The smart meter communication system has substantial application value for the construction and upgrading of the entire power system.The deployment of the transmitter(Tx)of the smart meter system in the residential sc...The smart meter communication system has substantial application value for the construction and upgrading of the entire power system.The deployment of the transmitter(Tx)of the smart meter system in the residential scenarios is vexed by the need for more theoretical support.This paper mainly studies the communication channel between the Tx at semibasement and receiver(Rx)at outdoor.The design of an effective communication system relies on an accurate understanding of channel characteristics.Channel measurements and ray-tracing channel modeling are conducted to obtain channel data.The influence of different positions at same semi-basement is studied.Typical channel characteristics are analyzed,such as power delay profile(PDP),power angular profile(PAP),root-mean-square(RMS)delay spread(DS),channel capacity,received power,and path loss.The influence of different semi-basement placements and different floor heights is also compared.Besides,the channel measurements and simulation data fit well,which can illustrate the validity and reliability of the acquired channel data.This paper can provide theoretical support for the design and optimization of smart meter communication systems in semi-basement scenarios.展开更多
Precision actuation is a foundational technology in high-end equipment domains,where stroke,velocity,and accuracy are critical for processing and/or detection quality,precision in spacecraft flight trajectories,and ac...Precision actuation is a foundational technology in high-end equipment domains,where stroke,velocity,and accuracy are critical for processing and/or detection quality,precision in spacecraft flight trajectories,and accuracy in weapon system strikes.Piezoelectric actuators(PEAs),known for their nanometer-level precision,flexible stroke,resistance to electromagnetic interference,and scalable structure,have been widely adopted across various fields.Therefore,this study focuses on extreme scenarios involving ultra-high precision(micrometer and beyond),minuscule scales,and highly complex operational conditions.It provides a comprehensive overview of the types,working principles,advantages,and disadvantages of PEAs,along with their potential applications in piezo-actuated smart mechatronic systems(PSMSs).To address the demands of extreme scenarios in high-end equipment fields,we have identified five representative application areas:positioning and alignment,biomedical device configuration,advanced manufacturing and processing,vibration mitigation,micro robot system.Each area is further divided into specific subcategories,where we explore the underlying relationships,mechanisms,representative schemes,and characteristics.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future development trends related to PEAs and PSMSs.This work aims to showcase the latest advancements in the application of PEAs and provide valuable guidance for researchers in this field.展开更多
With the rapid development of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies,their application potential in the field of education has become increasingly significant.For a long time,fire safety education in...With the rapid development of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies,their application potential in the field of education has become increasingly significant.For a long time,fire safety education in university laboratories has faced numerous challenges,and traditional teaching methods have been insufficiently effective,with high-risk scenarios difficult to realistically recreate.Especially in special scenarios involving hazardous chemicals,conventional training methods struggle to enable learners to achieve deep understanding and behavioral formation.This study systematically integrates immersive technology theory with safety education needs,providing a replicable technical solution for safety education in high-risk environments.Its modular design approach has reference value for expansion into other professional fields,offering practical evidence for innovation in safety education models in the digital age.展开更多
A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These...A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These approaches exploit railway safety data once the transport system has received authorization for commissioning.However,railway standards and regulations require the development of a safety management system(SMS)from the specification and design phases of the railway system.This article proposes a new AI approach for analyzing and assessing safety from the specification and design phases of the railway system with a view to improving the development of the SMS.Unlike some learning methods,the proposed approach,which is dedicated in particular to safety assessment bodies,is based on semi-supervised learning carried out in close collaboration with safety experts who contributed to the development of a database of potential accident scenarios(learning example database)relating to the risk of rail collision.The proposed decision support is based on the use of an expert system whose knowledge base is automatically generated by inductive learning in the form of an association rule(rule base)and whose main objective is to suggest to the safety expert possible hazards not considered during the development of the SMS to complete the initial hazard register.展开更多
Climate change and anthropogenic pressures increasingly threaten the ecological integrity of inland water bodies,particularly saline lakes due to their unique hydrological and biological features.This review focuses o...Climate change and anthropogenic pressures increasingly threaten the ecological integrity of inland water bodies,particularly saline lakes due to their unique hydrological and biological features.This review focuses on Lake Tudakul,one of Uzbekistan’s largest saline lakes and a Ramsar-listed wetland,assessing its vulnerability under future climate scenarios.The study integrates climate scenario modeling(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)with standardized ecotoxicological bioassays—Microtox®,MARA,algal growth inhibition,Lemna minor,and Daphnia magna toxicity tests—to evaluate combined effects of rising temperatures(2.0℃and 4.5℃)and chemical pollutants.Results reveal increased biological sensitivity to contaminants under elevated temperatures,suggesting potential synergistic impacts that may disrupt lake ecosystem structure and function.Lake Tudakul,a regional biodiversity hotspot,is exposed to agrochemical runoff,increasing salinity,and microplastic pollution,threatening aquatic organisms and ecological services.The accumulation and trophic transfer of pollutants—such as heavy metals,persistent organic compounds,and micro(nano)plastics—pose risks to food webs,public health,and water safety.These stressors may also increase the likelihood of harmful algal blooms and cyanotoxin outbreaks.The study emphasizes the urgent need for early-warning systems,adaptive management,and transboundary cooperation to mitigate ecological risks.Lake Tudakul exemplifies the vulnerability of semi-arid lakes under compounding climate and human pressures,highlighting the importance of integrative,ecosystem-based strategies to safeguard biodiversity and freshwater resources.展开更多
