The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and all...The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and alloys for dynamic applications.However,solving their responses using high-fidelity numerical methods is computationally expensive and,in many cases,impractical.To address this issue,a dual-scale incremental variational formulation is proposed that incorporates the influence of plastic gradients on plastic evolution characteristics,integrating a strain-rate-dependent strain gradient plasticity model and including plastic gradients in the inelastic dissipation potential.Subsequently,two minimization problems based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of strain gradient plasticity,corresponding to the macroscopic and microscopic structures,are solved,leading to the development of a homogenization-based dual-scale solution algorithm.Finally,the effectiveness of the variational model and tangent algorithm is validated through a series of numerical simulations.The contributions of this work are as follows:first,it advances the theory of self-consistent computational homogenization modeling based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of plastic strain rates and their gradients,along with the development of a rigorous multi-level finite element method(FE2)solution procedure;second,the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and accurate method for evaluating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of second-phase reinforced alloys under strain gradient effects,exploring how these effects vary with the strain rate,and investigating their potential interactions.展开更多
This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temp...This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temperatures and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy.To this end,partially homogenized(PH)and fully homogenized(FH)billets are extruded at temperatures of250 and 450°C.The PH billet contains fine and coarse undissolved Mg_(2) Sn particles in the interdendritic region and along the grain boundaries,respectively.The fine particles(<1μm in size)retard DRX during extrusion at 250°C via the Zener pinning effect,and this retardation causes a decrease in the area fraction of dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains of the extruded alloy.In addition,the inhomogeneous distribution of fine particles in the PH billet leads to the formation of a bimodal DRXed grain structure with excessively grown grains in particle-scarce regions.In contrast,in the FH billet,numerous nanosized Mg_(2) Sn precipitates are formed throughout the material during extrusion at 250°C,which,in turn,leads to the formation of small,uniform DRXed grains by the grain-boundary pinning effect of the precipitates.When the PH billet is extruded at the high temperature of 450°C,the retardation effect of the fine particles on DRX is weakened by their dissolution in theα-Mg matrix and the increased extent of thermally activated grain-boundary migration.In contrast,the coarse Mg_(2) Sn particles in the billet promote DRX during extrusion through the particle-stimulated nucleation phenomenon,which results in an increase in the area fraction of DRXed grains.At both low and high extrusion temperatures,the extruded material fabricated using the PH billet,which contains both fine and coarse undissolved particles,has a lower tensile strength than that fabricated using the FH billet,which is virtually devoid of second-phase particles.This lower strength of the former is attributed mainly to the larger grains and/or absence of nanosized M2 Sn precipitates in it.展开更多
In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy co...In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated the formation of （Fe, Ni, Mn）17Y2 precipitates with hexagonal structure in a Fe-10Ni-7Mn-0.8Y （wt.%） alloy. Lattice parameters of these precipitates were calculated as follows：a=0.8485 nm and c=0.8274 nm. Formation of Y2O3 sub-micron particles was also confirmed in both yttrium bearing steels via electrolytic phase extraction method. The effect of these precipitates on the prior austenite grain size was investigated. The results revealed that these precipitates had an effective role in controlling the prior austenite grain size.展开更多
Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical b...Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical boilers,nuclear reactors,superheaters,and other new materials applications.To effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of heat-resistant alloys,second-phase particle strengthening has been widely studied,and in the face of different service envi-ronments of advanced heat-resistant steels,the selection of suitable second-phase particles is essential to maximize the performance of these alloys.To this end,three major types of reinforcing phases in heat-resistant alloys such as carbides,rare earth oxides,and intermetallic compounds are summarized.A comparative analysis of the precipitation behavior of the reinforcing phases with different types as well as the risks and means of controlling their use in service,is presented.Key parameters for the application of various types of second-phase particles in heat-resistant alloys are provided to support the design and preparation of new ultrahigh-performance heat-resistant alloys.展开更多
The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstruc...The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstructures for the simulations were generated from electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） orientation imaging maps of recrystallized samples. In the simulation, second-phase particles were assumed to be randomly distributed in the initial microstructures and the Zener drag effect of particles on Goss grain boundaries was assumed to be selectively invalid because of the unique properties of Goss grain boundaries. The simulation results suggest that normal growth of the matrix grains stagnates because of the pinning effect of particles on their boundaries. During the onset of abnormal grain growth, some Goss grains with concave boundaries in the initial microstructure grow fast abnormally and other Goss grains with convex boundaries shrink and eventually disappear.展开更多
Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination s...Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination showed that coarse intermetallic particles were formed in the microstructure and their amounts changed with variations of the alloying elements. During warm rolling of thermome-chanical treatments prior to warm deformation, the coarse particles initiated cracks, decreasing the warm formability. For healing the crack damage and further improving the warm formability, a process of hot isothermal press was developed and optimized to the sheet alloys. With this process, the biaxial stretch formability at 350℃ was improved by 22% for an aluminum alloy containing a large amount of coarse particles.展开更多
In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a m...In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a major obstacle in shaping precise complex components,necessitating the development of superplastic Mg alloys.Excellent superplasticity is usually acquired in high-alloyed Mg alloys with enhanced microstructural thermal stability facilitated by abundant optimized second-phase particles.While for cost-effective low-alloyed Mg alloys lacking particles,regulating solute segregation has emerged as a promising approach to achieve superplasticity recently.Moreover,the potential of bimodal-grained Mg alloys for superplastic deformation has been revealed,expanding the options for designing superplastic materials beyond the conventional approach of fine-grained microstructures.This study reviews significant developments in superplastic Mg alloys from the view of alloying strategies,grain structure control and deformation mechanisms,with potential implications for future research and industrial applications of superplastic Mg alloys.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11922206,11702089,12272132)the Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Project of Hunan Province(No.CX20240388)。
文摘The acuurate prediction of the time-dependent mechanical behavior and deformation mechanisms of second-phase reinforced alloys under size effects is critical for the development of high-strength ductile metals and alloys for dynamic applications.However,solving their responses using high-fidelity numerical methods is computationally expensive and,in many cases,impractical.To address this issue,a dual-scale incremental variational formulation is proposed that incorporates the influence of plastic gradients on plastic evolution characteristics,integrating a strain-rate-dependent strain gradient plasticity model and including plastic gradients in the inelastic dissipation potential.Subsequently,two minimization problems based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of strain gradient plasticity,corresponding to the macroscopic and microscopic structures,are solved,leading to the development of a homogenization-based dual-scale solution algorithm.Finally,the effectiveness of the variational model and tangent algorithm is validated through a series of numerical simulations.The contributions of this work are as follows:first,it advances the theory of self-consistent computational homogenization modeling based on the energy dissipation mechanisms of plastic strain rates and their gradients,along with the development of a rigorous multi-level finite element method(FE2)solution procedure;second,the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and accurate method for evaluating the time-dependent mechanical behavior of second-phase reinforced alloys under strain gradient effects,exploring how these effects vary with the strain rate,and investigating their potential interactions.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of ScienceICT and Future Planning(MSIP,South Korea)(No.2019R1A2C1085272)+1 种基金by the Materials and Components Technology Development Program of the Ministry of TradeIndustry and Energy(MOTIE,South Korea)(No.20011091)。
文摘This study investigates the effects of fine and coarse undissolved particles in a billet of the Mg–7 Sn–1 Al–1 Zn(TAZ711)alloy on the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behavior during hot extrusion at low and high temperatures and the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy.To this end,partially homogenized(PH)and fully homogenized(FH)billets are extruded at temperatures of250 and 450°C.The PH billet contains fine and coarse undissolved Mg_(2) Sn particles in the interdendritic region and along the grain boundaries,respectively.The fine particles(<1μm in size)retard DRX during extrusion at 250°C via the Zener pinning effect,and this retardation causes a decrease in the area fraction of dynamically recrystallized(DRXed)grains of the extruded alloy.In addition,the inhomogeneous distribution of fine particles in the PH billet leads to the formation of a bimodal DRXed grain structure with excessively grown grains in particle-scarce regions.In contrast,in the FH billet,numerous nanosized Mg_(2) Sn precipitates are formed throughout the material during extrusion at 250°C,which,in turn,leads to the formation of small,uniform DRXed grains by the grain-boundary pinning effect of the precipitates.When the PH billet is extruded at the high temperature of 450°C,the retardation effect of the fine particles on DRX is weakened by their dissolution in theα-Mg matrix and the increased extent of thermally activated grain-boundary migration.In contrast,the coarse Mg_(2) Sn particles in the billet promote DRX during extrusion through the particle-stimulated nucleation phenomenon,which results in an increase in the area fraction of DRXed grains.At both low and high extrusion temperatures,the extruded material fabricated using the PH billet,which contains both fine and coarse undissolved particles,has a lower tensile strength than that fabricated using the FH billet,which is virtually devoid of second-phase particles.This lower strength of the former is attributed mainly to the larger grains and/or absence of nanosized M2 Sn precipitates in it.
