Israel is on the way to become a secular state. Parts of the society are separating from the religious authority. Under the international pressure of the globalization it is getting more important for Israel to integr...Israel is on the way to become a secular state. Parts of the society are separating from the religious authority. Under the international pressure of the globalization it is getting more important for Israel to integrate in the western interpretation of secularization. It seems that a secular Israel could resolve the political and social inequality between the ethnic groups. But the process of secularization causes a couple of problems in the society. Since years Israel is on the move to fred his identity in a pluralistic and globalized world. The religious affiliation is decreasing in Israel. People do not believe privately anymore. In public it is still demonstrated, that Israel is united in the religious beliefs. Nationalism regains strength in Israel and causes new conflicts. This qualitative work based on hermeneutic and media analyses will show how problematic the way of secularization is and that the society will be probably even more unequal than before. If Israel is losing his ties of religious beliefs it needs to find a new identity But the increase of secularization causes also the increase of nationalism. Nationalism and in his extreme forms of religious nationalism or ethnocentrism will jeopardize equality under the population. Thus, the question has to be answered if a secular Israel will be more open, pluralistic or equal and fmaUy better prepared to meet the challenges of the politically unstable Middle East region and the globalization.展开更多
This paper is about the transformation process of theoretical frameworks used in educational research on teaching evolution. To this end, some authors' claims, findings and suggestions offered via particular studi...This paper is about the transformation process of theoretical frameworks used in educational research on teaching evolution. To this end, some authors' claims, findings and suggestions offered via particular studies are evaluated. While the evaluated authors have represented secularism as a barrier to teaching evolution in the United States, they have also offered pedagogically theistic or agnostic evolution as the best choice for the reconciliation of religion and evolution. This paper is particularly concerned with one of the explanatory theoretical frameworks—religious cultural competence in evolution education(ReCCEE), which is derived from the cultural competence framework—although others are visited as well. Even though the schools or authors who have applied ReCCEE do not directly reference constructivism, their studies are built upon constructivist pedagogy and epistemological idealism. They often have problematic issues such as obscurantism, ad hominem attacks, cherry-picking and an ill-formed appeal to authority. Besides, these papers present biased or uncritical views and ill-informed definitions of some terms, such as secularism and agnosticism.展开更多
This paper examines the complex relationship between secular and religious communities in Israel,highlighting the socio-political tensions that arise from competing cultural norms and governance frameworks.Secular Jew...This paper examines the complex relationship between secular and religious communities in Israel,highlighting the socio-political tensions that arise from competing cultural norms and governance frameworks.Secular Jews,who constitute a significant portion of the population,advocate for civil liberties,the separation of religion and state,and the integration of ultra-Orthodox communities into broader society.In contrast,religious groups exert substantial influence within coalition governments,often obstructing the implementation of secular policies and exacerbating political instability.The discussion emphasizes the challenges posed by Israel’s unique legal framework,which intertwines Jewish identity with state governance,thereby complicating the principles of democracy and religious freedom.Key legislation,such as the Law of Return and the Law of the Rabbinical Courts,grants religious authorities substantial control over personal status issues,leading to ongoing disputes over rights and representation.The paper argues for the necessity of egalitarian pluralism as a framework for dialogue,aiming to bridge the divide between secular and religious communities.Fostering mutual respect and understanding is essential for achieving social cohesion and strengthening Israel’s commitment to being both a Jewish and democratic state.展开更多
The Low Earth Orbit(LEO)geomagnetic satellites provide a large number of high-precision measurements,which are crucial for researching the Secular Variation(SV)of the geomagnetic field.We employ the combined constella...The Low Earth Orbit(LEO)geomagnetic satellites provide a large number of high-precision measurements,which are crucial for researching the Secular Variation(SV)of the geomagnetic field.We employ the combined constellation data from the Chinese Seismo-Electromagnet Satellite(CSES)and Swarm satellites to extract the SV in China and surrounding areas,based on the Geomagnetic Virtual Observatory(GVO)method.On this basis,we have developed two GVO products:the core field,and the SV series.The accuracies of these products are assessed using ground observatories measurements and geomagnetic field model.Moreover,the results indicate that the GVO products align well with the series from ground observatories and the CHAOS model.The majority of root-mean-square deviation(RMSE)values of the core field series are less than 5 nT,consistent with the INTERMAGNET standards for quasi-definitive data.In the GVO core field series,the maximum accuracy of one-month and four-month intervals are 2.24 nT and 1.16 nT,respectively.In the GVO SV series,the maximum accuracy of one-month and four-month intervals are 2.03 nT/yr and 1.36 nT/yr,respectively.The GVO SV series effectively capture geomagnetic jerks without losing temporal resolution comparing with the recording of ground observatories.We demonstrate that the GVO method serves as an effective and precise tool for extracting SV information of geomagnetic fields.In the GVO products,the RMSE of the horizontal component exceeds that of the vertical component,and the magnitude of RMSE deviation correlates with solar activity levels.With more and more geomagnetic satellites in orbit,we wish to use multi-constellation magnetic satellite data to assess the geomagnetic field more accurately.展开更多
The development of secularism and secularization is a major issue in the Arab world in the intellectual,cultural and social dimensions.A general survey of the development of secularism and secularization in the Arab w...The development of secularism and secularization is a major issue in the Arab world in the intellectual,cultural and social dimensions.A general survey of the development of secularism and secularization in the Arab world is a premise to understand modern Arab politics,society and culture.展开更多