The frequent outbreaks of crop diseases pose a serious threat to global agricultural production and food security.Data-driven forecasting models have emerged as an effective approach to support early warning and manag...The frequent outbreaks of crop diseases pose a serious threat to global agricultural production and food security.Data-driven forecasting models have emerged as an effective approach to support early warning and management,yet the lack of user-friendly tools for model development remains a major bottleneck.This study presents the Multi-Scenario Crop Disease Forecasting Modeling System(MSDFS),an open-source platform that enables end-to-end model construction-from multi-source data ingestion and feature engineering to training,evaluation,and deployment-across four representative scenarios:static point-based,static grid-based,dynamic point-based,and dynamic grid-based.Unlike conventional frameworks,MSDFS emphasizes modeling flexibility,allowing users to build,compare,and interpret diverse forecasting approaches within a unified workflow.A notable feature of the system is the integration of a weather scenario generator,which facilitates comprehensive testing of model performance and adaptability under extreme climatic conditions.Case studies corresponding to the four scenarios were used to validate the system,with overall accuracy(OA)ranging from 73%to 93%.By lowering technical barriers,the system is designed to serve plant protection managers and agricultural producers without advanced programming expertise,providing a practical modeling tool that supports the construction of smart plant protection systems.展开更多
With the popularization of microgrid construction and the connection of renewable energy sources to the power system,the problem of source and load uncertainty faced by the coordinated operation of multi-microgrid is ...With the popularization of microgrid construction and the connection of renewable energy sources to the power system,the problem of source and load uncertainty faced by the coordinated operation of multi-microgrid is becoming increasingly prominent,and the accuracy of typical scenario predictions is low.In order to improve the accuracy of scenario prediction under source and load uncertainty,this paper proposes a typical scenario identification model based on random forests and order parameters.Firstly,a method for ordinal parameter identification and quantification is provided for the coordinated operating mode of multi-microgrids,taking into account source-load uncertainty.Secondly,the dynamic change characteristics of the order parameters of the daily load curve,wind and solar curve,and load curve of typical scenarios are statistically analyzed to identify the key order parameters that have the most significant impact on the uncertainty of the load.Then,the order parameters and seasonal distribution are used as features to train a random forest classification model to achieve efficient scenario prediction.Finally,the simulation of actual data from a provincial distribution network shows that the proposed method can accurately classify typical scenarios with an accuracy rate of 92.7%.Additionally,sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess how changes in uncertainty levels affect the importance of each order parameter,allowing for adaptive uncertainty mitigation strategies.展开更多
Extracting typical operational scenarios is essential for making flexible decisions in the dispatch of a new power system.A novel deep time series aggregation scheme(DTSAs)is proposed to generate typical operational s...Extracting typical operational scenarios is essential for making flexible decisions in the dispatch of a new power system.A novel deep time series aggregation scheme(DTSAs)is proposed to generate typical operational scenarios,considering the large amount of historical operational snapshot data.Specifically,DTSAs analyse the intrinsic mechanisms of different scheduling operational scenario switching to mathematically represent typical operational scenarios.A Gramian angular summation field-based operational scenario image encoder was designed to convert operational scenario sequences into highdimensional spaces.This enables DTSAs to fully capture the spatiotemporal characteristics of new power systems using deep feature iterative aggregation models.The encoder also facilitates the generation of typical operational scenarios that conform to historical data distributions while ensuring the integrity of grid operational snapshots.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method extracted new fine-grained power system dispatch schemes and outperformed the latest high-dimensional feature-screening methods.In addition,experiments with different new energy access ratios were conducted to verify the robustness of the proposed method.DTSAs enable dispatchers to master the operation experience of the power system in advance,and actively respond to the dynamic changes of the operation scenarios under the high access rate of new energy.展开更多
Compared with traditional energy sources,wind power has a lower environmental impact.However,emissions are still generated across the life cycle of wind turbines,from production to recycling.As wind power rapidly deve...Compared with traditional energy sources,wind power has a lower environmental impact.However,emissions are still generated across the life cycle of wind turbines,from production to recycling.As wind power rapidly develops and deployment increases,these impacts are becoming increasingly evident.A comprehensive understanding of these impacts is crucial for sustainable development.Based on the harmonization of previous detailed life cycle assessment(LCA)studies,this study develops a simplified LCA model that estimates the life cycle environmental impacts of wind turbines based on their nominal power.Using this simplified LCA model,we assess the global warming potential(GWP),acidification potential(AP),and cumulative energy demand(CED)of wind power at the regional scale for 2022 and under three future scenarios(high-power wind turbine promotion,reduced wind curtailment,and a comprehensive development scenario).The results indicate that in 2022,the life cycle GWP,AP,and CED of wind power in western China were 10.76 g CO_(2) eq/kWh,0.177 g SO_(2) eq/kWh,and 17.6 kJ/kWh,respectively.Scenario simulations suggest that reducing wind curtailment is the most effective approach for reducing emissions in Inner Mongolia,Gansu,Qinghai,Ningxia,and Xinjiang,producing average decreases of 8.64%in GWP,8.39%in AP,and 9.26%in CED.In contrast,for Guangxi,Chongqing,Sichuan,Guizhou,Yunnan,Xizang,and Shaanxi,the promotion of high-power wind turbines provides greater environmental benefits than reducing curtailment,producing average decreases of 3.45%,3.09%,and 4.29%in GWP,AP,and CED,respectively.These findings help clarify the environmental impact of wind power across its life cycle at the regional scale and provide theoretical references for the direction of future wind power development and the formulation of related policies.展开更多
GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its...GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its tendency to overlook single-pixel well facies conditioning data that can cause local facies disconnections around wells,an enhanced GANSim framework is proposed.The effectiveness of the enhanced GANSim is validated using a 3D multi-scenario,non-stationary turbidite fan reservoir.For reservoirs that may involve multiple geological scenarios,two GANSim geomodelling workflows are proposed:(1)training a comprehensive GANSim model that covers all possible geological scenarios;and(2)first performing geological scenario falsification and then training GANSim models only for the unfalsified scenarios.On this basis,a local discriminator architecture is designed to improve facies continuity around wells.The modelling results show that both workflows can generate non-stationary facies models that conform to expected geological patterns and honor conditioning data,and the facies discontinuity issue around wells is effectively resolved.Compared with multipoint geostatistical methods(SNESIM),GANSim exhibits superior capability in reproducing geological patterns and modelling efficiency.Although GANSim requires a long training time,once training is completed,it can be applied to geomodelling reservoirs of arbitrary scale with similar geological structures,achieving modelling speeds approximately 1000 times faster than SNESIM.展开更多
Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in ...Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.展开更多
Ensuring reliable power supply in urban distribution networks is a complex and critical task.To address the increased demand during extreme scenarios,this paper proposes an optimal dispatch strategy that considers the...Ensuring reliable power supply in urban distribution networks is a complex and critical task.To address the increased demand during extreme scenarios,this paper proposes an optimal dispatch strategy that considers the coordination with virtual power plants(VPPs).The proposed strategy improves systemflexibility and responsiveness by optimizing the power adjustment of flexible resources.In the proposed strategy,theGaussian Process Regression(GPR)is firstly employed to determine the adjustable range of aggregated power within the VPP,facilitating an assessment of its potential contribution to power supply support.Then,an optimal dispatch model based on a leader-follower game is developed to maximize the benefits of the VPP and flexible resources while guaranteeing the power balance at the same time.To solve the proposed optimal dispatch model efficiently,the constraints of the problem are reformulated and resolved using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)optimality conditions and linear programming duality theorem.The effectiveness of the strategy is illustrated through a detailed case study.展开更多
Northwest China serves as a critical ecological barrier region for maintaining national water,energy,and food security,as well as transboundary ecological governance.However,under the dual pressures of climate change ...Northwest China serves as a critical ecological barrier region for maintaining national water,energy,and food security,as well as transboundary ecological governance.However,under the dual pressures of climate change and human activities,ecosystem services(ESs)are facing severe challenges in this region.Based on multi-source remote sensing and statistical data during 2000–2020,this study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of four key ESs(water yield,habitat quality,carbon storage,and food provisioning)in Northwest China using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.Integrating morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)and circuit theory,we identified ecological sources,corridors,pinch points,and barriers,and further designed three optimization scenarios(bottleneck optimization,high-resistance corridor buffering,and barrier removal optimization)to enhance landscape connectivity.The results revealed that ES supply and demand exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity,with high-supply areas concentrated in the southeastern sectors.Ecological sources primarily distributed in the southeastern and northern sectors,and ecological resistance surfaces continuously intensified.Water yield and habitat quality demands were increasing,food provisioning demand was decreasing,and carbon storage demand was surging.A total of 61 ecological sources(8%of the study area),142 ecological corridors(24,957 km in total length),237 ecological pinch points,and 89 barrier zones were identified.Among the three optimization scenarios,barrier removal achieved optimal connectivity improvement across all distance thresholds,with the probability of connectivity index improvement reaching up to 4%.This study provides scientific foundations and spatial decision support for ecological network optimization and sustainable governance in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
Coordinating urban development with the protection of water resources is a serious global challenge faced by countries worldwide.This study constructed the coupled Water Ecological Security Pattern-Future Land Use Sim...Coordinating urban development with the protection of water resources is a serious global challenge faced by countries worldwide.This study constructed the coupled Water Ecological Security Pattern-Future Land Use Simulation(WESP-FLUS) model by integrating methods for identifying water–ecological sensitive areas and simulating land use type changes.Taking the Lanzhou-Baiyin metropolitan area in arid region of northwestern China as a case study,this research simulated land use patterns in 2030 under four development scenarios(natural development,urban economic optimization,ecological conservation priority,and urban-water coordinated development scenarios).The results identified 109.81 km^(2) of water–ecological source areas and 43 water–ecological corridors with a total length of 1255.4 km.Predicted land use patterns for 2030 displayed diverse trends,constrained by water–ecological sensitive areas across different scenarios,with urban built-up land mainly expanding radially around the central urban axis.The urban-water coordinated development scenario was the optimal solution that meets both urban development needs and water–ecological protection objectives.The urban built-up land could reach 546.68 km2 in 2030,representing a 91.39 km^(2) increase compared to 2020.This study aims to improve spatial planning methods under the “determining cities by water” concept,scientifically supporting territorial spatial planning and providing theoretical support for the coupling of urban development and natural environment in water-scarce arid regions.展开更多
