The shrinkage behavior of high performance cement concrete made from Portland cement, ultra fine granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fly ash with addition of superplasticizer at different temperatures from am...The shrinkage behavior of high performance cement concrete made from Portland cement, ultra fine granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fly ash with addition of superplasticizer at different temperatures from ambient temperature to 120 ℃ under different seuliug conditions was investigated by means of length change measurement on cylindrical concrete specimens along with curing age. Results show that drying shrinkage deformations of titled concrete specimens increased rapidly as the curing temperature rose. The development of dryiing shrinkage deformatian can be efficiently controlled with the aid of aluminum tape sealing as compared with the unsealed specimens, especially when the curing temperature is below 60℃ , although it will increase dramatically when the curing temperature is elevated to above 90%＂ . Polymer coating on concrete specimens showed a similar effect on the control of drying shrinkage as the sealing operation with aluminum tape.展开更多
In order to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles economically, industrial-grade zinc sulfate and urea were utilized to synthesize ZnO precursors in a stirred-tank reactor or a Teflon-lined autoclave at 100-180 ℃ under comple...In order to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles economically, industrial-grade zinc sulfate and urea were utilized to synthesize ZnO precursors in a stirred-tank reactor or a Teflon-lined autoclave at 100-180 ℃ under complete sealing condition. The ZnO precursors were calcined at 450 ℃ for 3 h to, synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The composition of the precursors and the formation mechanism of ZnO were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the ZnO powders demonstrate that high-purity zincite ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized. Orthogonal experiments were performed to find out the optimal conditions for the maximum yield and the minimum size. The ettect of temperature on the size ofZnO nanoparticles was investigated. The results show that a higher temperature is propitious to obtain smaller nanoparticles.展开更多
The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion effi...The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale,and evaluates the major enrichment type of shale oil in this interval.The average organic matter transformation ratio of the Chang 7_(3) shale is about 45%;in other words,more than 50%of the organic matters have not transformed to hydrocarbons,and the lower the maturity,the greater the proportion of untransformed organic matters.The cumulative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the transformed hydrocarbon is 27.5% on average,and the total proportion of untransformed organic matters plus retained hydrocarbons is greater than 70%.The relative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the Chang 7_(3) shale is 60%on average,that is,about 40% of hydrocarbons retain in the shale.The Chang 7_(3) shale corresponds to Chang 7_(1+2) and Chang 8 sandstones as the roof and floor,respectively,and is further overlaid by Chang 6 shale,where extensive low porosity and low permeability–tight oil reservoirs have formed in the parts with relatively good porosity and permeability.Moreover,the Chang 7_(3) shale is tested to be in a negative pressure system(the pressure coefficient of 0.80–0.85).Therefore,the roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale are poor.The retained hydrocarbons appear mostly in absorbed status,with low mobility.It is concluded that the medium–high mature shale oil is not the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale,but there may be enrichment opportunity for shale oil with good mobility in the areas where the sealing conditions are good without faults and fractures and oil reservoirs are formed off Chang 7_(1+2),Chang 6 and Chang 8.Furthermore,low–medium mature shale oil is believed to have great potential and is the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale.It is recommended to prepare relevant in-situ conversion technologies by pilot test and figure out the resource availability and distribution.展开更多
