BACKGROUND In the field of anesthesia for procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)surgery,combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia has been a common approach.However,exploring new combinations to optimize patient ou...BACKGROUND In the field of anesthesia for procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)surgery,combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia has been a common approach.However,exploring new combinations to optimize patient outcomes remains crucial.Remimazolam,a short-acting benzodiazepine,shows potential for improving sedation and reducing patient anxiety.The effects of combining remimazolam with CSE anesthesia,compared to traditional CSE anesthesia alone,on patient anxiety,sedation depth,and hemodynamics during PPH surgery have not been fully elucidated.AIM To compare remimazolam-CSE vs CSE alone on State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State scale(STAI-S)scores,sedation,and hemodynamics in PPH surgery.METHODS This study is a single-center,prospective,randomized controlled trial.Between November 23,2022,and August 6,2024,60 eligible patients were randomly assigned to the CSE anesthesia group or the remimazolam-combined CSE anesthesia group(30 patients each).STAI-S scores,Ramsay sedation scores,and hemodynamic parameters(systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,heart rate)were measured at multiple time points.Two-way mixed-effects ANOVA and posthoc analyses were performed.RESULTS The Combined group demonstrated significantly lower STAI-S scores before leaving the operating room[mean:28.80 vs 54.03,mean difference(95%CI):25.23(21.24-29.23),P<0.001]and 24 hours post-operation[mean:45.07 vs 54.53,mean difference(95%CI):9.47(6.29-12.64),P<0.001]than the CSE group.Moreover,the Combined group achieved a deeper sedation level during intraoperative maintenance[median:5.00(IQR:5.00-5.00)vs 2.00(IQR:2.00-2.00);median difference(95%CI):3.00(3.00-3.00),P<0.001].Regarding hemodynamics,a significant intergroup difference in systolic blood pressure was observed at the start of the surgery[mean:128.8 vs 114.7 for the Combined and CSE groups,mean difference(95%CI):14.17(0.77-27.57),adjusted P=0.033].CONCLUSION Remimazolam-combined anesthesia outperformed CSE anesthesia in reducing STAI-S scores,enhancing intraoperative sedation,and stabilizing systolic blood pressure at a critical stage,indicating its superiority in perioperative management.展开更多
Objective The lack of clarity regarding the application performance of a hybrid operating room(HOR)and the uncertainty of surgical scheduling often lead to its inefficient application.This study aimed to review the cl...Objective The lack of clarity regarding the application performance of a hybrid operating room(HOR)and the uncertainty of surgical scheduling often lead to its inefficient application.This study aimed to review the clinical application of our neurosurgical HOR and propose a scale to score cases clearly.Methods We reviewed the operating procedures and duration of stay in 1865 HOR cases.The actual procedures of each case were summarized into 5 application types,and numerical assignment was used to distinguish the dependence of each type on our HOR:surgical procedures combined with interventional procedures(4 points,the highest dependence),surgical procedures combined with imaging procedures(3 points),interventional procedures(2 points),imaging procedures(1 point),and surgical procedures(0 points,the lowest dependence).Results A novel scale that could score 1865 cases into those 5 grades was developed.The percentages by grade were as follows:4 points,4.24%;3 points,4.88%;2 points,20.75%;1 point,69.38%;and 0 points,0.75%.The cumulative usage time was 4241.9 h,the duration of which was as follows:4 points,16.17%;3 points,15.50%;2 points,31.32%;1 point,35.62%;and 0 points,1.39%.Conclusions The HOR serves as a multifunctional room to treat neurosurgical diseases.The scale helps to quickly prioritize cases that rely more on HOR,providing guidelines for surgical scheduling.Although our HOR is unsuitable for emergency cases,it clearly shows the application performance of our HOR to provide a reference for promoting its efficient application.展开更多
Objective: to explore the effect of continuous nursing intervention on wound stomy and the improvement of ECSA scale score. Methods: 100 cases of rectal cancer patients in our hospital from January 2020 to January 202...Objective: to explore the effect of continuous nursing intervention on wound stomy and the improvement of ECSA scale score. Methods: 100 cases of rectal cancer patients in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were collected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group received routine nursing, and the observation group received continuous nursing intervention. The score of ECSA scale and the complication rate of wound stomy were compared between the two groups. Results: the score of ECSA scale in observation group was higher than that in control group, and the incidence of complications in wound stomy was lower than that in control group, with significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the effect of continuous nursing intervention on wound ostomy and the improvement of ECSA scale score are accurate. It can improve patients' self-management ability and reduce complications of wound ostomy. It is a continuous nursing mode worthy of promotion and application.展开更多