Regional land use change is the main cause of the ecosystem carbon storage changes by affecting emission and sink process.However,there has been little research on the influence of land use changes for ecosystem carbo...Regional land use change is the main cause of the ecosystem carbon storage changes by affecting emission and sink process.However,there has been little research on the influence of land use changes for ecosystem carbon storage at both temporal and spatial scales.For this study,the Qihe catchment in the southern part of the Taihang Mountains was taken as an example;its land use change from 2005 to 2015 was analyzed,the Markov-CLUE-S composite model was used to predict land use patterns in 2025 under natural growth,cultivated land protection and ecological conservation scenario,and the land use data were used to evaluate ecosystem carbon storage under different scenarios for the recent 10-year interval and the future based on the carbon storage module of the In VEST model.The results show the following:(1) the ecosystem carbon storage and average carbon density of Qihe catchment were 3.16×107 t and 141.9 t/ha,respectively,and decreased by 0.07×107 t and 2.89 t/ha in the decade evaluated.(2) During 2005–2015,carbon density mainly decreased in low altitude areas.For high altitude area,regions with increased carbon density comprised a similar percentage to regions with decreased carbon density.The significant increase of the construction areas in the middle and lower reaches of Qihe and the degradation of upper reach woodland were core reasons for carbon density decrease.(3) For 2015–2025,under natural growth scenario,carbon storage and carbon density also significantly decrease,mainly due to the decrease of carbon sequestration capacity in low altitude areas;under cultivated land protection scenario,the decrease of carbon storage and carbon density will slow down,mainly due to the increase of carbon sequestration capacity in low altitude areas;under ecological conservation scenario,carbon storage and carbon density significantly increase and reach 3.19×107 t and 143.26 t/ha,respectively,mainly in regions above 1100 m in altitude.Ecological conservation scenario can enhance carbon sequestration capacity but cannot effectively control the reduction of cultivated land areas.Thus,land use planning of research areas should consider both ecological conservation and cultivated land protection scenarios to increase carbon sink and ensure the cultivated land quality and food safety.展开更多
Assessment of vulnerability for natural ecosystem to climate change is a hot topic in climate change and ecology, and will support adapting and mitigating climate change. In this study, LPJ model modified according to...Assessment of vulnerability for natural ecosystem to climate change is a hot topic in climate change and ecology, and will support adapting and mitigating climate change. In this study, LPJ model modified according to features of China＇s natural ecosystems was em- ployed to simulate ecosystem dynamics under A2, B2 and A1B scenarios. Vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was assessed according to the vulnerability assessment model. Based on eco-geographical regions, vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was analyzed. Results suggest that vulnerability for China＇s natural ecosystems would strengthen in the east and weaken in the west, but the pattern of ecosystem vulner- ability would not be altered by climate change, which rises from southeast to northeast gradually. Increase in ecosystem vulnerable degree would mainly concentrate in temperate humid/sub-humid region and warm temperate humid/sub-humid region. Decrease in eco- system vulnerable degree may emerge in northwestern arid region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. In the near-term scale, natural ecosystem in China would be slightly affected by cli- mate change. However, in mid-term and long-term scales, there would be severely adverse effect, particularly in the east with better water and thermal condition.展开更多
Based on the study of the relationship between structure and feedback of China’s natural gas demand system, this paper establishes a system dynamics model. In order to simulate the total demand and consumption struct...Based on the study of the relationship between structure and feedback of China’s natural gas demand system, this paper establishes a system dynamics model. In order to simulate the total demand and consumption structure of natural gas in China, we set up seven scenarios by changing some of the parameters of the model. The results showed that the total demand of natural gas would increase steadily year by year and reach in the range from 3600 to 4500 billion cubic meters in 2035. Furthermore, in terms of consumption structure, urban gas consumption would still be the largest term, followed by the gas consumption as industrial fuel, gas power generation and natural gas chemical industry. In addition, compared with the population growth, economic development still plays a dominant role in the natural gas demand growth, the impact of urbanization on urban gas consumption is significant, and the promotion of natural gas utilization technology can effectively reduce the total consumption of natural gas.展开更多
With the ever-increased installed capacity of renewable energy generation units in a power system,the so-called shared energy storage(SES),a novel business model under the umbrella of the shared economy principle,has ...With the ever-increased installed capacity of renewable energy generation units in a power system,the so-called shared energy storage(SES),a novel business model under the umbrella of the shared economy principle,has the potential to play an essential role in the accommodation of renewable energy generation.However,unified evaluation standards and methods,which can help decision-makers analyze the performance of the SES market,are still not available.In this paper,an evaluation index system of the SES market is designed based on the trading rules of China’s Qinghai province and the structure-conduct-performance(SCP)analytical model.Moreover,the definition and characteristics of the indices,which can show the performance of the SES market from different perspectives,are given.Furthermore,the ideal cases are presented as the evaluation benchmark based on the development expectation of the SES market,and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)are applied to evaluate the SES market comprehensively.Finally,a case study based on actual data of the SES trading pilot project in Qinghai shows that the evaluation index system can reflect the operation status,existing problems and influencing factors of the SES market.展开更多
Ecosystem services(ES)are highly impacted by human-induced land-use change.Progressive urbanization and agricultural land abandonment in Western Europe necessitate assessments of future land-change impacts on ES to en...Ecosystem services(ES)are highly impacted by human-induced land-use change.Progressive urbanization and agricultural land abandonment in Western Europe necessitate assessments of future land-change impacts on ES to ensure sustainable service management.The present study aims at evaluating future demand and supply of three key services(flood protection,nearby recreation and biodiversity)in the mountainous region of Vorarlberg,Austria.We mapped the ES for the referenced time step 2016 and two scenarios for 2050,assuming the continuation of current land-change trends and pressure on landscape development.Results for the referenced landscape in 2016 show the highest ES supply for intermediate levels,while ES supply was low in the lowlands and valley bottoms and in high-elevation areas.We found a high positive correlation of ES with the distribution of forested areas.In contrast,service demand was highest in lowelevation areas and decreased with increasing elevation.This indicates that densely settled and intensively used agricultural areas currently suffer from ES undersupply.The projected future development of land use showed an increase in both supply and demand of the selected ES.The overall service supply increased more than the respective demand due to some reforestation of open land.As forests were found to be important synergistic areas for overall service provision,we expect decreasing demand on related services.Locally,demand was found to exceed the supply of ES,especially in the densely populated Rhine valley-requiring further policy interventions.Such ES-related information may contribute to regional policy making and ensure the long-term provision of ESs for future generations.展开更多