Understanding the major controlling factors of gas accumulation in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin is of great significance to future gas exploration.However,they were seldom studied in the con...Understanding the major controlling factors of gas accumulation in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin is of great significance to future gas exploration.However,they were seldom studied in the context of major faults including Xuxi,Xuzhong and Xudong.Based on fine interpretation of 3D seismic data acquired in this area,the controlling effect of these three faults on gas accumulation and distribution was identified through a composite analysis of the three faults and the gas accumulation conditions considering the characteristics of development and distribution of the three major faults.The following conclusions were obtained.(1)These faults jointly control the development of coal measure source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Fm.Such rocks show three high-value areas of thickness(with the maximum thickness of over 1000 m)and have a large potential of hydrocarbon generation.These faults provide passages for gas to migrate upwards to the overlying reservoirs.(2)These faults act as the pathways for magma to protrude upwards into the shallow crust during the deposition of Early Cretaceous Yingcheng Fm.Volcanic rocks are well-developed around the faults,forming favorable fractured volcanic reservoirs.(3)These faults provide effective sealing conditions for gas accumulation in the volcanic reservoirs.If the fault cutting Ying 1 Member is juxtaposed by volcanic reservoirs and sandstones or conglomerates at both walls,the fault is sealed laterally,which is favorable for gas accumulation,and gas layer is proved through drilling;otherwise,if juxtaposed by volcanic rocks,the fault is not sealed laterally,which is unfavorable for gas accumulation,and water layer is confirmed through drilling.展开更多
Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir,the kinetics of oil cracking gas a...Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir,the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the evaluation parameters of gas cap rock are adopted to the study on the natural gas accumulation conditions in the Tadong area.Both the study on the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the statistical results of reservoir bitumen reveal that the geological formation of oil cracking gas in the Tadong area is located in the top of Cambrian.Two kinds of oil cracking gas geological models at least,namely well Mandong-1's early rapid generation model(Middle Ordovician-end Silurian)and peak cracking model(with the natural gas conversion rate>90%),namely well Yingnan-2's two-stage generation model of oil cracking gas,have been set up.The oil cracking gas of Yingnan-2 in the late stage is very significant in the evaluation of natural gas exploration in the Tadong area.The evaluation results of the cap rock show that the microscopic parameters of cap rock from the lower assemblage of Cambrian-Ordovician are better than those from the upper assemblage.The former has strong capillary sealing ability and higher cap rock breakthrough pressure than the upper assemblage,with strong sealing ability,so that natural gas dissipates mainly by diffusion.According to the above investigations,the lower assemblage Cambrian-Ordovician natural gas of Kongquehe slope,Tadong low uplift and Yingjisu depression in the Tadong area prospects well.展开更多
文摘The shrinkage behavior of high performance cement concrete made from Portland cement, ultra fine granulated blast furnace slag and pulverized fly ash with addition of superplasticizer at different temperatures from ambient temperature to 120 ℃ under different seuliug conditions was investigated by means of length change measurement on cylindrical concrete specimens along with curing age. Results show that drying shrinkage deformations of titled concrete specimens increased rapidly as the curing temperature rose. The development of dryiing shrinkage deformatian can be efficiently controlled with the aid of aluminum tape sealing as compared with the unsealed specimens, especially when the curing temperature is below 60℃ , although it will increase dramatically when the curing temperature is elevated to above 90%＂ . Polymer coating on concrete specimens showed a similar effect on the control of drying shrinkage as the sealing operation with aluminum tape.
基金Project(20876100) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20090451176) supported by the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation+3 种基金Project(2009CB219904) supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(YJS0917,SG0978) supported by the Commission of Science and Technology of Suzhou MunicipalityProject(11C26223204581) supported by the Ministry of Science and TechnologyProject(BK2011328) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘In order to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles economically, industrial-grade zinc sulfate and urea were utilized to synthesize ZnO precursors in a stirred-tank reactor or a Teflon-lined autoclave at 100-180 ℃ under complete sealing condition. The ZnO precursors were calcined at 450 ℃ for 3 h to, synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The composition of the precursors and the formation mechanism of ZnO were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the ZnO powders demonstrate that high-purity zincite ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized. Orthogonal experiments were performed to find out the optimal conditions for the maximum yield and the minimum size. The ettect of temperature on the size ofZnO nanoparticles was investigated. The results show that a higher temperature is propitious to obtain smaller nanoparticles.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B6004).
