Background:The type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)pharmacodynamic study of various parts of Schisandra sphenanthera was conducted in the previous stage,and it was found that dichloromethane extracted part(SDP)had a signifi...Background:The type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)pharmacodynamic study of various parts of Schisandra sphenanthera was conducted in the previous stage,and it was found that dichloromethane extracted part(SDP)had a significant hypoglycemic effect.Therefore,the components of SDP were analyzed,and the specific mechanism of its anti-T2DM was explored.Methods:We used a high-fat,high-sugar diet in combination with streptozotocin to induce a T2DM rat model,and the model rats were divided into two groups according to body weight and blood glucose.Triglyceride,oral glucose tolerance test,fasting blood glucose,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,superoxide dismutase,insulin,glycated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,nonesterified free fatty acids,alanine aminotransferase,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,aspartate aminotransferase,malondialdehyde,and glutathione peroxidase were measured,organ indices were calculated,and pathological sections of pancreas and liver were observed.The 16S rRNA V3–V4 region of intestinal flora was sequenced to explore the effect of SDP on biochemical indicators and intestinal flora.Based on the above indicators,the anti-T2DM mechanism of SDP in Schisandra sphenanthera was analyzed.Results:After six weeks of administration,the biochemical indices of diabetic rats were diminished compared to the control group.And SDP could significantly increase the gut microbialα-diversity index,resulting in significant changes in the flora of T2DM rats,with increased richness and diversity,reduced harmful flora,and significantly back-regulated the levels of acetic acid,propionic acid,and butyric acid.Conclusion:SDP can improve the symptoms associated with elevated blood glucose,dyslipidemia,elevated fasting insulin levels,and damaged glucose tolerance in rats.SDP against T2DM may be through the control of intestinal flora to normalize and exert anti-diabetic effect;its main active components may be lignans and terpenoids.展开更多
This study was to investigate the decoloration effects of activated clay, activated carbon, diatomite, Ca group bentonite, kaolin, activated aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and attapulgite. Ultraviolet-visible spectro...This study was to investigate the decoloration effects of activated clay, activated carbon, diatomite, Ca group bentonite, kaolin, activated aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and attapulgite. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopywas adopted to de- tect the absorbanees of the extracts of Schisandra chinensis fruit and rattan stems, the contents of total triterpenoids in S. chinensis fruit and rattan stems were deter- mined, and the decoloration rate and the retention rate of total triterpenoids of S. chi- nensis fruit and rattan stems were calculated. The results indicated that, attapulgite exhibited the best decoloration effect on the extract of S. chinensis fruit, with a de- coloration rate up to 60.47%, activated carbon exhibited a better decoloration effect on the extract of S. chinensis rattan stems, with a decoloration rate up to 69.24%, and they had relatively higher retention rates of total triterpenoids. In the eight de- colorants, attapulgite showed the best decoloration effect on the extract of S. chi- nensis fruit, and activated carbon exhibited the best decoloration effect on the ex- tract of S. chinensisrattan stems.展开更多
Nineteen preschisanartane-type schinortriterpenoids(SNTs),among which eleven ones were previously undescribed,were isolated from two Schisandra species,S.sphaerandra and S.rubriflora.Their structures were determined u...Nineteen preschisanartane-type schinortriterpenoids(SNTs),among which eleven ones were previously undescribed,were isolated from two Schisandra species,S.sphaerandra and S.rubriflora.Their structures were determined using 1 D and 2 D NMR spectroscopic analyses,NMR data comparison,quantum chemical calculation of NMR parameters,electronic circular dichroism(ECD),X-ray single crystal diffraction,and chemical derivation.Furthermore,structural re-examination of a few previously reported preschisanartane-type SNTs led to the structural revision of preschisanartanin J.Besides,it is suggested that the reported structures of arisanlactone D and schilancidilactone W should be re-checked.Finally,a few isolated SNTs were found to possess neurite outgrowthpromoting activities,and protective activities against neural injuries.展开更多
The determination method of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Schisandra chinensis was improved with the high performance liquid chromagraphy （HPLC）. The sample was extracted exceedingly in the critical limit of CO...The determination method of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Schisandra chinensis was improved with the high performance liquid chromagraphy （HPLC）. The sample was extracted exceedingly in the critical limit of CO2. The retention time of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B was reduced, with methano/water （75 ： 25） as mobile phase. The wavelength for detection was 254 nm. The R^2 of standard curve was 0.9998 and the relative standard deviation was 2.31% and 3.17% with the recovery of 96.45% and 97.37%, respectively. The result shows that the rate of veracity of this method is higher and it proves that the determination method of Sehisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Schisandra chinensis is a feasible method.展开更多