An economic dispatch problem for power system with wind power is discussed.Using discrete scenario to describe uncertain wind powers,a threshold is given to identify bad scenario set.The bad-scenario-set robust econom...An economic dispatch problem for power system with wind power is discussed.Using discrete scenario to describe uncertain wind powers,a threshold is given to identify bad scenario set.The bad-scenario-set robust economic dispatch model is established to minimize the total penalties on bad scenarios.A specialized hybrid particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is developed through hybridizing simulated annealing(SA)operators.The SA operators are performed according to a scenario-oriented adaptive search rule in a neighborhood which is constructed based on the unit commitment constraints.Finally,an experiment is conducted.The computational results show that the developed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant ZR2024MF062the open research fund of National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory,Southeast University under Grants 2025D03+1 种基金the Future Plan Program for Young Scholars of Shandong University,and the Innovation and Technology Support Program for Young Scholars of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province under Grant 2022KJ009The B6G R&D Group in Shandong University is greatly thanked for channel measurements.
文摘The smart meter communication system has substantial application value for the construction and upgrading of the entire power system.The deployment of the transmitter(Tx)of the smart meter system in the residential scenarios is vexed by the need for more theoretical support.This paper mainly studies the communication channel between the Tx at semibasement and receiver(Rx)at outdoor.The design of an effective communication system relies on an accurate understanding of channel characteristics.Channel measurements and ray-tracing channel modeling are conducted to obtain channel data.The influence of different positions at same semi-basement is studied.Typical channel characteristics are analyzed,such as power delay profile(PDP),power angular profile(PAP),root-mean-square(RMS)delay spread(DS),channel capacity,received power,and path loss.The influence of different semi-basement placements and different floor heights is also compared.Besides,the channel measurements and simulation data fit well,which can illustrate the validity and reliability of the acquired channel data.This paper can provide theoretical support for the design and optimization of smart meter communication systems in semi-basement scenarios.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2204203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52305107)。
文摘Precision actuation is a foundational technology in high-end equipment domains,where stroke,velocity,and accuracy are critical for processing and/or detection quality,precision in spacecraft flight trajectories,and accuracy in weapon system strikes.Piezoelectric actuators(PEAs),known for their nanometer-level precision,flexible stroke,resistance to electromagnetic interference,and scalable structure,have been widely adopted across various fields.Therefore,this study focuses on extreme scenarios involving ultra-high precision(micrometer and beyond),minuscule scales,and highly complex operational conditions.It provides a comprehensive overview of the types,working principles,advantages,and disadvantages of PEAs,along with their potential applications in piezo-actuated smart mechatronic systems(PSMSs).To address the demands of extreme scenarios in high-end equipment fields,we have identified five representative application areas:positioning and alignment,biomedical device configuration,advanced manufacturing and processing,vibration mitigation,micro robot system.Each area is further divided into specific subcategories,where we explore the underlying relationships,mechanisms,representative schemes,and characteristics.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future development trends related to PEAs and PSMSs.This work aims to showcase the latest advancements in the application of PEAs and provide valuable guidance for researchers in this field.
文摘With the rapid development of virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)technologies,their application potential in the field of education has become increasingly significant.For a long time,fire safety education in university laboratories has faced numerous challenges,and traditional teaching methods have been insufficiently effective,with high-risk scenarios difficult to realistically recreate.Especially in special scenarios involving hazardous chemicals,conventional training methods struggle to enable learners to achieve deep understanding and behavioral formation.This study systematically integrates immersive technology theory with safety education needs,providing a replicable technical solution for safety education in high-risk environments.Its modular design approach has reference value for expansion into other professional fields,offering practical evidence for innovation in safety education models in the digital age.
文摘A literature review on AI applications in the field of railway safety shows that the implemented approaches mainly concern the operational,maintenance,and feedback phases following railway incidents or accidents.These approaches exploit railway safety data once the transport system has received authorization for commissioning.However,railway standards and regulations require the development of a safety management system(SMS)from the specification and design phases of the railway system.This article proposes a new AI approach for analyzing and assessing safety from the specification and design phases of the railway system with a view to improving the development of the SMS.Unlike some learning methods,the proposed approach,which is dedicated in particular to safety assessment bodies,is based on semi-supervised learning carried out in close collaboration with safety experts who contributed to the development of a database of potential accident scenarios(learning example database)relating to the risk of rail collision.The proposed decision support is based on the use of an expert system whose knowledge base is automatically generated by inductive learning in the form of an association rule(rule base)and whose main objective is to suggest to the safety expert possible hazards not considered during the development of the SMS to complete the initial hazard register.