The presence of evangelicals in Brazil is a social and religious phenomenon that has aroused interest of many scholars due to its rapid and significant expansion in recent decades and its projection beyond national bo...The presence of evangelicals in Brazil is a social and religious phenomenon that has aroused interest of many scholars due to its rapid and significant expansion in recent decades and its projection beyond national borders.Among evangelical denominations that stand out in this scenario are Pentecostal churches,which have developed intense missionary activity in several countries,including Europe.In this article,we intend to analyze features and challenges of Brazilian evangelical churches:World Cathedral of Hope(CIME)(Catedral Mundial da Esperança-ICME)and Assembly of God Victory in Christ(ADVEC)(Assembleia de Deus Vitória em Cristo-ADVEC)that operate in Portugal,seeking to understand issues of identity and belonging of these communities,their models of transnationalization,its evangelization strategies and its adaptations to Portuguese context,in the period from 2000 to 2020.展开更多
The mass resolution of the ordinary ion trap mass spectrometer derived from the quadrupole mass spectrometer usually ranges from hundreds to thousands.In this study,the fine secular frequency resonance oscillation was...The mass resolution of the ordinary ion trap mass spectrometer derived from the quadrupole mass spectrometer usually ranges from hundreds to thousands.In this study,the fine secular frequency resonance oscillation was observed with a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer.The FWHM of the responding resonance secular frequency of benzene was 0.012 kHz.The corresponding mass resolution was 8600 m/Δm for benzene(m/z=78).The mass spectrometer with secular frequency scanning has a linear response to benzene in the concentration range from 200 ppbv to 10000 ppbv.This study shows a new feature of the secular frequency scanning for ion trap mass spectrometers.展开更多
This paper explores the intersection of spirituality and religion,focusing on how transcendence,secularism,and personal beliefs shape contemporary spiritual practices.It examines the philosophical foundations of trans...This paper explores the intersection of spirituality and religion,focusing on how transcendence,secularism,and personal beliefs shape contemporary spiritual practices.It examines the philosophical foundations of transcendence,the rise of existentialism,and the distinction between spirituality and religion.Secularism's role in fostering personal spirituality and reducing religious authority is discussed,alongside the psychological and societal impacts of spiritual transcendence.The paper also critiques the limitations of spirituality,emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates cognitive development and mental health perspectives.展开更多
Religion analysis paradigm of“economic man”takes“hypothesis of rational man”in the economics as the logical starting point,emphasizes that religion rationality is built on the calculation of cost and benefit,and e...Religion analysis paradigm of“economic man”takes“hypothesis of rational man”in the economics as the logical starting point,emphasizes that religion rationality is built on the calculation of cost and benefit,and elaborates proposition such as religious demand,religious supply,religion market,and religious capital,further refuting“religion recession theory”in secularization theory.Although its argument foundation that self-interest equals to rationality is still controversial,such paradigm broadens the view of religion studies and provides a possible way of religion management,which deserves our further discussion.展开更多
The relationship between humanism and religion has always been difficult, since the Renaissance. If we look at the Humanist Associations active today in the world, we find that the relationship has become almost a dec...The relationship between humanism and religion has always been difficult, since the Renaissance. If we look at the Humanist Associations active today in the world, we find that the relationship has become almost a declared war. Religion appears to be the greatest enemy of humanism, i.e., of the humanity. Authentic humanism seems to be exclusively secular and atheistic： you can do good only if there is no God. In this contribution I look at some programmatic documents of Humanist Associations to understand the reasons for this contrast, in the background of secularization. The result is that some criticisms of religion -- its potential for violence and obscurantism -- are historically and theoretically justifiable but partial. Indeed, they show a poor and narrow vision of religion that leads to a narrow view of the human experience. A more complex vision of man requires a more complex vision of religion. A complex vision of man includes the most ＂irrational＂ and enigmatic aspects of our being, as love, death, pain, desire, imagination and even freedom and creativity. On this basis we can appropriately understand the historical and existential role of religion. Otherwise, if God is the one painted by humanists, God would not be good, let alone a good humanist.展开更多
The aim of this essay is to retrace the latest theses and hypotheses formulated by Olivier Roy,an influent European scholar who has worked almost all his entire academic drifting in the scientific fields of sociology,...The aim of this essay is to retrace the latest theses and hypotheses formulated by Olivier Roy,an influent European scholar who has worked almost all his entire academic drifting in the scientific fields of sociology,political thought,and more recently even in the pragmatic theory of comparative public law.His researches have had seminal consequences in the liberal debate related to the importance of religions in the so called“public sphere”,significantly evolving the level and the deepness of studies on secularization.To recognize this leading figure and the high quality of his historical and political formation does not mean to refuse an open-oriented confrontation with two aspects apparently undervalued in Olivier Roy’s works.First of all,we can still consider(and emphasize)the necessity of a legal theoretical contribution to justify the transition of religions from their static and original normative demand to their current pluralistic variety of internal legal schools,accents,and especially customary practices.Subsequently,we have to image an ultimate criterion to recompose the differences in every cult and in getting an ideally political point of view from each religious belonging in an always more crumbled juridical culture.It cannot be anymore the defense of the Christian roots of Western liberalism,but it could become the opportunity to embrace the universality of human dignity and to tackle the strength of the most arduous social issues in the multicultural society we are living in.展开更多