The present study was designed to evaluate protective activity of an ethanol extract of the stems of Schisandra chinensis(SCE) and explore its possible molecular mechanisms on acetaminophen(APAP) induced hepatotoxicit...The present study was designed to evaluate protective activity of an ethanol extract of the stems of Schisandra chinensis(SCE) and explore its possible molecular mechanisms on acetaminophen(APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in a mouse model. The results of HPLC analysis showed that the main components of SCE included schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, schisan--drin B, and schisandrin C and their contents were 5.83, 7.11, 2.13, 4.86, 0.42 mg·g^(-1), respectively. SCE extract was given for 7 con--secutive days before a single hepatotoxic dose of APAP(250 mg·kg^(-1)) was injected to mice. Our results showed that SCE pretreatment ameliorated liver dysfunction and oxidative stress, which was evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), malondialdehyde(MDA) contents and elevations in reduced glutathione(GSH) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) levels. These findings were associated with the result that the SCE pretreatment significantly decreased expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal(4-HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine(3-NT). SCE also significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), and cleaved caspase-3 by APAP exposure. Furthermore, supplementation with SCE suppressed the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), suggesting alleviation of inflammatory response. In summary, these findings from the present study clearly demonstrated that SCE exerted significant alleviation in APAP-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis mainly via regulating MAPK and caspase-3 signaling pathways.展开更多
Cholestasis is caused by the obstacle of bile formation or secretion and can develop into severe liver diseases. We previously reported the ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera(Wuzhi tablet, WZ) can significantl...Cholestasis is caused by the obstacle of bile formation or secretion and can develop into severe liver diseases. We previously reported the ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera(Wuzhi tablet, WZ) can significantly protect against lithocholic acid(LCA)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in mice, partially due to the activation of PXR pathway and promotion of liver regeneration.However, the effect of WZ on the bile acids profile and gut microbiome in cholestastic mice remain unknown. In this study, the effect of WZ against LCA-induced liver injury was evaluated and its effect on the bile acids metabolome and gut microbiome profiles in cholestastic mice was further investigated. Targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to examine the change of bile acids in the serum, liver, intestine and feces. The change of intestinal flora were detected by the genomics method. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that WZ enhanced the excretion of bile acids from serum and liver to intestine and feces. Genomics analysis of gut microbiome showed that WZ can reverse LCA-induced gut microbiome disorder to the normal level. In conclusion, WZ protects against LCAinduced cholestastic liver injury by reversing abnormal bile acids profiles and alteration of gut microbiome.展开更多
The chemical constituents of the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera are described for the first time. This investigation has resulted in the isolation of a new phenolic glycoside （1）, along with seven known compounds....The chemical constituents of the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera are described for the first time. This investigation has resulted in the isolation of a new phenolic glycoside （1）, along with seven known compounds. The structure of 1 was assigned by using spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectra.展开更多
Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), has been used to treat sleep disorders. Zebrafish sleep/wake behavioral profiling provides a high-throughput platform to screen chemicals, but has never been ...Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), has been used to treat sleep disorders. Zebrafish sleep/wake behavioral profiling provides a high-throughput platform to screen chemicals, but has never been used to study extracts and components from TCM. In the present study, the ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis and its two main lignin components, schisandrin and schisandrin B, were studied in zebrafish. We found that the ethanol extract had bidirectional improvement in rest and activity in zebrafish. Schisandrin and schisandrin B were both sedative and active components. We predicted that schisandrin was related to serotonin pathway and the enthanol extract of Schisandra chinensis was related to seoronin and domapine pathways using a database of zebrafish behaviors. These predictions were confirmed in experiments using Caenorhabditis elegans. In conclusion, zebrafish behavior profiling could be used as a high-throughput platform to screen neuroactive effects and predict molecular pathways of extracts and components from TCM.展开更多
A new 3,4-seco-lanostane triterpenoid, schisanlactone G （1）, was isolated from the fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.
