Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(No.ZX2023QT003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22306130)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(No.2022ZB789)the Ecological Environment Research Project of Jiangsu Province,China(No.2022014).
文摘Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)are a group of compounds widespread in the environment.To investigate the occurrence and accumulation characteristics of PAEs,surface water samples were collected from the Three Gorges Reservoir area,China.The total concentrations of∑_(11)analyzed PAEs(11PAEs)in the collected water samples ranging from 197.7 to 1,409.3 ng/L(mean±IQR:583.1±308.4 ng/L).While DEHP was the most frequently detected PAE,DnBP and DnNP were the most predominant PAEs in the analyzed water samples with a mean contribution of 63.3%of the∑_(11)PAEs.The concentrations of the∑_(11)PAEs in the water samples from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were significantly higher than those from themiddle reaches.To better understand the transport and fate of the PAEs,seven detected PAEs were modeled by Quantitative Water Air Sediment Interaction(QWASI).The simulated and measured values were close for most PAEs,and differences are within one order of magnitude even for the worst one.For all simulated PAEs,water and particle inflow were main sources in the reservoir,whereas water outflow and degradation in water were important removal pathways.The contribution ratios of different sources/losses varied fromPAEs,depending on their properties.The calculated risk quotients of DnNP in the Three Gorges Reservoir area whether based onmonitoring or simulating results were all far exceeded the safety threshold value,implying the occurrence of this PAE compound may cause potential adverse effects for the aquatic ecology of the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number U2442218]。
文摘Land surface temperature(LST)is the key variable in land-atmosphere interaction,having an important impact on weather and climate forecasting.However,achieving consistent analysis of LST and the atmosphere in assimilation is quite challenging.This is because there is limited knowledge about the cross-component background error covariance(BEC)between LST and atmospheric state variables.This study aims to clarify whether there is a relationship between the error of LST and atmospheric variables,and whether this relationship varies spatially and temporally.To this end,the BEC coupled with atmospheric variables and LST was constructed(LST-BEC),and its characteristics were analyzed based on the 2023 mei-yu season.The general characteristics of LST-BEC show that the LST is mainly correlated with the atmospheric temperature and the correlation decreases gradually with a rise in atmospheric height,and the error standard deviation of the LST is noticeably larger than that of the low-level atmospheric temperature.The spatiotemporal characteristics of LST-BEC on the heavy-rain day and light-rain day show that the error correlation and error standard deviation of LST and low-level atmospheric temperature and humidity are closely related to the weather background,and also have obvious diurnal variations.These results provide valuable information for strongly coupled land-atmosphere assimilation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62464010)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(K202005007)+3 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Yong Talents(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(202101BA070001-138)Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructures in Yunnan Higher EducationFrontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023。
文摘Zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)are inexpensive and safe,but side reactions on the Zn anode and Zn dendrite growth hinder their practical applications.In this study,1,3,5-triformylphloroglycerol(Tp)and various diamine monomers(p-phenylenediamine(Pa),benzidine(BD),and 4,4"-diamino-p-terphenyl(DATP))were used to synthesize a series of two-dimensional covalent-organic frameworks(COFs).The resulting COFs were named TpPa,TpBD,and TpDATP,respectively,and they showed uniform zincophilic sites,different pore sizes,and high Young's moduli on the Zn anode.Among them,TpPa and TpBD showed lower surface work functions and higher ion transfer numbers,which were conducive to uniform galvanizing/stripping zinc and inhibited dendrite growth.Theoretical calculations showed that TpPa and TpBD had wider negative potential region and greater adsorption capacity for Zn2+than TpDATP,providing more electron donor sites to coordinate with Zn^(2+).Symmetric cells protected by TpPa and TpBD stably cycled for more than 2300 h,whereas TpDATP@Zn and the bare zinc symmetric cells failed after around 150 and200 h.The full cells containing TpPa and TpBD modification layers also showed excellent cycling capacity at 1 A/g.This study provides comprehensive insights into the construction of highly reversible Zn anodes via COF modification layers for advanced rechargeable ZIBs.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2121004)Key Programme(52235007)National Outstanding Youth Foundation of China(52325504).