基金supported by Türkiye Council of Higher Education Research Universities Support Program(Project Number:32762).
文摘Climate change and anthropogenic pressures increasingly threaten the ecological integrity of inland water bodies,particularly saline lakes due to their unique hydrological and biological features.This review focuses on Lake Tudakul,one of Uzbekistan’s largest saline lakes and a Ramsar-listed wetland,assessing its vulnerability under future climate scenarios.The study integrates climate scenario modeling(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5)with standardized ecotoxicological bioassays—Microtox®,MARA,algal growth inhibition,Lemna minor,and Daphnia magna toxicity tests—to evaluate combined effects of rising temperatures(2.0℃and 4.5℃)and chemical pollutants.Results reveal increased biological sensitivity to contaminants under elevated temperatures,suggesting potential synergistic impacts that may disrupt lake ecosystem structure and function.Lake Tudakul,a regional biodiversity hotspot,is exposed to agrochemical runoff,increasing salinity,and microplastic pollution,threatening aquatic organisms and ecological services.The accumulation and trophic transfer of pollutants—such as heavy metals,persistent organic compounds,and micro(nano)plastics—pose risks to food webs,public health,and water safety.These stressors may also increase the likelihood of harmful algal blooms and cyanotoxin outbreaks.The study emphasizes the urgent need for early-warning systems,adaptive management,and transboundary cooperation to mitigate ecological risks.Lake Tudakul exemplifies the vulnerability of semi-arid lakes under compounding climate and human pressures,highlighting the importance of integrative,ecosystem-based strategies to safeguard biodiversity and freshwater resources.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LR25D010003)The Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2023C02018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42401400).
文摘The frequent outbreaks of crop diseases pose a serious threat to global agricultural production and food security.Data-driven forecasting models have emerged as an effective approach to support early warning and management,yet the lack of user-friendly tools for model development remains a major bottleneck.This study presents the Multi-Scenario Crop Disease Forecasting Modeling System(MSDFS),an open-source platform that enables end-to-end model construction-from multi-source data ingestion and feature engineering to training,evaluation,and deployment-across four representative scenarios:static point-based,static grid-based,dynamic point-based,and dynamic grid-based.Unlike conventional frameworks,MSDFS emphasizes modeling flexibility,allowing users to build,compare,and interpret diverse forecasting approaches within a unified workflow.A notable feature of the system is the integration of a weather scenario generator,which facilitates comprehensive testing of model performance and adaptability under extreme climatic conditions.Case studies corresponding to the four scenarios were used to validate the system,with overall accuracy(OA)ranging from 73%to 93%.By lowering technical barriers,the system is designed to serve plant protection managers and agricultural producers without advanced programming expertise,providing a practical modeling tool that supports the construction of smart plant protection systems.
基金supported by Science and Technology Project Managed by the State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co.,Ltd.(No.J2024163).
文摘With the popularization of microgrid construction and the connection of renewable energy sources to the power system,the problem of source and load uncertainty faced by the coordinated operation of multi-microgrid is becoming increasingly prominent,and the accuracy of typical scenario predictions is low.In order to improve the accuracy of scenario prediction under source and load uncertainty,this paper proposes a typical scenario identification model based on random forests and order parameters.Firstly,a method for ordinal parameter identification and quantification is provided for the coordinated operating mode of multi-microgrids,taking into account source-load uncertainty.Secondly,the dynamic change characteristics of the order parameters of the daily load curve,wind and solar curve,and load curve of typical scenarios are statistically analyzed to identify the key order parameters that have the most significant impact on the uncertainty of the load.Then,the order parameters and seasonal distribution are used as features to train a random forest classification model to achieve efficient scenario prediction.Finally,the simulation of actual data from a provincial distribution network shows that the proposed method can accurately classify typical scenarios with an accuracy rate of 92.7%.Additionally,sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess how changes in uncertainty levels affect the importance of each order parameter,allowing for adaptive uncertainty mitigation strategies.
基金The Key R&D Project of Jilin Province,Grant/Award Number:20230201067GX。
文摘Extracting typical operational scenarios is essential for making flexible decisions in the dispatch of a new power system.A novel deep time series aggregation scheme(DTSAs)is proposed to generate typical operational scenarios,considering the large amount of historical operational snapshot data.Specifically,DTSAs analyse the intrinsic mechanisms of different scheduling operational scenario switching to mathematically represent typical operational scenarios.A Gramian angular summation field-based operational scenario image encoder was designed to convert operational scenario sequences into highdimensional spaces.This enables DTSAs to fully capture the spatiotemporal characteristics of new power systems using deep feature iterative aggregation models.The encoder also facilitates the generation of typical operational scenarios that conform to historical data distributions while ensuring the integrity of grid operational snapshots.Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method extracted new fine-grained power system dispatch schemes and outperformed the latest high-dimensional feature-screening methods.In addition,experiments with different new energy access ratios were conducted to verify the robustness of the proposed method.DTSAs enable dispatchers to master the operation experience of the power system in advance,and actively respond to the dynamic changes of the operation scenarios under the high access rate of new energy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF1303405).