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery （FLAIR） vascular hyperintensity （FVH） is used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation, but clinical outcomes of patients with FVH can be very different. The aim of the p...Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery （FLAIR） vascular hyperintensity （FVH） is used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation, but clinical outcomes of patients with FVH can be very different. The aim of the present study was to assess a FVH score and explore its relationship with clinical outcomes. Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were followed up at 10 days （National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale） and 90 days （modified Rankin Scale） to determine short-term clinical outcomes. Effective collateral circulation indirectly improved recovery of neurological function and short-term clinical outcome by extending the size of the pial penumbra and reducing infarct lesions. FVH score showed no correlation with 90-day functional clinical outcome and was not sufficient as an independent predictor of short-term clinical outcome.展开更多
BACKGROUND There are limited studies on diabetes empowerment among type 2 diabetes patients,particularly in the primary care setting.AIM To assess the diabetes empowerment scores and its correlated factors among type ...BACKGROUND There are limited studies on diabetes empowerment among type 2 diabetes patients,particularly in the primary care setting.AIM To assess the diabetes empowerment scores and its correlated factors among type 2 diabetes patients in a primary care clinic in Malaysia.METHODS This is a cross sectional study involving 322 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)followed up in a primary care clinic.Systematic sampling method was used for patient recruitment.The Diabetes Empowerment Scale(DES)questionnaire was used to measure patient empowerment.It consists of three domains:(1)Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes(9 items);(2)Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change(9 items);and(3)Setting and achieving diabetes goal(10 items).A score was considered high if it ranged from 100 to 140.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and multiple linear regressions was used to identify the predictors of total diabetes empowerment scores.RESULTS The median age of the study population was 55 years old.56%were male and the mean duration of diabetes was 4 years.The total median score of the DES was 110[interquartile range(IQR)=10].The median scores of the three subscales were 40 with(IQR=4)for"Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes";36 with(IQR=3)for"Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change";and 34 with(IQR=5)for"Setting and achieving diabetes goal".According to multiple linear regressions,factors that had significant correlation with higher empowerment scores among type 2 diabetes patients included an above secondary education level(P<0.001),diabetes education exposure(P=0.003),lack of ischemic heart disease(P=0.017),and lower glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Diabetes empowerment scores were high among type 2 diabetes patients in this study population.Predictors for high empowerment scores included above secondary education level,diabetes education exposure,lack of ischemic heart disease status and lower HbA1c.展开更多
Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electric...Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electricity. The device having hot-end, cold-end and regenerator acts in a way similar to a stirling cycle generating acoustic power, which is then converted to electricity using a linear actuator. It can supply small power for applications such as LED lighting, mobile phone charging and radios particularly in rural areas without grid electricity as well as improving house- hold air pollution. After assessing the needs of the rural communities through a survey, tea-stalls and small restaurants owners were identified as clients with the most potential of using the stove in Bangladesh. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ((BUET) modified a Score- Stove to use both wood and a pressurized kerosene burner of a design that is widely used for cooking in rural areas of Bangladesh. The design was adapted to meet performance needs such as: heating rate, cooking efficiency, energy distribution, electric power generation, exhaust emissions and time taken to boil water using standardized water boiling tests. Performance was also compared with conventional (non-electrically generating) stoves that use a pressurized kerosene burn- er. The Score-Stove performance was then evaluated while increasing the pressure of the sealed working fluid (air in this case) from atmospheric to about 1.4 bar. The pressurization was found to almost double the power generation. An arrangement for utilizing cooling water waste heat was also devised in order to improve the thermal performance of the stove by 18%. Technical deficiencies are documented and recommendations for improvements and future research in order to obtain wider end-user acceptance are made.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> The main purpose of the present study was to assess the short term performance of a cementless femoral stem in total hip replacement. <strong>Methods:</strong> Cros...<strong>Background:</strong> The main purpose of the present study was to assess the short term performance of a cementless femoral stem in total hip replacement. <strong>Methods:</strong> Cross-sectional observational study of a 48-patient cohort with Phenom? femoral stems implanted between June 1, 2014 and September 1, 2018, to determine clinical performance, stability, and radiographic osseointegration. Patients were followed-up from 13 to 76 months (mean: 44.5 months) and assessed using the Harris Hip Score-HHS, the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-HOOS and radiographs. <strong>Results:</strong> All stems were radiologically stable. Mean Harris Hip Score was 89.8 and the HOOS was 80.4. No statistical differences were observed among patients with different diagnoses. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The short-term results revealed satisfactory clinical outcomes and radiological signs of implant stability in all cases. Using two functional scores was useful in detecting biases and a low to moderate agreement was found between the scores.展开更多
