The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and all...The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and alloys for dynamic applications.However,solving their responses using high-fidelity numerical methods is computationally expensive and,in many cases,impractical.To address this issue,a dual-scale incremental variational formulation is proposed that incorporates the influence of plastic gradients on plastic evolution characteristics,integrating a strain-rate-dependent strain gradient plasticity model and including plastic gradients in the inelastic dissipation potential.Subsequently,two minimization problems based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of strain gradient plasticity,corresponding to the macroscopic and microscopic structures,are solved,leading to the development of a homogenization-based dual-scale solution algorithm.Finally,the effectiveness of the variational model and tangent algorithm is validated through a series of numerical simulations.The contributions of this work are as follows:first,it advances the theory of self-consistent computational homogenization modeling based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of plastic strain rates and their gradients,along with the development of a rigorous multi-level finite element method(FE2)solution procedure;second,the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and accurate method for evaluating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of second-phase reinforced alloys under strain gradient effects,exploring how these effects vary with the strain rate,and investigating their potential interactions.展开更多
Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical b...Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical boilers,nuclear reactors,superheaters,and other new materials applications.To effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of heat-resistant alloys,second-phase particle strengthening has been widely studied,and in the face of different service envi-ronments of advanced heat-resistant steels,the selection of suitable second-phase particles is essential to maximize the performance of these alloys.To this end,three major types of reinforcing phases in heat-resistant alloys such as carbides,rare earth oxides,and intermetallic compounds are summarized.A comparative analysis of the precipitation behavior of the reinforcing phases with different types as well as the risks and means of controlling their use in service,is presented.Key parameters for the application of various types of second-phase particles in heat-resistant alloys are provided to support the design and preparation of new ultrahigh-performance heat-resistant alloys.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temp...This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temperatures and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy.To this end,partially homogenized(PH)and fully homogenized(FH)billets are extruded at temperatures of250 and 450°C.The PH billet contains fine and coarse undissolved Mg_(2) Sn particles in the interdendritic region and along the grain boundaries,respectively.The fine particles(<1μm in size)retard DRX during extrusion at 250°C via the Zener pinning effect,and this retardation causes a decrease in the area fraction of dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains of the extruded alloy.In addition,the inhomogeneous distribution of fine particles in the PH billet leads to the formation of a bimodal DRXed grain structure with excessively grown grains in particle-scarce regions.In contrast,in the FH billet,numerous nanosized Mg_(2) Sn precipitates are formed throughout the material during extrusion at 250°C,which,in turn,leads to the formation of small,uniform DRXed grains by the grain-boundary pinning effect of the precipitates.When the PH billet is extruded at the high temperature of 450°C,the retardation effect of the fine particles on DRX is weakened by their dissolution in theα-Mg matrix and the increased extent of thermally activated grain-boundary migration.In contrast,the coarse Mg_(2) Sn particles in the billet promote DRX during extrusion through the particle-stimulated nucleation phenomenon,which results in an increase in the area fraction of DRXed grains.At both low and high extrusion temperatures,the extruded material fabricated using the PH billet,which contains both fine and coarse undissolved particles,has a lower tensile strength than that fabricated using the FH billet,which is virtually devoid of second-phase particles.This lower strength of the former is attributed mainly to the larger grains and/or absence of nanosized M2 Sn precipitates in it.展开更多
In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy co...In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated the formation of （Fe, Ni, Mn）17Y2 precipitates with hexagonal structure in a Fe-10Ni-7Mn-0.8Y （wt.%） alloy. Lattice parameters of these precipitates were calculated as follows：a=0.8485 nm and c=0.8274 nm. Formation of Y2O3 sub-micron particles was also confirmed in both yttrium bearing steels via electrolytic phase extraction method. The effect of these precipitates on the prior austenite grain size was investigated. The results revealed that these precipitates had an effective role in controlling the prior austenite grain size.展开更多