OBJECTIVE：To evaluate inhibition effect and mech- anism of compound ethanol extracts from Wuweizi （Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis）, Chuanxiong （Rhi- zoma Chuanxiong） and Muli （Cocha Ostreae） （FRC） on glomerula...OBJECTIVE：To evaluate inhibition effect and mech- anism of compound ethanol extracts from Wuweizi （Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis）, Chuanxiong （Rhi- zoma Chuanxiong） and Muli （Cocha Ostreae） （FRC） on glomerular and tubular interstitial fibrosis in streptozocin （STZ）-induced diabetic nephropathy （ND） model mice. METHODS： Twenty-seven male C57BL/6 mice were divided randomly into 3 groups： nondibetic （ND）, STZ-induced diabetic （D）, and STZ-induced diabetic that were treated with .5 g. kg1. daylof FRC by oral gavage （DFRc）, with 9 in each group. The protein ex- pressions of E-cadherin, a-smooth muscle actin （a-SMA）, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 （PAl-l） in renal tissues were investigated by Western blot- ting. The expressions of fibronectin （FN） and o-SMA were detected by immunohistochemical method. The morphological changes of renal tissues were observed under a microscope. RESULTS： Renal tissues in the DFRC group showed a lessened degree of fibrosis. Meanwhile, the expres- sions of FN, o-SMA and PAl-lwere significantly lower in the DrRc group than those in the D group （all P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： FRC can ameliorate the DN in the C57BL/6 mice, and its mechanism may relate to in- hibition on the epithelial to mesenchymal transdif- ferentiation, endothelial-myofibroblast transition and PAl-1 expression.展开更多
Schisandra chinensis Turcz.(Baill.) is a plant species with fruits that have been well known in Far Eastern medicine for a long time. It has traditionally been used as a stimulating and fortifying agent in cases of ph...Schisandra chinensis Turcz.(Baill.) is a plant species with fruits that have been well known in Far Eastern medicine for a long time. It has traditionally been used as a stimulating and fortifying agent in cases of physical exhaustion and to inhibit fatigue.The major bioactive compounds found in S. chinensis are lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. S. chinensis is the ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of lignans, especially the dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton. Genomic information for this important herbal plant is unavailable. To better understand the lignan biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the fruit during ripening and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding136 843 unique transcripts with N50 of 1778 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 41 824 transcripts(51.57%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO(Gene ontology) and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Furthermore, 22 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 15 candidate dirigent proteins genes that were most likely involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway were discovered based on transcriptome sequencing of S. chinensis. The genomic data obtained from S. chinensis, especially the identification of putative genes involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway, will facilitate our understanding of lignan biosynthesis at the molecular level. The lignan metabolite profiles were analyzed by metabolomes, the accumulation patterns of 30 metabolites involved in the lignan pathway were studied. Co-expression network of lignan contents and transcriptional changes showed355 strong correlations(correlation coefficient, R^2 > 0.9) between 21 compounds and 153 transcripts. Furthermore, the comprehensive analysis and characterization of the genes involved in lignan pathways and the metabolite profiles of lignans are expected to provide better insight regarding the diversity of the chemical composition, synthetic characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of this medical herb.展开更多
In order to investigate the influencing factors of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde （5-HMF） content in Schisandra, confirm the theory of 5-HMF deriving mainly from Schisandra processing course, and give some suggestion...In order to investigate the influencing factors of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde （5-HMF） content in Schisandra, confirm the theory of 5-HMF deriving mainly from Schisandra processing course, and give some suggestions about the Schisandra processing method, the 5-HMF contents in decoctions of Schisandra under different heating temperature, decocting time, soaking time, processing methods and treatment with different solvents before decocting the Schisandra were measured by RP-HPLC method. The results showed that there is great difference of 5-HMF level in decoctions from differently processed Schisandra and unprocessed Schisandra; decocting time of 60 rain has some effects on 5-HMF level in decoctions and there is certain quantity 5-HMF in processed Schisandra itself and very little 5-HMF in unprocessed Schisandra. Heating time, heating temperature and treating solvents all have effect on 5-HMF level in decoction of Schisandra. 5-HMF in Schisandra was mainly from processing course. Both long heating time and high heating temperature can increase 5-HMF level in Schisandra. The production of 5-HMF in Schisandra may have some relationships with some polar components, which can dissolve in water, ethanol and acetone, especially in ethanol. To control processing temperature, processing time and treatment with some solvent is very important for controlling 5-HMF level in Schisandra.展开更多
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),which catalyzes the conversion from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid,is a well-known key enzyme and a connecting step between primary and secondary metabolisms in the phenylpropa...Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),which catalyzes the conversion from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid,is a well-known key enzyme and a connecting step between primary and secondary metabolisms in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of plants and microbes.Schisandra chinensis,a woody vine plant belonging to the family of Magnoliaceae,is a rich source of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans exhibiting potent activity.However,the functional role of PAL in the biosynthesis of lignan is relatively limited,compared with those in lignin and flavonoids biosynthesis.Therefore,it is essential to clone and characterize the PAL genes from this valuable medicinal plant.In this study,molecular cloning and characterization of three PAL genes(ScPAL1−3)from S.chinensis was carried out.ScPALs were cloned using RACE PCR.The sequence analysis of the three ScPALs was carried out to give basic characteristics followed by docking analysis.In order to determine their catalytic activity,recombinant protein was obtained by heterologous expression in pCold-TF vector in Escherichia coli(BL21-DE3),followed by Ni-affinity purification.The catalytic product of the purified recombinant proteins was verified using RP-HPLC through comparing with standard compounds.The optimal temperature,pH value and effects of different metal ions were determined.Vmax,Kcat and Km values were determined under the optimal conditions.The expression of three ScPALs in different tissues was also determined.Our work provided essential information for the function of ScPALs.展开更多