Given that preaching is the primary mode of public theological discourse for most Christian ministers, an intellectual virtue of verbal restraint is required when practicing public theology and it is wise to address t...Given that preaching is the primary mode of public theological discourse for most Christian ministers, an intellectual virtue of verbal restraint is required when practicing public theology and it is wise to address the ways that homilies can shepherd public discourse practices. A theology of rhetoric includes the homilist＇s moral purpose. Homilies either enhance public discourse or pervert it. This essay sketches a pattern of sermon movement that respects the logic operative in public theology, given the social context of America. Homilies can help cultivate the pastoral care of public rhetoric by modeling discourse that nurtures the politics of accountability. While many call for a public ethos where divergent moral voices engage each other in highly contested arenas, a precondition to practicing effective public theology requires that one exercises discourse in a way that respects the social limits on the free exercise of religion. It is important that a public theology of rhetoric clarifies the original social agreement for acceptable religious discourse in the public arena. Homiletics, as a dimension of practical theology, can teach preachers methods of pastoral care for public discourse. The social agreement in liberal democracies to contain the combative nature of religious discourse assumes a logic that is circumscribed by commitments to （1） religious pluralism, （2） theological agnosticism, and （3） epistemological pragmatism. Here we propose that a sermon＇s form, which implicitly touches upon these commitments, can tap into the basic modes of persuasion in secular liberal societies. This respects the moral purposes previously agreed upon and expected of partisans during highly contestable times. This calls for incarnational humility on the part of the Christian public theologian and it guides her/his practice.展开更多
The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal is one of the most valued English literature in China’s history of Christianity and the key publications of missionaries from the second half of the 19th Century to the fir...The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal is one of the most valued English literature in China’s history of Christianity and the key publications of missionaries from the second half of the 19th Century to the first half of the 20th Century.The advertisements in it have not been properly stressed by the academic world,most of which are even deleted in the bound volumes.This paper aims to give a preliminary study on the advertisements in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,comparing and analyzing advertisers,slogans and text structures and appeal methods of advertisements of shipping,banking,schools and book introduction in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,thus demonstrating its significance in China’s modern advertising industry and Sino-western commercial trade and cultural exchange.展开更多
Objective Research evidence shows a secular trend in Chinese physical growth in recent years.The aim of this study was to analyze and assess changes in stature of children and adolescents during the 25 years from 1985...Objective Research evidence shows a secular trend in Chinese physical growth in recent years.The aim of this study was to analyze and assess changes in stature of children and adolescents during the 25 years from 1985‐2010,using national data.Methods Data came from successive cycles of the Chinese National Survey on Students＇ Constitution and Health（CNSSCH）.Subjects were 7‐ to 18‐year‐old children and adolescents.Results An overall positive secular trend occurred in urban China during 1985‐2010.The overall average rates of increment were 2.4 and 1.7 cm/decade for boys and girls,respectively.Total increases in adult stature for boys and girls were 2.6 and 1.7 cm,yielding rates of 1.0 and 0.7 cm/decade,respectively.Cities with different socioeconomic levels had different characteristic trends.Mean stature increases in big cities were larger than those in moderate and small cities,and boys and girls in moderate and small cities showed greater potential for growth in stature.Conclusion An overall positive secular growth trend was associated with socioeconomic progress and differed with area socioeconomic levels.School policies and strategies should be developed based on increased stature,and should continue narrowing the inequity between different socioeconomic populations.展开更多
The global long-term sea level trend is obtained from the analysis of tide gauge data and TOPEX/Poseidon data. The linear trend of global mean sea level is highly non-uniform spatially, with an average rate of 2.2 mmy...The global long-term sea level trend is obtained from the analysis of tide gauge data and TOPEX/Poseidon data. The linear trend of global mean sea level is highly non-uniform spatially, with an average rate of 2.2 mmyear^-1 in T/P sea-level rise from October 1992 to September 2002. Sea level change due to temperature variation （the thermosteric sea level） is discussed. The results are compared with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the same temporal span at different spatial scales. It is indicated that the thermal effect accounts for 86% and 73% of the observed seasonal variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The TOPEX/Poseidon observed sea level lags behind the TSL by 2 months in the zonal band of 40%-60% in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Systematic differences of about 1-2 cm between TOPEX/Poseidon observations and thermosteric sea level data are obtained. The potential causes tbr these differences include water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and oceans, and some possible deviations in thermosteric contribution estimates and geophysical corrections to the TOPEX/Poseidon data.展开更多