文摘The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale,and evaluates the major enrichment type of shale oil in this interval.The average organic matter transformation ratio of the Chang 7_(3) shale is about 45%;in other words,more than 50%of the organic matters have not transformed to hydrocarbons,and the lower the maturity,the greater the proportion of untransformed organic matters.The cumulative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the transformed hydrocarbon is 27.5% on average,and the total proportion of untransformed organic matters plus retained hydrocarbons is greater than 70%.The relative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the Chang 7_(3) shale is 60%on average,that is,about 40% of hydrocarbons retain in the shale.The Chang 7_(3) shale corresponds to Chang 7_(1+2) and Chang 8 sandstones as the roof and floor,respectively,and is further overlaid by Chang 6 shale,where extensive low porosity and low permeability–tight oil reservoirs have formed in the parts with relatively good porosity and permeability.Moreover,the Chang 7_(3) shale is tested to be in a negative pressure system(the pressure coefficient of 0.80–0.85).Therefore,the roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale are poor.The retained hydrocarbons appear mostly in absorbed status,with low mobility.It is concluded that the medium–high mature shale oil is not the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale,but there may be enrichment opportunity for shale oil with good mobility in the areas where the sealing conditions are good without faults and fractures and oil reservoirs are formed off Chang 7_(1+2),Chang 6 and Chang 8.Furthermore,low–medium mature shale oil is believed to have great potential and is the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale.It is recommended to prepare relevant in-situ conversion technologies by pilot test and figure out the resource availability and distribution.
基金National Natural Science Fund Project“Investigation on prevailing conditions for directing and migrating oil and gas in oil-source fault conversion belts”(No.41372153).
文摘Understanding the major controlling factors of gas accumulation in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin is of great significance to future gas exploration.However,they were seldom studied in the context of major faults including Xuxi,Xuzhong and Xudong.Based on fine interpretation of 3D seismic data acquired in this area,the controlling effect of these three faults on gas accumulation and distribution was identified through a composite analysis of the three faults and the gas accumulation conditions considering the characteristics of development and distribution of the three major faults.The following conclusions were obtained.(1)These faults jointly control the development of coal measure source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Fm.Such rocks show three high-value areas of thickness(with the maximum thickness of over 1000 m)and have a large potential of hydrocarbon generation.These faults provide passages for gas to migrate upwards to the overlying reservoirs.(2)These faults act as the pathways for magma to protrude upwards into the shallow crust during the deposition of Early Cretaceous Yingcheng Fm.Volcanic rocks are well-developed around the faults,forming favorable fractured volcanic reservoirs.(3)These faults provide effective sealing conditions for gas accumulation in the volcanic reservoirs.If the fault cutting Ying 1 Member is juxtaposed by volcanic reservoirs and sandstones or conglomerates at both walls,the fault is sealed laterally,which is favorable for gas accumulation,and gas layer is proved through drilling;otherwise,if juxtaposed by volcanic rocks,the fault is not sealed laterally,which is unfavorable for gas accumulation,and water layer is confirmed through drilling.
基金Supported by PetroChina Foundation Project(Grant No.07-01C-01-07)Na-tional Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2007CB209503)
文摘Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir,the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the evaluation parameters of gas cap rock are adopted to the study on the natural gas accumulation conditions in the Tadong area.Both the study on the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the statistical results of reservoir bitumen reveal that the geological formation of oil cracking gas in the Tadong area is located in the top of Cambrian.Two kinds of oil cracking gas geological models at least,namely well Mandong-1's early rapid generation model(Middle Ordovician-end Silurian)and peak cracking model(with the natural gas conversion rate>90%),namely well Yingnan-2's two-stage generation model of oil cracking gas,have been set up.The oil cracking gas of Yingnan-2 in the late stage is very significant in the evaluation of natural gas exploration in the Tadong area.The evaluation results of the cap rock show that the microscopic parameters of cap rock from the lower assemblage of Cambrian-Ordovician are better than those from the upper assemblage.The former has strong capillary sealing ability and higher cap rock breakthrough pressure than the upper assemblage,with strong sealing ability,so that natural gas dissipates mainly by diffusion.According to the above investigations,the lower assemblage Cambrian-Ordovician natural gas of Kongquehe slope,Tadong low uplift and Yingjisu depression in the Tadong area prospects well.