文摘Hydrogel scaffolds have numerous potential applications in the tissue engineering field.However,tough hydrogel scaffolds implanted in vivo are seldom reported because it is difficult to balance biocompatibility and high mechanical properties.Inspired by Chinese ramen,we propose a universal fabricating method(printing-P,training-T,cross-linking-C,PTC&PCT)for tough hydrogel scaffolds to fill this gap.First,3D printing fabricates a hydrogel scaffold with desired structures(P).Then,the scaffold could have extraordinarily high mechanical properties and functional surface structure by cycle mechanical training with salting-out assistance(T).Finally,the training results are fixed by photo-cross-linking processing(C).The tough gelatin hydrogel scaffolds exhibit excellent tensile strength of 6.66 MPa(622-fold untreated)and have excellent biocompatibility.Furthermore,this scaffold possesses functional surface structures from nanometer to micron to millimeter,which can efficiently induce directional cell growth.Interestingly,this strategy can produce bionic human tissue with mechanical properties of 10 kPa-10 MPa by changing the type of salt,and many hydrogels,such as gelatin and silk,could be improved with PTC or PCT strategies.Animal experiments show that this scaffold can effectively promote the new generation of muscle fibers,blood vessels,and nerves within 4 weeks,prompting the rapid regeneration of large-volume muscle loss injuries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52078386 and 52308496SINOMACH Youth Science and Technology Fund under Grant No.QNJJ-PY-2022-02+2 种基金Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program under Grant No.BYESS2023432Fund of State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering,Jianghan University under Grant No.PBSKL2023A9Fund of China Railway Construction Group Co.,Ltd.under Grant No.LX19-04b。
文摘Strong surface impact will produce strong vibration,which will pose a threat to the safety of nearby buried pipelines and other important lifeline projects.Based on the verified numerical method,a comprehensive numerical parameter analysis is conducted on the key influencing factors of the vibration isolation hole(VIH),which include hole diameter,hole net spacing,hole depth,hole number,hole arrangement,and soil parameters.The results indicate that a smaller ratio of net spacing to hole diameter,the deeper the hole,the multi-row hole,the hole adoption of staggered arrangements,and better site soil conditions can enhance the efficiency of the VIH barrier.The average maximum vibration reduction efficiency within the vibration isolation area can reach 42.2%.The vibration safety of adjacent oil pipelines during a dynamic compaction projection was evaluated according to existing standards,and the measurement of the VIH was recommended to reduce excessive vibration.The single-row vibration isolation scheme and three-row staggered arrangement with the same hole parameters are suggested according to different cases.The research findings can serve as a reference for the vibration safety analysis,assessment,and control of adjacent underground facilities under the influence of strong surface impact loads.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0703400)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(GK239909299001021)+1 种基金the Ninth China Association for Science and Technology Youth Talent Lift Project Support Plan(KYZ015324002)the Changjiang Scholars Program of Chinese Ministry of Education。
文摘Atomic surfaces are strictly required by high-performance devices of diamond.Nevertheless,diamond is the hardest material in nature,leading to the low material removal rate(MRR)and high surface roughness during machining.Noxious slurries are widely used in conventional chemical mechanical polishing(CMP),resulting in the possible pollution to the environment.Moreover,the traditional slurries normally contain more than four ingredients,causing difficulties to control the process and quality of CMP.To solve these challenges,a novel green CMP for single crystal diamond was developed,consisting of only hydrogen peroxide,diamond abrasive and Prussian blue(PB)/titania catalyst.After CMP,atomic surface is achieved with surface roughness Sa of 0.079 nm,and the MRR is 1168 nm·h^(-1).Thickness of damaged layer is merely 0.66 nm confirmed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,electron paramagnetic resonance and TEM reveal that·OH radicals form under ultraviolet irradiation on PB/titania catalyst.The·OH radicals oxidize diamond,transforming it from monocrystalline to amorphous atomic structure,generating a soft amorphous layer.This contributes the high MRR and formation of atomic surface on diamond.The developed novel green CMP offers new insights to achieve atomic surface of diamond for potential use in their high-performance devices.