Objective To analyze the change in Body Mass Index （BMI） distribution among Chinese children and adolescents for the development of more effective intervention for childhood obesity. Methods Data on the national stu...Objective To analyze the change in Body Mass Index （BMI） distribution among Chinese children and adolescents for the development of more effective intervention for childhood obesity. Methods Data on the national students＇ constitution and health survey between 1985 and 2010 was used for this study. Subjects were students aged 7-18 randomly selected from 30 provinces in China. BMI for-age curves were developed by LMS method, and the trend of BMI distribution was determined by comparing the upper BMI percentiles and analyzing the skew shift of distribution between 2985 and 2010. Results An overall positive swift trend of BMI between 1985 and 2010 was observed among the Chinese school-age children and adolescents. The average median of the BMI increased from 16.8 and 17.0 ks/m2 to 18.2 and 17.9 kg/m2 in 25 years, with increments 0.56 and 0.36 kg/m2 per decade for males and females, respectively. The more obvious increments were found at the high BMI. The total increments of BMI in this period were 4.03 and 2.20 kg/m2 at the 85th, 6.24 and 3.57 kg/m2 at the 95th, and 6.99 and 4.27 kg/m2 at the 97th percentiles, for males and females, respectively. Conclusion Obvious increments were observed at high BMI of the Chinese children and adolescents. More effective interventions should be taken for control and prevention of obesity and its health consequence for these subgroups. It is necessary to establish a risk-complex system consisting of the identification of BMI scope, the screen of the disease risk factors and the assessment of excessive adiposity.展开更多
Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010. Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student＇s Constit...Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010. Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student＇s Constitution and Health. The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in rural areas of provincial capitals. Results An overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010. The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls, respectively. The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade, respectively. There were differences in body height increase among eastern, central and western regions. The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest, followed by central region and western region. The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions. The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious. 〈br〉 Conclusion Positive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China, and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth. More attention should be paid to the differences in children＇s body height between western region and eastern/central region.展开更多
Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a p...Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a populationbased cancer registry.Methods: Data on the incidence of cancer from 2000 to 2016 were obtained from the Beijing Cancer Registry.We examined trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type using a Joinpoint regression model.Results: A total of 117,409 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed from 2000 to 2016. Overall, 73,062(62.23%)patients were males. The most common histological type among both sexes was adenocarcinoma; however, the proportion of adenocarcinoma differed significantly between males and females(45.36% vs. 77.14%, respectively,P<0.0001). The age-standardized incidence of total lung cancer increased from 2000 to 2010 with an annual percent change(APC) of 2.2% [95% confidence interval(95% CI), 1.5% to 2.9%] and stabilized thereafter. Among males, the incidence of total lung cancer peaked in 2008 and then decreased slightly, with an APC of-1.1%(95%CI,-2.1% to-0.1%). Among females, the incidence increased continuously during the study period, with an APC of 1.4%(95% CI, 0.9% to 1.9%). The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly in recent years among both sexes, with APCs of-2.6%(95% CI,-4.5% to-0.6%) from 2007 to 2016 for males and-5.4%(95%CI,-7.2% to-3.6%) from 2004 to 2016 for females. In contrast, the incidence of adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period, by APCs of 4.0%(95% CI, 2.6% to 5.4%) for males and 6.2%(95% CI,4.8% to 7.6%) for females. The incidence of small cell carcinoma peaked in 2007 and stabilized thereafter among males, whereas it peaked in 2012 and then decreased with an APC of-14.7%(95% CI,-25.3% to-2.6%) among females. The incidence of large cell carcinoma and other specified malignant neoplasm did not change much,whereas the incidence of unspecified type decreased among both sexes during the study period.Conclusions: Although the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly among both sexes in recent years in Beijing, China, adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period among both sexes. Knowledge of differences in trends is useful for surveillance and control of lung cancer. However, the reason for the increase in adenocarcinoma remains unclear and warrants investigation.展开更多
Due to global warming, the general circulation, underlying surfaces characteristics, and geophysical and meteorological elements all show evident secular trends. This paper points out that when calculating the correla...Due to global warming, the general circulation, underlying surfaces characteristics, and geophysical and meteorological elements all show evident secular trends. This paper points out that when calculating the correlation of two variables containing their own obvious secular trends, the interannual correlation characteristics between the two variables may be distorted （overestimated or underestimated）. Numerical experiments in this paper show that if two variables have opposite secular trends, the correlation coefficient between the two variables is reduced （the positive correlation is underestimated, or the negative correlation is overestimated）; and if the two variables have the same sign of secular trends, the correlation coefficient between the two variables is increased （the positive correlation is overestimated, or the negative correlation is underestimated）. Numerical experiments also suggest that the effect of secular trends on the interannual correlation of the two variables is interchangeable, that is to say, as long as the values of the two trends are not changed, the two variables interchange their positions, and the effect of the secular trends on the interannual correlation coefficient of the two variables remains the same. If the two variables have the same-（opposite-） sign trends, the effect of secular trends on the interannal correlation coefficient is more （less） distinctive. A meteorological example is given.展开更多