The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstruc...The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstructures for the simulations were generated from electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） orientation imaging maps of recrystallized samples. In the simulation, second-phase particles were assumed to be randomly distributed in the initial microstructures and the Zener drag effect of particles on Goss grain boundaries was assumed to be selectively invalid because of the unique properties of Goss grain boundaries. The simulation results suggest that normal growth of the matrix grains stagnates because of the pinning effect of particles on their boundaries. During the onset of abnormal grain growth, some Goss grains with concave boundaries in the initial microstructure grow fast abnormally and other Goss grains with convex boundaries shrink and eventually disappear.展开更多
Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination s...Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination showed that coarse intermetallic particles were formed in the microstructure and their amounts changed with variations of the alloying elements. During warm rolling of thermome-chanical treatments prior to warm deformation, the coarse particles initiated cracks, decreasing the warm formability. For healing the crack damage and further improving the warm formability, a process of hot isothermal press was developed and optimized to the sheet alloys. With this process, the biaxial stretch formability at 350℃ was improved by 22% for an aluminum alloy containing a large amount of coarse particles.展开更多
In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a m...In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a major obstacle in shaping precise complex components,necessitating the development of superplastic Mg alloys.Excellent superplasticity is usually acquired in high-alloyed Mg alloys with enhanced microstructural thermal stability facilitated by abundant optimized second-phase particles.While for cost-effective low-alloyed Mg alloys lacking particles,regulating solute segregation has emerged as a promising approach to achieve superplasticity recently.Moreover,the potential of bimodal-grained Mg alloys for superplastic deformation has been revealed,expanding the options for designing superplastic materials beyond the conventional approach of fine-grained microstructures.This study reviews significant developments in superplastic Mg alloys from the view of alloying strategies,grain structure control and deformation mechanisms,with potential implications for future research and industrial applications of superplastic Mg alloys.展开更多
奥氏体不锈钢是不锈钢中产量和用量最大的一种,在石化、核电、食品等众多领域发挥着重要作用,但较低的屈服强度限制了其进一步应用。近年来,高强奥氏体不锈钢的研发已成为不锈钢领域研究热点之一。通过真空冶炼、低温轧制、退火和时效...奥氏体不锈钢是不锈钢中产量和用量最大的一种,在石化、核电、食品等众多领域发挥着重要作用,但较低的屈服强度限制了其进一步应用。近年来,高强奥氏体不锈钢的研发已成为不锈钢领域研究热点之一。通过真空冶炼、低温轧制、退火和时效热处理等工艺制备了屈服强度为676 MPa、抗拉强度为1011 MPa且塑性良好(断后伸长率大于50%)的新型高强高塑性奥氏体不锈钢。时效处理能提高钢的强度,但对耐蚀性的影响及其机理目前尚不明晰。为此,利用SEM(scanning electron microscope)/EBSD(electron back scatter diffraction)、XRD(X-ray diffraction)、XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)、TEM(transmission electron microscope)、电化学等方法研究了550℃时效处理对新型奥氏体不锈钢点蚀性能的影响,并探讨了影响机理。结果表明,时效试样的点蚀电位(E_(p))低于未时效试样的,并且随着时效时间的延长,E_(p)逐渐降低,极化电阻(R_(p))逐渐减小,耐点蚀性能缓慢下降;但E_(p)最小也在0.15 V以上,且时效处理对自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度的影响不明显。此外,时效处理使试样钝化膜中的Cr_(2)O_(3)相对含量低,而NiO、MoO_(3)的相对含量变化不大。这主要是因为,时效处理过程中试样中Cr_(23)C_(6)和NbN等析出相的析出和长大造成了样品中Cr、N元素分布的局部不均匀而导致微区电化学的不均匀,从而使试样的点蚀电位降低以及再钝化能力减弱,而时效处理对影响试样点蚀性能的平均晶粒尺寸、基体相组成等因素无影响。这为开发综合性能更加优异的先进奥氏体不锈钢提供了可能的途径。展开更多
通过SEM、EDS和XRD,研究了稀土La添加量(0.1wt%、0.2wt%、0.4wt%、0.8wt%)对6082铝合金铸态组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:稀土La可以明显细化合金晶粒、有效调控第二相并提高合金的力学性能。随着合金中稀土La含量的增加,合金晶粒尺...通过SEM、EDS和XRD,研究了稀土La添加量(0.1wt%、0.2wt%、0.4wt%、0.8wt%)对6082铝合金铸态组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:稀土La可以明显细化合金晶粒、有效调控第二相并提高合金的力学性能。随着合金中稀土La含量的增加,合金晶粒尺寸先减小后增加,当稀土La含量为0.2wt%时合金的晶粒细化效果最好,此时合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率均达到最高,分别为181 MPa、167 MPa和5.43%,明显优于未添加稀土La的合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率(128 MPa、87 MPa和4.68%)。稀土La的添加能将细长条状的β-Al Fe Si相调控成π状α-Al Si Fe相,大大降低了应力集中,从而有效提高合金的力学性能。展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11922206,11702089,12272132)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(No.CX20240388)。
文摘The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and alloys for dynamic applications.However,solving their responses using high-fidelity numerical methods is computationally expensive and,in many cases,impractical.To address this issue,a dual-scale incremental variational formulation is proposed that incorporates the influence of plastic gradients on plastic evolution characteristics,integrating a strain-rate-dependent strain gradient plasticity model and including plastic gradients in the inelastic dissipation potential.Subsequently,two minimization problems based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of strain gradient plasticity,corresponding to the macroscopic and microscopic structures,are solved,leading to the development of a homogenization-based dual-scale solution algorithm.Finally,the effectiveness of the variational model and tangent algorithm is validated through a series of numerical simulations.The contributions of this work are as follows:first,it advances the theory of self-consistent computational homogenization modeling based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of plastic strain rates and their gradients,along with the development of a rigorous multi-level finite element method(FE2)solution procedure;second,the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and accurate method for evaluating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of second-phase reinforced alloys under strain gradient effects,exploring how these effects vary with the strain rate,and investigating their potential interactions.