Schisanpropinoic acid(1),a new bergamotane sesquiterpenoid,and schisanpropinin(2),a new tetrahydrofuran lignan with a rare epoxyethane unit,were identified from the stems and leaves of Schisandra propinqua var.propinq...Schisanpropinoic acid(1),a new bergamotane sesquiterpenoid,and schisanpropinin(2),a new tetrahydrofuran lignan with a rare epoxyethane unit,were identified from the stems and leaves of Schisandra propinqua var.propinqua.Their structures were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis.The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by X-ray analysis.Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines.展开更多
BACKGROUND： The most prominent characteristic of brain aging is decreased learning and memory ability. The functions of learning and memory are closely related to intracerebral acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and monoa...BACKGROUND： The most prominent characteristic of brain aging is decreased learning and memory ability. The functions of learning and memory are closely related to intracerebral acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and monoamine neurotransmitter activity. Previous studies have shown that Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide has an anti-aging effect. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effects of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide on AChE activity and monoamine neurotransmitter content, as well as learning and memory ability in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse brain model compared with the positive control drug Kangnaoling. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Completely randomized, controlled experiment based on neurobiochemistry was performed at the Pharmacological Laboratory, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September to December 2003. MATERIALS： Schisandra chinensis was purchased from Henan Provincial Medicinal Company. Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide was obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Kangnaoling pellets were provided by Liaoning Tianlong Pharmaceutical （batch No. 20030804; state drug permit No. H21023095）. A total of 50 six-week-old Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups： blank control, model, Kangnaoling, high and low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups, with 10 mice per group. METHODS： Mice in the blank control group were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mL/20 g normal saline into the nape of the neck each day, while the remaining mice were subcutaneously injected with 5% D-galactose saline solution （0.5 mL/20 g） in the nape for 40 days to induce a brain aging model. On day 11, mice in the high and low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups were intragastrically infused with 20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide solution （0.2 mL/10 g）, respectively. Mice from the Kangnaoling group were intragastrically infused with 35 mg/mL Kangnaoling suspension （0.2 mL/10 g）, and the mice in the model group were intragastrically infused with the same volume of normal saline （0.2 mL/10 g） once per day for 30 consecutive days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Two hours after the final administration, pathohistological changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin ＆ eosin staining. AChE activity was detected using chromatometry. Monoamine neurotransmitter content was measured using fluorimetry. Learning and memory was measured using the step down test and darkness avoidance test. RESULTS： Both Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide and Kangnaoling improved pathological injury to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of brain aging. Compared with the blank control group, AChE activity and content of norepinephrine （NA）, dopamine （DA）, and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） were significantly decreased in the model group （P 〈 0.01 ）. In contrast, AChE activity and NA, DA, and 5-HT levels significantly increased in the Kangnaoling and high dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups （P 〈 0.01）, while NA levels significantly increased in the low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide group （P 〈 0.01）. Drug treatment improved learning and memory abilities （P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide significantly increased levels of central neurotransmitters and improved learning and memory in a mouse model of brain aging. The effects of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide were equal to that of Kangnaoling pellets.展开更多
A new 18-norschiartane bisnortriterpenoid,12-angeloyl wuweizidilactone I(1)and nine known compounds,wuweizidilactone I(2),wuweizidilactone G(3),deoxychizandrin(4),sasanquin(5),orcinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),okanin-...A new 18-norschiartane bisnortriterpenoid,12-angeloyl wuweizidilactone I(1)and nine known compounds,wuweizidilactone I(2),wuweizidilactone G(3),deoxychizandrin(4),sasanquin(5),orcinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),okanin-4-methyl ether-3’-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(7),evemic acid(8),juglansol A(9)and 2-acetoxybenzyl benzoate(10),were isolated from the fruits of Schisandra Chinensis.Their structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic data analysis in addition to comparison with literature data.Compound 1 was new,and compounds 6–10 were isolated from Schisandrae Chinensis for the first time.展开更多
The essential oil of Schisandra Chinensis(Turc z.) Baill was extracted and analyzed. The essential oil was obtained in a 1.8%(mL/100 g material) yield. Forty eight compounds were isolated and characterized from the oi...The essential oil of Schisandra Chinensis(Turc z.) Baill was extracted and analyzed. The essential oil was obtained in a 1.8%(mL/100 g material) yield. Forty eight compounds were isolated and characterized from the oil. The results show that the content(20.42%) of β -pinene of naturally essential oil is the highest among the components of the oil,which has laid a foundation for the futher development and application of the stems of Schisandra Chinensis(Turc z.) Baill .展开更多
A high-speed counter-current chromatography （HSCCC） method was successfully developed for the preparative separation and purification of deoxyschizandrin from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus in one step. The purit...A high-speed counter-current chromatography （HSCCC） method was successfully developed for the preparative separation and purification of deoxyschizandrin from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus in one step. The purity of deoxyschizandrin was 98.5%, and the structure was identified by MS, UV and NMR. This method was simple, fast, convenient and appropriate to prepare pure compound as reference substances for related research on Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fmctus.展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Foundation of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82174111)the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Sci-Tech Innovation Talent System Construction Program of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine(No.2023-CXTD-05).