Shale and greywacke compositions from the Archean to Phanerozoic record a secular change in the siliciclastic material that comprises much of Earth＇s continental margins, past and present. This study explores the met...Shale and greywacke compositions from the Archean to Phanerozoic record a secular change in the siliciclastic material that comprises much of Earth＇s continental margins, past and present. This study explores the metamorphic consequence of these compositional changes, by comparing phase equilibrium models constructed for average Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic shale and greywacke compositions equilibrated along two Barrovian-type geotherms： 1330℃/GPa（A） and 800 ℃/GPa（B）. Our models show that Archean siliciclastic rocks can retain up to 4 vol.% water at middle to lower crustal conditions, nearly twice that of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic compositions. The increased ferromagnesium content of Archean siliciclastic rocks stabilizes chlorite to higher temperatures and results in a biotite-rich assemblage at solidus temperatures. Accordingly, water-absent biotite dehydration melting is predicted to play a greater role in the generation of melt in the metamorphism of Archean aged units,and water-absent muscovite dehydration melting is of increasing importance through the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. This secular variation in predicted mineral assemblages demonstrates the care with which metamorphic facies diagrams should be applied to Archean compositions. Moreover, secular changes in the composition of shale and greywacke is reflected in the evolution of anatectic melt towards an increasingly less viscous, Ca-rich, and Mg-poor monzogranite.展开更多
文摘Israel is on the way to become a secular state. Parts of the society are separating from the religious authority. Under the international pressure of the globalization it is getting more important for Israel to integrate in the western interpretation of secularization. It seems that a secular Israel could resolve the political and social inequality between the ethnic groups. But the process of secularization causes a couple of problems in the society. Since years Israel is on the move to fred his identity in a pluralistic and globalized world. The religious affiliation is decreasing in Israel. People do not believe privately anymore. In public it is still demonstrated, that Israel is united in the religious beliefs. Nationalism regains strength in Israel and causes new conflicts. This qualitative work based on hermeneutic and media analyses will show how problematic the way of secularization is and that the society will be probably even more unequal than before. If Israel is losing his ties of religious beliefs it needs to find a new identity But the increase of secularization causes also the increase of nationalism. Nationalism and in his extreme forms of religious nationalism or ethnocentrism will jeopardize equality under the population. Thus, the question has to be answered if a secular Israel will be more open, pluralistic or equal and fmaUy better prepared to meet the challenges of the politically unstable Middle East region and the globalization.
文摘This paper is about the transformation process of theoretical frameworks used in educational research on teaching evolution. To this end, some authors' claims, findings and suggestions offered via particular studies are evaluated. While the evaluated authors have represented secularism as a barrier to teaching evolution in the United States, they have also offered pedagogically theistic or agnostic evolution as the best choice for the reconciliation of religion and evolution. This paper is particularly concerned with one of the explanatory theoretical frameworks—religious cultural competence in evolution education(ReCCEE), which is derived from the cultural competence framework—although others are visited as well. Even though the schools or authors who have applied ReCCEE do not directly reference constructivism, their studies are built upon constructivist pedagogy and epistemological idealism. They often have problematic issues such as obscurantism, ad hominem attacks, cherry-picking and an ill-formed appeal to authority. Besides, these papers present biased or uncritical views and ill-informed definitions of some terms, such as secularism and agnosticism.
文摘This paper examines the complex relationship between secular and religious communities in Israel,highlighting the socio-political tensions that arise from competing cultural norms and governance frameworks.Secular Jews,who constitute a significant portion of the population,advocate for civil liberties,the separation of religion and state,and the integration of ultra-Orthodox communities into broader society.In contrast,religious groups exert substantial influence within coalition governments,often obstructing the implementation of secular policies and exacerbating political instability.The discussion emphasizes the challenges posed by Israel’s unique legal framework,which intertwines Jewish identity with state governance,thereby complicating the principles of democracy and religious freedom.Key legislation,such as the Law of Return and the Law of the Rabbinical Courts,grants religious authorities substantial control over personal status issues,leading to ongoing disputes over rights and representation.The paper argues for the necessity of egalitarian pluralism as a framework for dialogue,aiming to bridge the divide between secular and religious communities.Fostering mutual respect and understanding is essential for achieving social cohesion and strengthening Israel’s commitment to being both a Jewish and democratic state.
基金supported by the Special Fund of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration(grant no.DQJB24X25).
文摘The Low Earth Orbit(LEO)geomagnetic satellites provide a large number of high-precision measurements,which are crucial for researching the Secular Variation(SV)of the geomagnetic field.We employ the combined constellation data from the Chinese Seismo-Electromagnet Satellite(CSES)and Swarm satellites to extract the SV in China and surrounding areas,based on the Geomagnetic Virtual Observatory(GVO)method.On this basis,we have developed two GVO products:the core field,and the SV series.The accuracies of these products are assessed using ground observatories measurements and geomagnetic field model.Moreover,the results indicate that the GVO products align well with the series from ground observatories and the CHAOS model.The majority of root-mean-square deviation(RMSE)values of the core field series are less than 5 nT,consistent with the INTERMAGNET standards for quasi-definitive data.In the GVO core field series,the maximum accuracy of one-month and four-month intervals are 2.24 nT and 1.16 nT,respectively.In the GVO SV series,the maximum accuracy of one-month and four-month intervals are 2.03 nT/yr and 1.36 nT/yr,respectively.The GVO SV series effectively capture geomagnetic jerks without losing temporal resolution comparing with the recording of ground observatories.We demonstrate that the GVO method serves as an effective and precise tool for extracting SV information of geomagnetic fields.In the GVO products,the RMSE of the horizontal component exceeds that of the vertical component,and the magnitude of RMSE deviation correlates with solar activity levels.With more and more geomagnetic satellites in orbit,we wish to use multi-constellation magnetic satellite data to assess the geomagnetic field more accurately.