The study aims to assess the effect of small scale irrigation adoption to farmers in Nasho sector, Kirehe District in Rwanda. The average yield was 12,309.73 Kg/2.62 ha or 4698.73 Kg/ha for adopters with the mean diff...The study aims to assess the effect of small scale irrigation adoption to farmers in Nasho sector, Kirehe District in Rwanda. The average yield was 12,309.73 Kg/2.62 ha or 4698.73 Kg/ha for adopters with the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 2819.63 Kg to 4766.59 Kg per unit area of production. For food security status, the average mean quantity of maize consumed at home level was 615.54 Kg with the mean difference ranged from 377.29 Kg to 474.68 Kg. For market participation, the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) of quantity of maize sold was 11,694.24 Kg while the mean difference ranged from 7165.98 Kg to 9015.60 Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated market price was 213 Frws/Kg while the mean difference ranged from 44.51 Frws/Kg to 48.3053 Frws/Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s revenues for the users was 938,772 Frws/ha, however, the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 1,732,942 Frws to 2,007,039 Frws. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s net farm income was 1,066,393 Frws while mean difference between users and non users ranged from 803,967 Frws to 854,141 Frws. For profitability analysis, the cost benefit ratio (CBR) was taken into account. The total benefit per unit area was 2,434,509 Frws and total average mean cost of 1,382,313 Frws and CBR = 1.761 > 1. The findings of this study will help the policy makers for deeper sector planning and also, it will facilitate other stakeholders to invest in irrigation technology to improve the livelihoods of Rwandan farmers and other surroundings.展开更多
Objectives: “Patient-reported outcome measures” has been used extensively, and it has shown the diseases’ impact on patient quality of life and has enabled the clinician to evaluate the clinical care efficacy. In t...Objectives: “Patient-reported outcome measures” has been used extensively, and it has shown the diseases’ impact on patient quality of life and has enabled the clinician to evaluate the clinical care efficacy. In the literature, there are more than 34 shoulder function assessment scoring instruments;the Modified Constant Murley Score (M-CMS) is one of the most popular scores. Although, the M-CMS had been translated and culturally adapted to Danish, Brazilian and Turkish versions, there is no Arabic version found in the literature. We aim to translate and culturally adapt M-CMS into the Arabic language. Method: The M-CMS was translated using previously published guidelines. The translation and cultural adaptation were done in five stages, initial translation by two bilingual translators then a synthesis of the translations after that, back translation by two native English speakers. Then an expert committee meeting approved the pre-final Arabic version. Finally, a pilot test was conducted on 41 patients to ensure its validity. Results: The M-CMS was successfully translated from the original English version to the Arabic version;no difficulties in the translation process were faced. Conclusion: A validated Arabic version of the M-CMS was produced and ready to be used for functional assessment of different shoulder pathologies in Arabic-speaking countries. Future study is needed for translation and cultural adaptation of the English standardized test protocol to assure the reproducibility of the Arabic version of the M-CMS.展开更多
AIM To develop a new scoring system, nutech functional scores(NFS) for assessing the patients with spinal cord injury(SCI).METHODS The conventional scale, American Spinal Injury Association's(ASIA) impairment scal...AIM To develop a new scoring system, nutech functional scores(NFS) for assessing the patients with spinal cord injury(SCI).METHODS The conventional scale, American Spinal Injury Association's(ASIA) impairment scale is a measure which precisely describes the severity of the SCI.However, it has various limitations which lead to incomplete assessment of SCI patients.We have developed a 63 point scoring system, i.e., NFS for patients suffering with SCI.A list of symptoms either common or rare that were found to be associated with SCI was recorded for each patient.On the basis of these lists, we have developed NFS.RESULTS These lists served as a base to prepare NFS, a 63 point positional(each symptom is sub-graded and get points based on position) and directional(moves in direction BAD → GOOD) scoring system.For non-progressive diseases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 denote worst, bad, moderate, good and best(normal), respectively.NFS for SCI has been divided into different groups based on the affected part of the body being assessed, i.e., motor assessment(shoulders, elbow, wrist, fingers-grasp, fingers-release, hip, knee, ankle and toe), sensory assessment, autonomic assessment, bed sore assessment and general assessment.As probability based studies required a range of(-1, 1) or at least the range of(0, 1) to be useful for real world analysis, the grades were converted to respective numeric values.CONCLUSION NFS can be considered as a unique tool to assess the improvement in patients with SCI as it overcomes the limitations of ASIA impairment scale.展开更多
基金Supported by the Health Commission of Hunan Province,No.202204115263the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University,No.2024XQLH027.