文摘Background:The type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)pharmacodynamic study of various parts of Schisandra sphenanthera was conducted in the previous stage,and it was found that dichloromethane extracted part(SDP)had a significant hypoglycemic effect.Therefore,the components of SDP were analyzed,and the specific mechanism of its anti-T2DM was explored.Methods:We used a high-fat,high-sugar diet in combination with streptozotocin to induce a T2DM rat model,and the model rats were divided into two groups according to body weight and blood glucose.Triglyceride,oral glucose tolerance test,fasting blood glucose,low density lipoprotein cholesterol,superoxide dismutase,insulin,glycated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,nonesterified free fatty acids,alanine aminotransferase,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,aspartate aminotransferase,malondialdehyde,and glutathione peroxidase were measured,organ indices were calculated,and pathological sections of pancreas and liver were observed.The 16S rRNA V3–V4 region of intestinal flora was sequenced to explore the effect of SDP on biochemical indicators and intestinal flora.Based on the above indicators,the anti-T2DM mechanism of SDP in Schisandra sphenanthera was analyzed.Results:After six weeks of administration,the biochemical indices of diabetic rats were diminished compared to the control group.And SDP could significantly increase the gut microbialα-diversity index,resulting in significant changes in the flora of T2DM rats,with increased richness and diversity,reduced harmful flora,and significantly back-regulated the levels of acetic acid,propionic acid,and butyric acid.Conclusion:SDP can improve the symptoms associated with elevated blood glucose,dyslipidemia,elevated fasting insulin levels,and damaged glucose tolerance in rats.SDP against T2DM may be through the control of intestinal flora to normalize and exert anti-diabetic effect;its main active components may be lignans and terpenoids.
基金Supported by Key Science and Technology Research and Development Program of Jilin Province(20140204068YY,20140204062YY)Special Fund for Pharmaceutical Industry Development of Jilin Province(YYZW201246)~~
文摘This study was to investigate the decoloration effects of activated clay, activated carbon, diatomite, Ca group bentonite, kaolin, activated aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and attapulgite. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopywas adopted to de- tect the absorbanees of the extracts of Schisandra chinensis fruit and rattan stems, the contents of total triterpenoids in S. chinensis fruit and rattan stems were deter- mined, and the decoloration rate and the retention rate of total triterpenoids of S. chi- nensis fruit and rattan stems were calculated. The results indicated that, attapulgite exhibited the best decoloration effect on the extract of S. chinensis fruit, with a de- coloration rate up to 60.47%, activated carbon exhibited a better decoloration effect on the extract of S. chinensis rattan stems, with a decoloration rate up to 69.24%, and they had relatively higher retention rates of total triterpenoids. In the eight de- colorants, attapulgite showed the best decoloration effect on the extract of S. chi- nensis fruit, and activated carbon exhibited the best decoloration effect on the ex- tract of S. chinensisrattan stems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81903520)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(No.2019QZKK0502)
文摘Nineteen preschisanartane-type schinortriterpenoids(SNTs),among which eleven ones were previously undescribed,were isolated from two Schisandra species,S.sphaerandra and S.rubriflora.Their structures were determined using 1 D and 2 D NMR spectroscopic analyses,NMR data comparison,quantum chemical calculation of NMR parameters,electronic circular dichroism(ECD),X-ray single crystal diffraction,and chemical derivation.Furthermore,structural re-examination of a few previously reported preschisanartane-type SNTs led to the structural revision of preschisanartanin J.Besides,it is suggested that the reported structures of arisanlactone D and schilancidilactone W should be re-checked.Finally,a few isolated SNTs were found to possess neurite outgrowthpromoting activities,and protective activities against neural injuries.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2004CB11750-5)
文摘The determination method of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Schisandra chinensis was improved with the high performance liquid chromagraphy （HPLC）. The sample was extracted exceedingly in the critical limit of CO2. The retention time of Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B was reduced, with methano/water （75 ： 25） as mobile phase. The wavelength for detection was 254 nm. The R^2 of standard curve was 0.9998 and the relative standard deviation was 2.31% and 3.17% with the recovery of 96.45% and 97.37%, respectively. The result shows that the rate of veracity of this method is higher and it proves that the determination method of Sehisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Schisandra chinensis is a feasible method.