文摘The development of secularism and secularization is a major issue in the Arab world in the intellectual,cultural and social dimensions.A general survey of the development of secularism and secularization in the Arab world is a premise to understand modern Arab politics,society and culture.
文摘The presence of evangelicals in Brazil is a social and religious phenomenon that has aroused interest of many scholars due to its rapid and significant expansion in recent decades and its projection beyond national borders.Among evangelical denominations that stand out in this scenario are Pentecostal churches,which have developed intense missionary activity in several countries,including Europe.In this article,we intend to analyze features and challenges of Brazilian evangelical churches:World Cathedral of Hope(CIME)(Catedral Mundial da Esperança-ICME)and Assembly of God Victory in Christ(ADVEC)(Assembleia de Deus Vitória em Cristo-ADVEC)that operate in Portugal,seeking to understand issues of identity and belonging of these communities,their models of transnationalization,its evangelization strategies and its adaptations to Portuguese context,in the period from 2000 to 2020.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22076184)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z181100003818008).
文摘The mass resolution of the ordinary ion trap mass spectrometer derived from the quadrupole mass spectrometer usually ranges from hundreds to thousands.In this study,the fine secular frequency resonance oscillation was observed with a rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer.The FWHM of the responding resonance secular frequency of benzene was 0.012 kHz.The corresponding mass resolution was 8600 m/Δm for benzene(m/z=78).The mass spectrometer with secular frequency scanning has a linear response to benzene in the concentration range from 200 ppbv to 10000 ppbv.This study shows a new feature of the secular frequency scanning for ion trap mass spectrometers.
文摘This paper explores the intersection of spirituality and religion,focusing on how transcendence,secularism,and personal beliefs shape contemporary spiritual practices.It examines the philosophical foundations of transcendence,the rise of existentialism,and the distinction between spirituality and religion.Secularism's role in fostering personal spirituality and reducing religious authority is discussed,alongside the psychological and societal impacts of spiritual transcendence.The paper also critiques the limitations of spirituality,emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates cognitive development and mental health perspectives.
文摘Religion analysis paradigm of“economic man”takes“hypothesis of rational man”in the economics as the logical starting point,emphasizes that religion rationality is built on the calculation of cost and benefit,and elaborates proposition such as religious demand,religious supply,religion market,and religious capital,further refuting“religion recession theory”in secularization theory.Although its argument foundation that self-interest equals to rationality is still controversial,such paradigm broadens the view of religion studies and provides a possible way of religion management,which deserves our further discussion.
文摘The relationship between humanism and religion has always been difficult, since the Renaissance. If we look at the Humanist Associations active today in the world, we find that the relationship has become almost a declared war. Religion appears to be the greatest enemy of humanism, i.e., of the humanity. Authentic humanism seems to be exclusively secular and atheistic： you can do good only if there is no God. In this contribution I look at some programmatic documents of Humanist Associations to understand the reasons for this contrast, in the background of secularization. The result is that some criticisms of religion -- its potential for violence and obscurantism -- are historically and theoretically justifiable but partial. Indeed, they show a poor and narrow vision of religion that leads to a narrow view of the human experience. A more complex vision of man requires a more complex vision of religion. A complex vision of man includes the most ＂irrational＂ and enigmatic aspects of our being, as love, death, pain, desire, imagination and even freedom and creativity. On this basis we can appropriately understand the historical and existential role of religion. Otherwise, if God is the one painted by humanists, God would not be good, let alone a good humanist.
文摘The aim of this essay is to retrace the latest theses and hypotheses formulated by Olivier Roy,an influent European scholar who has worked almost all his entire academic drifting in the scientific fields of sociology,political thought,and more recently even in the pragmatic theory of comparative public law.His researches have had seminal consequences in the liberal debate related to the importance of religions in the so called“public sphere”,significantly evolving the level and the deepness of studies on secularization.To recognize this leading figure and the high quality of his historical and political formation does not mean to refuse an open-oriented confrontation with two aspects apparently undervalued in Olivier Roy’s works.First of all,we can still consider(and emphasize)the necessity of a legal theoretical contribution to justify the transition of religions from their static and original normative demand to their current pluralistic variety of internal legal schools,accents,and especially customary practices.Subsequently,we have to image an ultimate criterion to recompose the differences in every cult and in getting an ideally political point of view from each religious belonging in an always more crumbled juridical culture.It cannot be anymore the defense of the Christian roots of Western liberalism,but it could become the opportunity to embrace the universality of human dignity and to tackle the strength of the most arduous social issues in the multicultural society we are living in.