文摘BACKGROUND In the field of anesthesia for procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)surgery,combined spinal-epidural(CSE)anesthesia has been a common approach.However,exploring new combinations to optimize patient outcomes remains crucial.Remimazolam,a short-acting benzodiazepine,shows potential for improving sedation and reducing patient anxiety.The effects of combining remimazolam with CSE anesthesia,compared to traditional CSE anesthesia alone,on patient anxiety,sedation depth,and hemodynamics during PPH surgery have not been fully elucidated.AIM To compare remimazolam-CSE vs CSE alone on State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State scale(STAI-S)scores,sedation,and hemodynamics in PPH surgery.METHODS This study is a single-center,prospective,randomized controlled trial.Between November 23,2022,and August 6,2024,60 eligible patients were randomly assigned to the CSE anesthesia group or the remimazolam-combined CSE anesthesia group(30 patients each).STAI-S scores,Ramsay sedation scores,and hemodynamic parameters(systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,heart rate)were measured at multiple time points.Two-way mixed-effects ANOVA and posthoc analyses were performed.RESULTS The Combined group demonstrated significantly lower STAI-S scores before leaving the operating room[mean:28.80 vs 54.03,mean difference(95%CI):25.23(21.24-29.23),P<0.001]and 24 hours post-operation[mean:45.07 vs 54.53,mean difference(95%CI):9.47(6.29-12.64),P<0.001]than the CSE group.Moreover,the Combined group achieved a deeper sedation level during intraoperative maintenance[median:5.00(IQR:5.00-5.00)vs 2.00(IQR:2.00-2.00);median difference(95%CI):3.00(3.00-3.00),P<0.001].Regarding hemodynamics,a significant intergroup difference in systolic blood pressure was observed at the start of the surgery[mean:128.8 vs 114.7 for the Combined and CSE groups,mean difference(95%CI):14.17(0.77-27.57),adjusted P=0.033].CONCLUSION Remimazolam-combined anesthesia outperformed CSE anesthesia in reducing STAI-S scores,enhancing intraoperative sedation,and stabilizing systolic blood pressure at a critical stage,indicating its superiority in perioperative management.
基金supported by the Technology Innovation Special Major Project of Hubei Province(grant number 2022BCA003).
文摘Objective The lack of clarity regarding the application performance of a hybrid operating room(HOR)and the uncertainty of surgical scheduling often lead to its inefficient application.This study aimed to review the clinical application of our neurosurgical HOR and propose a scale to score cases clearly.Methods We reviewed the operating procedures and duration of stay in 1865 HOR cases.The actual procedures of each case were summarized into 5 application types,and numerical assignment was used to distinguish the dependence of each type on our HOR:surgical procedures combined with interventional procedures(4 points,the highest dependence),surgical procedures combined with imaging procedures(3 points),interventional procedures(2 points),imaging procedures(1 point),and surgical procedures(0 points,the lowest dependence).Results A novel scale that could score 1865 cases into those 5 grades was developed.The percentages by grade were as follows:4 points,4.24%;3 points,4.88%;2 points,20.75%;1 point,69.38%;and 0 points,0.75%.The cumulative usage time was 4241.9 h,the duration of which was as follows:4 points,16.17%;3 points,15.50%;2 points,31.32%;1 point,35.62%;and 0 points,1.39%.Conclusions The HOR serves as a multifunctional room to treat neurosurgical diseases.The scale helps to quickly prioritize cases that rely more on HOR,providing guidelines for surgical scheduling.Although our HOR is unsuitable for emergency cases,it clearly shows the application performance of our HOR to provide a reference for promoting its efficient application.