基金supported by the grants of Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars(Jilin Province,2015)Jilin Science&Technology Development Plan(No.20160209008YY)the Program for the Young Top-notch and Innovative Talents of Jilin Agricultural University(2016-2018)
文摘The present study was designed to evaluate protective activity of an ethanol extract of the stems of Schisandra chinensis(SCE) and explore its possible molecular mechanisms on acetaminophen(APAP) induced hepatotoxicity in a mouse model. The results of HPLC analysis showed that the main components of SCE included schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschisandrin, schisan--drin B, and schisandrin C and their contents were 5.83, 7.11, 2.13, 4.86, 0.42 mg·g^(-1), respectively. SCE extract was given for 7 con--secutive days before a single hepatotoxic dose of APAP(250 mg·kg^(-1)) was injected to mice. Our results showed that SCE pretreatment ameliorated liver dysfunction and oxidative stress, which was evidenced by significant decreases in aspartate transaminase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), malondialdehyde(MDA) contents and elevations in reduced glutathione(GSH) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) levels. These findings were associated with the result that the SCE pretreatment significantly decreased expression levels of 4-hydroxynonenal(4-HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine(3-NT). SCE also significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), and cleaved caspase-3 by APAP exposure. Furthermore, supplementation with SCE suppressed the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), suggesting alleviation of inflammatory response. In summary, these findings from the present study clearly demonstrated that SCE exerted significant alleviation in APAP-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis mainly via regulating MAPK and caspase-3 signaling pathways.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81973392,81573489)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2017YFE 0109900)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(No.2017A030311018)the 111 project(No.B16047)the Key Laboratory Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2017B030314030)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2017BT01Y093)the National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New drug Druggability Evaluation(Seed Program of Guangdong Province,No.2017B090903004)。
文摘Cholestasis is caused by the obstacle of bile formation or secretion and can develop into severe liver diseases. We previously reported the ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera(Wuzhi tablet, WZ) can significantly protect against lithocholic acid(LCA)-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in mice, partially due to the activation of PXR pathway and promotion of liver regeneration.However, the effect of WZ on the bile acids profile and gut microbiome in cholestastic mice remain unknown. In this study, the effect of WZ against LCA-induced liver injury was evaluated and its effect on the bile acids metabolome and gut microbiome profiles in cholestastic mice was further investigated. Targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to examine the change of bile acids in the serum, liver, intestine and feces. The change of intestinal flora were detected by the genomics method. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that WZ enhanced the excretion of bile acids from serum and liver to intestine and feces. Genomics analysis of gut microbiome showed that WZ can reverse LCA-induced gut microbiome disorder to the normal level. In conclusion, WZ protects against LCAinduced cholestastic liver injury by reversing abnormal bile acids profiles and alteration of gut microbiome.
基金The work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 20402016）；the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province （No. 2005py01-32）；the Foundation of Excellent Ph.D. Dissertation of Chinese Academy of Sciences （No. O0602551221）；the Program for New Century Excellent Talents on University （No. NCET-06-0824）.
文摘The chemical constituents of the stems of Schisandra sphenanthera are described for the first time. This investigation has resulted in the isolation of a new phenolic glycoside （1）, along with seven known compounds. The structure of 1 was assigned by using spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR spectra.
基金supported by Guangzhou Clinical Research and Translational Centre for Major Neurological Diseases(No.201604020010)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2015A030310255)
文摘Schisandra chinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), has been used to treat sleep disorders. Zebrafish sleep/wake behavioral profiling provides a high-throughput platform to screen chemicals, but has never been used to study extracts and components from TCM. In the present study, the ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis and its two main lignin components, schisandrin and schisandrin B, were studied in zebrafish. We found that the ethanol extract had bidirectional improvement in rest and activity in zebrafish. Schisandrin and schisandrin B were both sedative and active components. We predicted that schisandrin was related to serotonin pathway and the enthanol extract of Schisandra chinensis was related to seoronin and domapine pathways using a database of zebrafish behaviors. These predictions were confirmed in experiments using Caenorhabditis elegans. In conclusion, zebrafish behavior profiling could be used as a high-throughput platform to screen neuroactive effects and predict molecular pathways of extracts and components from TCM.
基金supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of PR China(No.200780)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents on University(No.NCET-06-0824)the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2005py01-32).
文摘A new 3,4-seco-lanostane triterpenoid, schisanlactone G （1）, was isolated from the fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis.