文摘Given that preaching is the primary mode of public theological discourse for most Christian ministers, an intellectual virtue of verbal restraint is required when practicing public theology and it is wise to address the ways that homilies can shepherd public discourse practices. A theology of rhetoric includes the homilist＇s moral purpose. Homilies either enhance public discourse or pervert it. This essay sketches a pattern of sermon movement that respects the logic operative in public theology, given the social context of America. Homilies can help cultivate the pastoral care of public rhetoric by modeling discourse that nurtures the politics of accountability. While many call for a public ethos where divergent moral voices engage each other in highly contested arenas, a precondition to practicing effective public theology requires that one exercises discourse in a way that respects the social limits on the free exercise of religion. It is important that a public theology of rhetoric clarifies the original social agreement for acceptable religious discourse in the public arena. Homiletics, as a dimension of practical theology, can teach preachers methods of pastoral care for public discourse. The social agreement in liberal democracies to contain the combative nature of religious discourse assumes a logic that is circumscribed by commitments to （1） religious pluralism, （2） theological agnosticism, and （3） epistemological pragmatism. Here we propose that a sermon＇s form, which implicitly touches upon these commitments, can tap into the basic modes of persuasion in secular liberal societies. This respects the moral purposes previously agreed upon and expected of partisans during highly contestable times. This calls for incarnational humility on the part of the Christian public theologian and it guides her/his practice.
基金funded by the project“Translation of and Research on Sinology Literature in English newspapers in China(19JDZD04)”by Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.
文摘The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal is one of the most valued English literature in China’s history of Christianity and the key publications of missionaries from the second half of the 19th Century to the first half of the 20th Century.The advertisements in it have not been properly stressed by the academic world,most of which are even deleted in the bound volumes.This paper aims to give a preliminary study on the advertisements in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,comparing and analyzing advertisers,slogans and text structures and appeal methods of advertisements of shipping,banking,schools and book introduction in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal,thus demonstrating its significance in China’s modern advertising industry and Sino-western commercial trade and cultural exchange.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30972495,81001249)
文摘Objective Research evidence shows a secular trend in Chinese physical growth in recent years.The aim of this study was to analyze and assess changes in stature of children and adolescents during the 25 years from 1985‐2010,using national data.Methods Data came from successive cycles of the Chinese National Survey on Students＇ Constitution and Health（CNSSCH）.Subjects were 7‐ to 18‐year‐old children and adolescents.Results An overall positive secular trend occurred in urban China during 1985‐2010.The overall average rates of increment were 2.4 and 1.7 cm/decade for boys and girls,respectively.Total increases in adult stature for boys and girls were 2.6 and 1.7 cm,yielding rates of 1.0 and 0.7 cm/decade,respectively.Cities with different socioeconomic levels had different characteristic trends.Mean stature increases in big cities were larger than those in moderate and small cities,and boys and girls in moderate and small cities showed greater potential for growth in stature.Conclusion An overall positive secular growth trend was associated with socioeconomic progress and differed with area socioeconomic levels.School policies and strategies should be developed based on increased stature,and should continue narrowing the inequity between different socioeconomic populations.
基金supported by the NSFC projects (Nos. 40376005, 40676013, 40506006 and 40676015)the SRFDP project (No. 20060423014)+1 种基金NCET-04-0646 Key Scientific Research Program (No. 2007CB411807)National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 2007BAC- 03A06-06)
文摘The global long-term sea level trend is obtained from the analysis of tide gauge data and TOPEX/Poseidon data. The linear trend of global mean sea level is highly non-uniform spatially, with an average rate of 2.2 mmyear^-1 in T/P sea-level rise from October 1992 to September 2002. Sea level change due to temperature variation （the thermosteric sea level） is discussed. The results are compared with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the same temporal span at different spatial scales. It is indicated that the thermal effect accounts for 86% and 73% of the observed seasonal variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The TOPEX/Poseidon observed sea level lags behind the TSL by 2 months in the zonal band of 40%-60% in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Systematic differences of about 1-2 cm between TOPEX/Poseidon observations and thermosteric sea level data are obtained. The potential causes tbr these differences include water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and oceans, and some possible deviations in thermosteric contribution estimates and geophysical corrections to the TOPEX/Poseidon data.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30972495,81001249)
文摘Objective To analyze the change in Body Mass Index （BMI） distribution among Chinese children and adolescents for the development of more effective intervention for childhood obesity. Methods Data on the national students＇ constitution and health survey between 1985 and 2010 was used for this study. Subjects were students aged 7-18 randomly selected from 30 provinces in China. BMI for-age curves were developed by LMS method, and the trend of BMI distribution was determined by comparing the upper BMI percentiles and analyzing the skew shift of distribution between 2985 and 2010. Results An overall positive swift trend of BMI between 1985 and 2010 was observed among the Chinese school-age children and adolescents. The average median of the BMI increased from 16.8 and 17.0 ks/m2 to 18.2 and 17.9 kg/m2 in 25 years, with increments 0.56 and 0.36 kg/m2 per decade for males and females, respectively. The more obvious increments were found at the high BMI. The total increments of BMI in this period were 4.03 and 2.20 kg/m2 at the 85th, 6.24 and 3.57 kg/m2 at the 95th, and 6.99 and 4.27 kg/m2 at the 97th percentiles, for males and females, respectively. Conclusion Obvious increments were observed at high BMI of the Chinese children and adolescents. More effective interventions should be taken for control and prevention of obesity and its health consequence for these subgroups. It is necessary to establish a risk-complex system consisting of the identification of BMI scope, the screen of the disease risk factors and the assessment of excessive adiposity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81001249,30972495)
文摘Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010. Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student＇s Constitution and Health. The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in rural areas of provincial capitals. Results An overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010. The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls, respectively. The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade, respectively. There were differences in body height increase among eastern, central and western regions. The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest, followed by central region and western region. The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions. The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious. 〈br〉 Conclusion Positive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China, and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth. More attention should be paid to the differences in children＇s body height between western region and eastern/central region.