文摘Objective: to explore the effect of continuous nursing intervention on wound stomy and the improvement of ECSA scale score. Methods: 100 cases of rectal cancer patients in our hospital from January 2020 to January 2021 were collected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group received routine nursing, and the observation group received continuous nursing intervention. The score of ECSA scale and the complication rate of wound stomy were compared between the two groups. Results: the score of ECSA scale in observation group was higher than that in control group, and the incidence of complications in wound stomy was lower than that in control group, with significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion: the effect of continuous nursing intervention on wound ostomy and the improvement of ECSA scale score are accurate. It can improve patients' self-management ability and reduce complications of wound ostomy. It is a continuous nursing mode worthy of promotion and application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81371521
文摘Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery （FLAIR） vascular hyperintensity （FVH） is used to assess leptomeningeal collateral circulation, but clinical outcomes of patients with FVH can be very different. The aim of the present study was to assess a FVH score and explore its relationship with clinical outcomes. Patients with acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery M1 occlusion underwent magnetic resonance imaging and were followed up at 10 days （National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale） and 90 days （modified Rankin Scale） to determine short-term clinical outcomes. Effective collateral circulation indirectly improved recovery of neurological function and short-term clinical outcome by extending the size of the pial penumbra and reducing infarct lesions. FVH score showed no correlation with 90-day functional clinical outcome and was not sufficient as an independent predictor of short-term clinical outcome.
基金Supported by research grant from University Putra Malaysia,No.GPIPS/2018/9612600
文摘BACKGROUND There are limited studies on diabetes empowerment among type 2 diabetes patients,particularly in the primary care setting.AIM To assess the diabetes empowerment scores and its correlated factors among type 2 diabetes patients in a primary care clinic in Malaysia.METHODS This is a cross sectional study involving 322 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)followed up in a primary care clinic.Systematic sampling method was used for patient recruitment.The Diabetes Empowerment Scale(DES)questionnaire was used to measure patient empowerment.It consists of three domains:(1)Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes(9 items);(2)Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change(9 items);and(3)Setting and achieving diabetes goal(10 items).A score was considered high if it ranged from 100 to 140.Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and multiple linear regressions was used to identify the predictors of total diabetes empowerment scores.RESULTS The median age of the study population was 55 years old.56%were male and the mean duration of diabetes was 4 years.The total median score of the DES was 110[interquartile range(IQR)=10].The median scores of the three subscales were 40 with(IQR=4)for"Managing the psychosocial aspect of diabetes";36 with(IQR=3)for"Assessing dissatisfaction and readiness to change";and 34 with(IQR=5)for"Setting and achieving diabetes goal".According to multiple linear regressions,factors that had significant correlation with higher empowerment scores among type 2 diabetes patients included an above secondary education level(P<0.001),diabetes education exposure(P=0.003),lack of ischemic heart disease(P=0.017),and lower glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)levels(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Diabetes empowerment scores were high among type 2 diabetes patients in this study population.Predictors for high empowerment scores included above secondary education level,diabetes education exposure,lack of ischemic heart disease status and lower HbA1c.
文摘Score-StoveTM a clean-burning cooking stove that also generates electricity was tested using a pressurized kerosene burner. The Score-Stove works on the principle of thermo-acoustics to gen- erate small-scale electricity. The device having hot-end, cold-end and regenerator acts in a way similar to a stirling cycle generating acoustic power, which is then converted to electricity using a linear actuator. It can supply small power for applications such as LED lighting, mobile phone charging and radios particularly in rural areas without grid electricity as well as improving house- hold air pollution. After assessing the needs of the rural communities through a survey, tea-stalls and small restaurants owners were identified as clients with the most potential of using the stove in Bangladesh. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ((BUET) modified a Score- Stove to use both wood and a pressurized kerosene burner of a design that is widely used for cooking in rural areas of Bangladesh. The design was adapted to meet performance needs such as: heating rate, cooking efficiency, energy distribution, electric power generation, exhaust emissions and time taken to boil water using standardized water boiling tests. Performance was also compared with conventional (non-electrically generating) stoves that use a pressurized kerosene burn- er. The Score-Stove performance was then evaluated while increasing the pressure of the sealed working fluid (air in this case) from atmospheric to about 1.4 bar. The pressurization was found to almost double the power generation. An arrangement for utilizing cooling water waste heat was also devised in order to improve the thermal performance of the stove by 18%. Technical deficiencies are documented and recommendations for improvements and future research in order to obtain wider end-user acceptance are made.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> The main purpose of the present study was to assess the short term performance of a cementless femoral stem in total hip replacement. <strong>Methods:</strong> Cross-sectional observational study of a 48-patient cohort with Phenom? femoral stems implanted between June 1, 2014 and September 1, 2018, to determine clinical performance, stability, and radiographic osseointegration. Patients were followed-up from 13 to 76 months (mean: 44.5 months) and assessed using the Harris Hip Score-HHS, the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-HOOS and radiographs. <strong>Results:</strong> All stems were radiologically stable. Mean Harris Hip Score was 89.8 and the HOOS was 80.4. No statistical differences were observed among patients with different diagnoses. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The short-term results revealed satisfactory clinical outcomes and radiological signs of implant stability in all cases. Using two functional scores was useful in detecting biases and a low to moderate agreement was found between the scores.