基金The authors express their gratitude to the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(51704021)Key Research and Development Projects of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Sichuan Province(021YFG0114)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-IDRY-20-015,FRF-TP-20-004A3,FRF-TP-19-030A2,and FRF-TP-16-079A1)for their kind financial support.
文摘Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical boilers,nuclear reactors,superheaters,and other new materials applications.To effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of heat-resistant alloys,second-phase particle strengthening has been widely studied,and in the face of different service envi-ronments of advanced heat-resistant steels,the selection of suitable second-phase particles is essential to maximize the performance of these alloys.To this end,three major types of reinforcing phases in heat-resistant alloys such as carbides,rare earth oxides,and intermetallic compounds are summarized.A comparative analysis of the precipitation behavior of the reinforcing phases with different types as well as the risks and means of controlling their use in service,is presented.Key parameters for the application of various types of second-phase particles in heat-resistant alloys are provided to support the design and preparation of new ultrahigh-performance heat-resistant alloys.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of ScienceICT and Future Planning(MSIP,South Korea)(No.2019R1A2C1085272)+1 种基金by the Materials and Components Technology Development Program of the Ministry of TradeIndustry and Energy(MOTIE,South Korea)(No.20011091)。
文摘This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temperatures and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy.To this end,partially homogenized(PH)and fully homogenized(FH)billets are extruded at temperatures of250 and 450°C.The PH billet contains fine and coarse undissolved Mg_(2) Sn particles in the interdendritic region and along the grain boundaries,respectively.The fine particles(<1μm in size)retard DRX during extrusion at 250°C via the Zener pinning effect,and this retardation causes a decrease in the area fraction of dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains of the extruded alloy.In addition,the inhomogeneous distribution of fine particles in the PH billet leads to the formation of a bimodal DRXed grain structure with excessively grown grains in particle-scarce regions.In contrast,in the FH billet,numerous nanosized Mg_(2) Sn precipitates are formed throughout the material during extrusion at 250°C,which,in turn,leads to the formation of small,uniform DRXed grains by the grain-boundary pinning effect of the precipitates.When the PH billet is extruded at the high temperature of 450°C,the retardation effect of the fine particles on DRX is weakened by their dissolution in theα-Mg matrix and the increased extent of thermally activated grain-boundary migration.In contrast,the coarse Mg_(2) Sn particles in the billet promote DRX during extrusion through the particle-stimulated nucleation phenomenon,which results in an increase in the area fraction of DRXed grains.At both low and high extrusion temperatures,the extruded material fabricated using the PH billet,which contains both fine and coarse undissolved particles,has a lower tensile strength than that fabricated using the FH billet,which is virtually devoid of second-phase particles.This lower strength of the former is attributed mainly to the larger grains and/or absence of nanosized M2 Sn precipitates in it.
文摘In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated the formation of （Fe, Ni, Mn）17Y2 precipitates with hexagonal structure in a Fe-10Ni-7Mn-0.8Y （wt.%） alloy. Lattice parameters of these precipitates were calculated as follows：a=0.8485 nm and c=0.8274 nm. Formation of Y2O3 sub-micron particles was also confirmed in both yttrium bearing steels via electrolytic phase extraction method. The effect of these precipitates on the prior austenite grain size was investigated. The results revealed that these precipitates had an effective role in controlling the prior austenite grain size.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No 2016YFB0700505)the China’s State Grid Corporation of Science and Technology Projects(No.SGRI-WD71-13-002)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571020 and 51371030)the Nationa High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA034201)
文摘The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstructures for the simulations were generated from electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） orientation imaging maps of recrystallized samples. In the simulation, second-phase particles were assumed to be randomly distributed in the initial microstructures and the Zener drag effect of particles on Goss grain boundaries was assumed to be selectively invalid because of the unique properties of Goss grain boundaries. The simulation results suggest that normal growth of the matrix grains stagnates because of the pinning effect of particles on their boundaries. During the onset of abnormal grain growth, some Goss grains with concave boundaries in the initial microstructure grow fast abnormally and other Goss grains with convex boundaries shrink and eventually disappear.