文摘In this study, the microstructure and second-phase particles in yttrium （0.05 wt.%and 0.8 wt.%） bearing Fe-10Ni-7Mn steels were characterized. The results of X-ray analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated the formation of （Fe, Ni, Mn）17Y2 precipitates with hexagonal structure in a Fe-10Ni-7Mn-0.8Y （wt.%） alloy. Lattice parameters of these precipitates were calculated as follows：a=0.8485 nm and c=0.8274 nm. Formation of Y2O3 sub-micron particles was also confirmed in both yttrium bearing steels via electrolytic phase extraction method. The effect of these precipitates on the prior austenite grain size was investigated. The results revealed that these precipitates had an effective role in controlling the prior austenite grain size.
基金The authors express their gratitude to the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(51704021)Key Research and Development Projects of Shandong Province(2021CXGC010)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Sichuan Province(021YFG0114)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-IDRY-20-015,FRF-TP-20-004A3,FRF-TP-19-030A2,and FRF-TP-16-079A1)for their kind financial support.
文摘Heat-resistant alloys with excellent mechanical properties are widely used in various fields,and further improvement in their properties is essential to meet the requirements in new-generation advanced supercritical boilers,nuclear reactors,superheaters,and other new materials applications.To effectively enhance the comprehensive performance of heat-resistant alloys,second-phase particle strengthening has been widely studied,and in the face of different service envi-ronments of advanced heat-resistant steels,the selection of suitable second-phase particles is essential to maximize the performance of these alloys.To this end,three major types of reinforcing phases in heat-resistant alloys such as carbides,rare earth oxides,and intermetallic compounds are summarized.A comparative analysis of the precipitation behavior of the reinforcing phases with different types as well as the risks and means of controlling their use in service,is presented.Key parameters for the application of various types of second-phase particles in heat-resistant alloys are provided to support the design and preparation of new ultrahigh-performance heat-resistant alloys.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No 2016YFB0700505)the China’s State Grid Corporation of Science and Technology Projects(No.SGRI-WD71-13-002)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51571020 and 51371030)the Nationa High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA034201)
文摘The selective abnormal growth of Goss grains in magnetic sheets of Fe-3%Si （grade Hi-B） induced by second-phase particles （AlN and MnS） was studied using a modified Monte Carlo Ports model. The starting microstructures for the simulations were generated from electron backscatter diffraction （EBSD） orientation imaging maps of recrystallized samples. In the simulation, second-phase particles were assumed to be randomly distributed in the initial microstructures and the Zener drag effect of particles on Goss grain boundaries was assumed to be selectively invalid because of the unique properties of Goss grain boundaries. The simulation results suggest that normal growth of the matrix grains stagnates because of the pinning effect of particles on their boundaries. During the onset of abnormal grain growth, some Goss grains with concave boundaries in the initial microstructure grow fast abnormally and other Goss grains with convex boundaries shrink and eventually disappear.
文摘Several alloying elements involving Zr, Cu, Zn and Sc were added to Al-Mg sheet alloys in order to obtain an excellent combination of high strength and good high-temperature formability. Microstruc-tural examination showed that coarse intermetallic particles were formed in the microstructure and their amounts changed with variations of the alloying elements. During warm rolling of thermome-chanical treatments prior to warm deformation, the coarse particles initiated cracks, decreasing the warm formability. For healing the crack damage and further improving the warm formability, a process of hot isothermal press was developed and optimized to the sheet alloys. With this process, the biaxial stretch formability at 350℃ was improved by 22% for an aluminum alloy containing a large amount of coarse particles.
基金primarily supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(under Nos.52234009 and 52271103)Partial financial support came from the Program for the Central University Youth Innovation Team(No.419021423505)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,JLU.
文摘In response to the urgent demand for lightweight,magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered considerable attention owing to their low density.Nonetheless,the intrinsic poor room-temperature formability of Mg alloys remains a major obstacle in shaping precise complex components,necessitating the development of superplastic Mg alloys.Excellent superplasticity is usually acquired in high-alloyed Mg alloys with enhanced microstructural thermal stability facilitated by abundant optimized second-phase particles.While for cost-effective low-alloyed Mg alloys lacking particles,regulating solute segregation has emerged as a promising approach to achieve superplasticity recently.Moreover,the potential of bimodal-grained Mg alloys for superplastic deformation has been revealed,expanding the options for designing superplastic materials beyond the conventional approach of fine-grained microstructures.This study reviews significant developments in superplastic Mg alloys from the view of alloying strategies,grain structure control and deformation mechanisms,with potential implications for future research and industrial applications of superplastic Mg alloys.