文摘The study aims to assess the effect of small scale irrigation adoption to farmers in Nasho sector, Kirehe District in Rwanda. The average yield was 12,309.73 Kg/2.62 ha or 4698.73 Kg/ha for adopters with the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 2819.63 Kg to 4766.59 Kg per unit area of production. For food security status, the average mean quantity of maize consumed at home level was 615.54 Kg with the mean difference ranged from 377.29 Kg to 474.68 Kg. For market participation, the average treatment effect of the treated (ATT) of quantity of maize sold was 11,694.24 Kg while the mean difference ranged from 7165.98 Kg to 9015.60 Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated market price was 213 Frws/Kg while the mean difference ranged from 44.51 Frws/Kg to 48.3053 Frws/Kg. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s revenues for the users was 938,772 Frws/ha, however, the mean difference between adopters and non adopters ranged from 1,732,942 Frws to 2,007,039 Frws. The Average Treatment Effect of the Treated of farmer’s net farm income was 1,066,393 Frws while mean difference between users and non users ranged from 803,967 Frws to 854,141 Frws. For profitability analysis, the cost benefit ratio (CBR) was taken into account. The total benefit per unit area was 2,434,509 Frws and total average mean cost of 1,382,313 Frws and CBR = 1.761 > 1. The findings of this study will help the policy makers for deeper sector planning and also, it will facilitate other stakeholders to invest in irrigation technology to improve the livelihoods of Rwandan farmers and other surroundings.
文摘Objectives: “Patient-reported outcome measures” has been used extensively, and it has shown the diseases’ impact on patient quality of life and has enabled the clinician to evaluate the clinical care efficacy. In the literature, there are more than 34 shoulder function assessment scoring instruments;the Modified Constant Murley Score (M-CMS) is one of the most popular scores. Although, the M-CMS had been translated and culturally adapted to Danish, Brazilian and Turkish versions, there is no Arabic version found in the literature. We aim to translate and culturally adapt M-CMS into the Arabic language. Method: The M-CMS was translated using previously published guidelines. The translation and cultural adaptation were done in five stages, initial translation by two bilingual translators then a synthesis of the translations after that, back translation by two native English speakers. Then an expert committee meeting approved the pre-final Arabic version. Finally, a pilot test was conducted on 41 patients to ensure its validity. Results: The M-CMS was successfully translated from the original English version to the Arabic version;no difficulties in the translation process were faced. Conclusion: A validated Arabic version of the M-CMS was produced and ready to be used for functional assessment of different shoulder pathologies in Arabic-speaking countries. Future study is needed for translation and cultural adaptation of the English standardized test protocol to assure the reproducibility of the Arabic version of the M-CMS.
文摘AIM To develop a new scoring system, nutech functional scores(NFS) for assessing the patients with spinal cord injury(SCI).METHODS The conventional scale, American Spinal Injury Association's(ASIA) impairment scale is a measure which precisely describes the severity of the SCI.However, it has various limitations which lead to incomplete assessment of SCI patients.We have developed a 63 point scoring system, i.e., NFS for patients suffering with SCI.A list of symptoms either common or rare that were found to be associated with SCI was recorded for each patient.On the basis of these lists, we have developed NFS.RESULTS These lists served as a base to prepare NFS, a 63 point positional(each symptom is sub-graded and get points based on position) and directional(moves in direction BAD → GOOD) scoring system.For non-progressive diseases, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 denote worst, bad, moderate, good and best(normal), respectively.NFS for SCI has been divided into different groups based on the affected part of the body being assessed, i.e., motor assessment(shoulders, elbow, wrist, fingers-grasp, fingers-release, hip, knee, ankle and toe), sensory assessment, autonomic assessment, bed sore assessment and general assessment.As probability based studies required a range of(-1, 1) or at least the range of(0, 1) to be useful for real world analysis, the grades were converted to respective numeric values.CONCLUSION NFS can be considered as a unique tool to assess the improvement in patients with SCI as it overcomes the limitations of ASIA impairment scale.