文摘Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination showed that coarse intermetallic particles were formed in the microstructure and their amounts changed with variations of the alloying elements. During warm rolling of thermome-chanical treatments prior to warm deformation, the coarse particles initiated cracks, decreasing the warm formability. For healing the crack damage and further improving the warm formability, a process of hot isothermal press was developed and optimized to the sheet alloys. With this process, the biaxial stretch formability at 350℃ was improved by 22% for an aluminum alloy containing a large amount of coarse particles.
基金primarily supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Nos.52234009 and 52271103)Partial financial support came from the Program for the Central University Youth Innovation Team(No.419021423505)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,JLU.
文摘In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a major obstacle in shaping precise complex components,necessitating the development of superplastic Mg alloys.Excellent superplasticity is usually acquired in high-alloyed Mg alloys with enhanced microstructural thermal stability facilitated by abundant optimized second-phase particles.While for cost-effective low-alloyed Mg alloys lacking particles,regulating solute segregation has emerged as a promising approach to achieve superplasticity recently.Moreover,the potential of bimodal-grained Mg alloys for superplastic deformation has been revealed,expanding the options for designing superplastic materials beyond the conventional approach of fine-grained microstructures.This study reviews significant developments in superplastic Mg alloys from the view of alloying strategies,grain structure control and deformation mechanisms,with potential implications for future research and industrial applications of superplastic Mg alloys.
文摘奥氏体不锈钢是不锈钢中产量和用量最大的一种,在石化、核电、食品等众多领域发挥着重要作用,但较低的屈服强度限制了其进一步应用。近年来,高强奥氏体不锈钢的研发已成为不锈钢领域研究热点之一。通过真空冶炼、低温轧制、退火和时效热处理等工艺制备了屈服强度为676 MPa、抗拉强度为1011 MPa且塑性良好(断后伸长率大于50%)的新型高强高塑性奥氏体不锈钢。时效处理能提高钢的强度,但对耐蚀性的影响及其机理目前尚不明晰。为此,利用SEM(scanning electron microscope)/EBSD(electron back scatter diffraction)、XRD(X-ray diffraction)、XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)、TEM(transmission electron microscope)、电化学等方法研究了550℃时效处理对新型奥氏体不锈钢点蚀性能的影响,并探讨了影响机理。结果表明,时效试样的点蚀电位(E_(p))低于未时效试样的,并且随着时效时间的延长,E_(p)逐渐降低,极化电阻(R_(p))逐渐减小,耐点蚀性能缓慢下降;但E_(p)最小也在0.15 V以上,且时效处理对自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流密度的影响不明显。此外,时效处理使试样钝化膜中的Cr_(2)O_(3)相对含量低,而NiO、MoO_(3)的相对含量变化不大。这主要是因为,时效处理过程中试样中Cr_(23)C_(6)和NbN等析出相的析出和长大造成了样品中Cr、N元素分布的局部不均匀而导致微区电化学的不均匀,从而使试样的点蚀电位降低以及再钝化能力减弱,而时效处理对影响试样点蚀性能的平均晶粒尺寸、基体相组成等因素无影响。这为开发综合性能更加优异的先进奥氏体不锈钢提供了可能的途径。
文摘通过SEM、EDS和XRD,研究了稀土La添加量(0.1wt%、0.2wt%、0.4wt%、0.8wt%)对6082铝合金铸态组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:稀土La可以明显细化合金晶粒、有效调控第二相并提高合金的力学性能。随着合金中稀土La含量的增加,合金晶粒尺寸先减小后增加,当稀土La含量为0.2wt%时合金的晶粒细化效果最好,此时合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率均达到最高,分别为181 MPa、167 MPa和5.43%,明显优于未添加稀土La的合金抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率(128 MPa、87 MPa和4.68%)。稀土La的添加能将细长条状的β-Al Fe Si相调控成π状α-Al Si Fe相,大大降低了应力集中,从而有效提高合金的力学性能。