基金supported by the Beijing Young Talent Program (No. 20160000 21469G189)
文摘Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize secular trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, from 2000 to 2016 based on data from a populationbased cancer registry.Methods: Data on the incidence of cancer from 2000 to 2016 were obtained from the Beijing Cancer Registry.We examined trends in the sex-specific, age-standardized incidence of lung cancer by histological type using a Joinpoint regression model.Results: A total of 117,409 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed from 2000 to 2016. Overall, 73,062(62.23%)patients were males. The most common histological type among both sexes was adenocarcinoma; however, the proportion of adenocarcinoma differed significantly between males and females(45.36% vs. 77.14%, respectively,P<0.0001). The age-standardized incidence of total lung cancer increased from 2000 to 2010 with an annual percent change(APC) of 2.2% [95% confidence interval(95% CI), 1.5% to 2.9%] and stabilized thereafter. Among males, the incidence of total lung cancer peaked in 2008 and then decreased slightly, with an APC of-1.1%(95%CI,-2.1% to-0.1%). Among females, the incidence increased continuously during the study period, with an APC of 1.4%(95% CI, 0.9% to 1.9%). The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly in recent years among both sexes, with APCs of-2.6%(95% CI,-4.5% to-0.6%) from 2007 to 2016 for males and-5.4%(95%CI,-7.2% to-3.6%) from 2004 to 2016 for females. In contrast, the incidence of adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period, by APCs of 4.0%(95% CI, 2.6% to 5.4%) for males and 6.2%(95% CI,4.8% to 7.6%) for females. The incidence of small cell carcinoma peaked in 2007 and stabilized thereafter among males, whereas it peaked in 2012 and then decreased with an APC of-14.7%(95% CI,-25.3% to-2.6%) among females. The incidence of large cell carcinoma and other specified malignant neoplasm did not change much,whereas the incidence of unspecified type decreased among both sexes during the study period.Conclusions: Although the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly among both sexes in recent years in Beijing, China, adenocarcinoma increased continuously throughout the study period among both sexes. Knowledge of differences in trends is useful for surveillance and control of lung cancer. However, the reason for the increase in adenocarcinoma remains unclear and warrants investigation.
文摘Due to global warming, the general circulation, underlying surfaces characteristics, and geophysical and meteorological elements all show evident secular trends. This paper points out that when calculating the correlation of two variables containing their own obvious secular trends, the interannual correlation characteristics between the two variables may be distorted （overestimated or underestimated）. Numerical experiments in this paper show that if two variables have opposite secular trends, the correlation coefficient between the two variables is reduced （the positive correlation is underestimated, or the negative correlation is overestimated）; and if the two variables have the same sign of secular trends, the correlation coefficient between the two variables is increased （the positive correlation is overestimated, or the negative correlation is underestimated）. Numerical experiments also suggest that the effect of secular trends on the interannual correlation of the two variables is interchangeable, that is to say, as long as the values of the two trends are not changed, the two variables interchange their positions, and the effect of the secular trends on the interannual correlation coefficient of the two variables remains the same. If the two variables have the same-（opposite-） sign trends, the effect of secular trends on the interannal correlation coefficient is more （less） distinctive. A meteorological example is given.
文摘Shale and greywacke compositions from the Archean to Phanerozoic record a secular change in the siliciclastic material that comprises much of Earth＇s continental margins, past and present. This study explores the metamorphic consequence of these compositional changes, by comparing phase equilibrium models constructed for average Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic shale and greywacke compositions equilibrated along two Barrovian-type geotherms： 1330℃/GPa（A） and 800 ℃/GPa（B）. Our models show that Archean siliciclastic rocks can retain up to 4 vol.% water at middle to lower crustal conditions, nearly twice that of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic compositions. The increased ferromagnesium content of Archean siliciclastic rocks stabilizes chlorite to higher temperatures and results in a biotite-rich assemblage at solidus temperatures. Accordingly, water-absent biotite dehydration melting is predicted to play a greater role in the generation of melt in the metamorphism of Archean aged units,and water-absent muscovite dehydration melting is of increasing importance through the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. This secular variation in predicted mineral assemblages demonstrates the care with which metamorphic facies diagrams should be applied to Archean compositions. Moreover, secular changes in the composition of shale and greywacke is reflected in the evolution of anatectic melt towards an increasingly less viscous, Ca-rich, and Mg-poor monzogranite.