文摘OBJECTIVE：To evaluate inhibition effect and mech- anism of compound ethanol extracts from Wuweizi （Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis）, Chuanxiong （Rhi- zoma Chuanxiong） and Muli （Cocha Ostreae） （FRC） on glomerular and tubular interstitial fibrosis in streptozocin （STZ）-induced diabetic nephropathy （ND） model mice. METHODS： Twenty-seven male C57BL/6 mice were divided randomly into 3 groups： nondibetic （ND）, STZ-induced diabetic （D）, and STZ-induced diabetic that were treated with .5 g. kg1. daylof FRC by oral gavage （DFRc）, with 9 in each group. The protein ex- pressions of E-cadherin, a-smooth muscle actin （a-SMA）, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 （PAl-l） in renal tissues were investigated by Western blot- ting. The expressions of fibronectin （FN） and o-SMA were detected by immunohistochemical method. The morphological changes of renal tissues were observed under a microscope. RESULTS： Renal tissues in the DFRC group showed a lessened degree of fibrosis. Meanwhile, the expres- sions of FN, o-SMA and PAl-lwere significantly lower in the DrRc group than those in the D group （all P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： FRC can ameliorate the DN in the C57BL/6 mice, and its mechanism may relate to in- hibition on the epithelial to mesenchymal transdif- ferentiation, endothelial-myofibroblast transition and PAl-1 expression.
基金supported by the Achievement Conversion Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (No.2014GB2B100007)the Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Jilin Province (No. JJKH20180640KJ)。
文摘Schisandra chinensis Turcz.(Baill.) is a plant species with fruits that have been well known in Far Eastern medicine for a long time. It has traditionally been used as a stimulating and fortifying agent in cases of physical exhaustion and to inhibit fatigue.The major bioactive compounds found in S. chinensis are lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton, but little is known about their biosynthesis in plants. S. chinensis is the ideal medicinal plant for studying the biosynthesis of lignans, especially the dibenzocyclooctadiene skeleton. Genomic information for this important herbal plant is unavailable. To better understand the lignan biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the fruit during ripening and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding136 843 unique transcripts with N50 of 1778 bp. Putative functions could be assigned to 41 824 transcripts(51.57%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases including GO(Gene ontology) and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes). Furthermore, 22 candidate cytochrome P450 genes and 15 candidate dirigent proteins genes that were most likely involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway were discovered based on transcriptome sequencing of S. chinensis. The genomic data obtained from S. chinensis, especially the identification of putative genes involved in the lignan biosynthesis pathway, will facilitate our understanding of lignan biosynthesis at the molecular level. The lignan metabolite profiles were analyzed by metabolomes, the accumulation patterns of 30 metabolites involved in the lignan pathway were studied. Co-expression network of lignan contents and transcriptional changes showed355 strong correlations(correlation coefficient, R^2 > 0.9) between 21 compounds and 153 transcripts. Furthermore, the comprehensive analysis and characterization of the genes involved in lignan pathways and the metabolite profiles of lignans are expected to provide better insight regarding the diversity of the chemical composition, synthetic characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms of this medical herb.
基金Project supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2004CCA05500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20476089) the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. Y405157)
文摘In order to investigate the influencing factors of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde （5-HMF） content in Schisandra, confirm the theory of 5-HMF deriving mainly from Schisandra processing course, and give some suggestions about the Schisandra processing method, the 5-HMF contents in decoctions of Schisandra under different heating temperature, decocting time, soaking time, processing methods and treatment with different solvents before decocting the Schisandra were measured by RP-HPLC method. The results showed that there is great difference of 5-HMF level in decoctions from differently processed Schisandra and unprocessed Schisandra; decocting time of 60 rain has some effects on 5-HMF level in decoctions and there is certain quantity 5-HMF in processed Schisandra itself and very little 5-HMF in unprocessed Schisandra. Heating time, heating temperature and treating solvents all have effect on 5-HMF level in decoction of Schisandra. 5-HMF in Schisandra was mainly from processing course. Both long heating time and high heating temperature can increase 5-HMF level in Schisandra. The production of 5-HMF in Schisandra may have some relationships with some polar components, which can dissolve in water, ethanol and acetone, especially in ethanol. To control processing temperature, processing time and treatment with some solvent is very important for controlling 5-HMF level in Schisandra.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC1701200).
文摘Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),which catalyzes the conversion from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid,is a well-known key enzyme and a connecting step between primary and secondary metabolisms in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway of plants and microbes.Schisandra chinensis,a woody vine plant belonging to the family of Magnoliaceae,is a rich source of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans exhibiting potent activity.However,the functional role of PAL in the biosynthesis of lignan is relatively limited,compared with those in lignin and flavonoids biosynthesis.Therefore,it is essential to clone and characterize the PAL genes from this valuable medicinal plant.In this study,molecular cloning and characterization of three PAL genes(ScPAL1−3)from S.chinensis was carried out.ScPALs were cloned using RACE PCR.The sequence analysis of the three ScPALs was carried out to give basic characteristics followed by docking analysis.In order to determine their catalytic activity,recombinant protein was obtained by heterologous expression in pCold-TF vector in Escherichia coli(BL21-DE3),followed by Ni-affinity purification.The catalytic product of the purified recombinant proteins was verified using RP-HPLC through comparing with standard compounds.The optimal temperature,pH value and effects of different metal ions were determined.Vmax,Kcat and Km values were determined under the optimal conditions.The expression of three ScPALs in different tissues was also determined.Our work provided essential information for the function of ScPALs.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81373290 and 21322204).