文摘Compared with traditional energy sources,wind power has a lower environmental impact.However,emissions are still generated across the life cycle of wind turbines,from production to recycling.As wind power rapidly develops and deployment increases,these impacts are becoming increasingly evident.A comprehensive understanding of these impacts is crucial for sustainable development.Based on the harmonization of previous detailed life cycle assessment(LCA)studies,this study develops a simplified LCA model that estimates the life cycle environmental impacts of wind turbines based on their nominal power.Using this simplified LCA model,we assess the global warming potential(GWP),acidification potential(AP),and cumulative energy demand(CED)of wind power at the regional scale for 2022 and under three future scenarios(high-power wind turbine promotion,reduced wind curtailment,and a comprehensive development scenario).The results indicate that in 2022,the life cycle GWP,AP,and CED of wind power in western China were 10.76 g CO_(2) eq/kWh,0.177 g SO_(2) eq/kWh,and 17.6 kJ/kWh,respectively.Scenario simulations suggest that reducing wind curtailment is the most effective approach for reducing emissions in Inner Mongolia,Gansu,Qinghai,Ningxia,and Xinjiang,producing average decreases of 8.64%in GWP,8.39%in AP,and 9.26%in CED.In contrast,for Guangxi,Chongqing,Sichuan,Guizhou,Yunnan,Xizang,and Shaanxi,the promotion of high-power wind turbines provides greater environmental benefits than reducing curtailment,producing average decreases of 3.45%,3.09%,and 4.29%in GWP,AP,and CED,respectively.These findings help clarify the environmental impact of wind power across its life cycle at the regional scale and provide theoretical references for the direction of future wind power development and the formulation of related policies.
文摘GANSim is a generative adversarial networks(GANs)-based geomodelling framework with direct conditioning capabilities.To extend GANSim for geomodelling of multi-scenario and non-stationary reservoirs,and to address its tendency to overlook single-pixel well facies conditioning data that can cause local facies disconnections around wells,an enhanced GANSim framework is proposed.The effectiveness of the enhanced GANSim is validated using a 3D multi-scenario,non-stationary turbidite fan reservoir.For reservoirs that may involve multiple geological scenarios,two GANSim geomodelling workflows are proposed:(1)training a comprehensive GANSim model that covers all possible geological scenarios;and(2)first performing geological scenario falsification and then training GANSim models only for the unfalsified scenarios.On this basis,a local discriminator architecture is designed to improve facies continuity around wells.The modelling results show that both workflows can generate non-stationary facies models that conform to expected geological patterns and honor conditioning data,and the facies discontinuity issue around wells is effectively resolved.Compared with multipoint geostatistical methods(SNESIM),GANSim exhibits superior capability in reproducing geological patterns and modelling efficiency.Although GANSim requires a long training time,once training is completed,it can be applied to geomodelling reservoirs of arbitrary scale with similar geological structures,achieving modelling speeds approximately 1000 times faster than SNESIM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.42361040].
文摘Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Electric Power Company“Power Supply Guarantee Strategy for Urban Distribution Networks Considering Coordination with Virtual Power Plant during Extreme Weather Event”(No.521920230003).
文摘Ensuring reliable power supply in urban distribution networks is a complex and critical task.To address the increased demand during extreme scenarios,this paper proposes an optimal dispatch strategy that considers the coordination with virtual power plants(VPPs).The proposed strategy improves systemflexibility and responsiveness by optimizing the power adjustment of flexible resources.In the proposed strategy,theGaussian Process Regression(GPR)is firstly employed to determine the adjustable range of aggregated power within the VPP,facilitating an assessment of its potential contribution to power supply support.Then,an optimal dispatch model based on a leader-follower game is developed to maximize the benefits of the VPP and flexible resources while guaranteeing the power balance at the same time.To solve the proposed optimal dispatch model efficiently,the constraints of the problem are reformulated and resolved using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)optimality conditions and linear programming duality theorem.The effectiveness of the strategy is illustrated through a detailed case study.
基金supported by the Tianchi Talent Introduction Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024000104)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805603).