文摘Schisanpropinoic acid(1),a new bergamotane sesquiterpenoid,and schisanpropinin(2),a new tetrahydrofuran lignan with a rare epoxyethane unit,were identified from the stems and leaves of Schisandra propinqua var.propinqua.Their structures were determined based on comprehensive spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis.The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by X-ray analysis.Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines.
基金Support Program for New Century Excellent Talents in the National Ministry of Education,No. NCET-04-0657Henan Project for cultivation of Innovation Talents in Colleges and Universities No.2004-23
文摘BACKGROUND： The most prominent characteristic of brain aging is decreased learning and memory ability. The functions of learning and memory are closely related to intracerebral acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and monoamine neurotransmitter activity. Previous studies have shown that Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide has an anti-aging effect. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effects of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide on AChE activity and monoamine neurotransmitter content, as well as learning and memory ability in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse brain model compared with the positive control drug Kangnaoling. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Completely randomized, controlled experiment based on neurobiochemistry was performed at the Pharmacological Laboratory, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September to December 2003. MATERIALS： Schisandra chinensis was purchased from Henan Provincial Medicinal Company. Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide was obtained by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Kangnaoling pellets were provided by Liaoning Tianlong Pharmaceutical （batch No. 20030804; state drug permit No. H21023095）. A total of 50 six-week-old Kunming mice were randomly divided into five groups： blank control, model, Kangnaoling, high and low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups, with 10 mice per group. METHODS： Mice in the blank control group were subcutaneously injected with 0.5 mL/20 g normal saline into the nape of the neck each day, while the remaining mice were subcutaneously injected with 5% D-galactose saline solution （0.5 mL/20 g） in the nape for 40 days to induce a brain aging model. On day 11, mice in the high and low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups were intragastrically infused with 20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide solution （0.2 mL/10 g）, respectively. Mice from the Kangnaoling group were intragastrically infused with 35 mg/mL Kangnaoling suspension （0.2 mL/10 g）, and the mice in the model group were intragastrically infused with the same volume of normal saline （0.2 mL/10 g） once per day for 30 consecutive days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Two hours after the final administration, pathohistological changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin ＆ eosin staining. AChE activity was detected using chromatometry. Monoamine neurotransmitter content was measured using fluorimetry. Learning and memory was measured using the step down test and darkness avoidance test. RESULTS： Both Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide and Kangnaoling improved pathological injury to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of brain aging. Compared with the blank control group, AChE activity and content of norepinephrine （NA）, dopamine （DA）, and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） were significantly decreased in the model group （P 〈 0.01 ）. In contrast, AChE activity and NA, DA, and 5-HT levels significantly increased in the Kangnaoling and high dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide groups （P 〈 0.01）, while NA levels significantly increased in the low dosage Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide group （P 〈 0.01）. Drug treatment improved learning and memory abilities （P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide significantly increased levels of central neurotransmitters and improved learning and memory in a mouse model of brain aging. The effects of Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide were equal to that of Kangnaoling pellets.
文摘A new 18-norschiartane bisnortriterpenoid,12-angeloyl wuweizidilactone I(1)and nine known compounds,wuweizidilactone I(2),wuweizidilactone G(3),deoxychizandrin(4),sasanquin(5),orcinol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6),okanin-4-methyl ether-3’-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(7),evemic acid(8),juglansol A(9)and 2-acetoxybenzyl benzoate(10),were isolated from the fruits of Schisandra Chinensis.Their structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic data analysis in addition to comparison with literature data.Compound 1 was new,and compounds 6–10 were isolated from Schisandrae Chinensis for the first time.
文摘The essential oil of Schisandra Chinensis(Turc z.) Baill was extracted and analyzed. The essential oil was obtained in a 1.8%(mL/100 g material) yield. Forty eight compounds were isolated and characterized from the oil. The results show that the content(20.42%) of β -pinene of naturally essential oil is the highest among the components of the oil,which has laid a foundation for the futher development and application of the stems of Schisandra Chinensis(Turc z.) Baill .
基金supported by the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Program of China(No.2009DFA31230)the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Program from Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2010B090400533)
文摘A high-speed counter-current chromatography （HSCCC） method was successfully developed for the preparative separation and purification of deoxyschizandrin from Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus in one step. The purity of deoxyschizandrin was 98.5%, and the structure was identified by MS, UV and NMR. This method was simple, fast, convenient and appropriate to prepare pure compound as reference substances for related research on Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fmctus.