文摘Northwest China serves as a critical ecological barrier region for maintaining national water,energy,and food security,as well as transboundary ecological governance.However,under the dual pressures of climate change and human activities,ecosystem services(ESs)are facing severe challenges in this region.Based on multi-source remote sensing and statistical data during 2000–2020,this study investigated the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of four key ESs(water yield,habitat quality,carbon storage,and food provisioning)in Northwest China using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model.Integrating morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA)and circuit theory,we identified ecological sources,corridors,pinch points,and barriers,and further designed three optimization scenarios(bottleneck optimization,high-resistance corridor buffering,and barrier removal optimization)to enhance landscape connectivity.The results revealed that ES supply and demand exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity,with high-supply areas concentrated in the southeastern sectors.Ecological sources primarily distributed in the southeastern and northern sectors,and ecological resistance surfaces continuously intensified.Water yield and habitat quality demands were increasing,food provisioning demand was decreasing,and carbon storage demand was surging.A total of 61 ecological sources(8%of the study area),142 ecological corridors(24,957 km in total length),237 ecological pinch points,and 89 barrier zones were identified.Among the three optimization scenarios,barrier removal achieved optimal connectivity improvement across all distance thresholds,with the probability of connectivity index improvement reaching up to 4%.This study provides scientific foundations and spatial decision support for ecological network optimization and sustainable governance in arid and semi-arid areas.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42471230)。
文摘Coordinating urban development with the protection of water resources is a serious global challenge faced by countries worldwide.This study constructed the coupled Water Ecological Security Pattern-Future Land Use Simulation(WESP-FLUS) model by integrating methods for identifying water–ecological sensitive areas and simulating land use type changes.Taking the Lanzhou-Baiyin metropolitan area in arid region of northwestern China as a case study,this research simulated land use patterns in 2030 under four development scenarios(natural development,urban economic optimization,ecological conservation priority,and urban-water coordinated development scenarios).The results identified 109.81 km^(2) of water–ecological source areas and 43 water–ecological corridors with a total length of 1255.4 km.Predicted land use patterns for 2030 displayed diverse trends,constrained by water–ecological sensitive areas across different scenarios,with urban built-up land mainly expanding radially around the central urban axis.The urban-water coordinated development scenario was the optimal solution that meets both urban development needs and water–ecological protection objectives.The urban built-up land could reach 546.68 km2 in 2030,representing a 91.39 km^(2) increase compared to 2020.This study aims to improve spatial planning methods under the “determining cities by water” concept,scientifically supporting territorial spatial planning and providing theoretical support for the coupling of urban development and natural environment in water-scarce arid regions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41671090National Basic Research Program(973 Program),No.2015CB452702。
文摘Regional land use change is the main cause of the ecosystem carbon storage changes by affecting emission and sink process.However,there has been little research on the influence of land use changes for ecosystem carbon storage at both temporal and spatial scales.For this study,the Qihe catchment in the southern part of the Taihang Mountains was taken as an example;its land use change from 2005 to 2015 was analyzed,the Markov-CLUE-S composite model was used to predict land use patterns in 2025 under natural growth,cultivated land protection and ecological conservation scenario,and the land use data were used to evaluate ecosystem carbon storage under different scenarios for the recent 10-year interval and the future based on the carbon storage module of the In VEST model.The results show the following:(1) the ecosystem carbon storage and average carbon density of Qihe catchment were 3.16×107 t and 141.9 t/ha,respectively,and decreased by 0.07×107 t and 2.89 t/ha in the decade evaluated.(2) During 2005–2015,carbon density mainly decreased in low altitude areas.For high altitude area,regions with increased carbon density comprised a similar percentage to regions with decreased carbon density.The significant increase of the construction areas in the middle and lower reaches of Qihe and the degradation of upper reach woodland were core reasons for carbon density decrease.(3) For 2015–2025,under natural growth scenario,carbon storage and carbon density also significantly decrease,mainly due to the decrease of carbon sequestration capacity in low altitude areas;under cultivated land protection scenario,the decrease of carbon storage and carbon density will slow down,mainly due to the increase of carbon sequestration capacity in low altitude areas;under ecological conservation scenario,carbon storage and carbon density significantly increase and reach 3.19×107 t and 143.26 t/ha,respectively,mainly in regions above 1100 m in altitude.Ecological conservation scenario can enhance carbon sequestration capacity but cannot effectively control the reduction of cultivated land areas.Thus,land use planning of research areas should consider both ecological conservation and cultivated land protection scenarios to increase carbon sink and ensure the cultivated land quality and food safety.
基金The"Strategic Priority Research Program"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA05090308Na-tional Key Technologies R&D Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan of China,No.2012BAC19B04No.2012BAC19B10
文摘Assessment of vulnerability for natural ecosystem to climate change is a hot topic in climate change and ecology, and will support adapting and mitigating climate change. In this study, LPJ model modified according to features of China＇s natural ecosystems was em- ployed to simulate ecosystem dynamics under A2, B2 and A1B scenarios. Vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was assessed according to the vulnerability assessment model. Based on eco-geographical regions, vulnerability of natural ecosystem to climate change was analyzed. Results suggest that vulnerability for China＇s natural ecosystems would strengthen in the east and weaken in the west, but the pattern of ecosystem vulner- ability would not be altered by climate change, which rises from southeast to northeast gradually. Increase in ecosystem vulnerable degree would mainly concentrate in temperate humid/sub-humid region and warm temperate humid/sub-humid region. Decrease in eco- system vulnerable degree may emerge in northwestern arid region and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. In the near-term scale, natural ecosystem in China would be slightly affected by cli- mate change. However, in mid-term and long-term scales, there would be severely adverse effect, particularly in the east with better water and thermal condition.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71273021 and 7167030506)
文摘Based on the study of the relationship between structure and feedback of China’s natural gas demand system, this paper establishes a system dynamics model. In order to simulate the total demand and consumption structure of natural gas in China, we set up seven scenarios by changing some of the parameters of the model. The results showed that the total demand of natural gas would increase steadily year by year and reach in the range from 3600 to 4500 billion cubic meters in 2035. Furthermore, in terms of consumption structure, urban gas consumption would still be the largest term, followed by the gas consumption as industrial fuel, gas power generation and natural gas chemical industry. In addition, compared with the population growth, economic development still plays a dominant role in the natural gas demand growth, the impact of urbanization on urban gas consumption is significant, and the promotion of natural gas utilization technology can effectively reduce the total consumption of natural gas.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Company(No.106000003367).
文摘With the ever-increased installed capacity of renewable energy generation units in a power system,the so-called shared energy storage(SES),a novel business model under the umbrella of the shared economy principle,has the potential to play an essential role in the accommodation of renewable energy generation.However,unified evaluation standards and methods,which can help decision-makers analyze the performance of the SES market,are still not available.In this paper,an evaluation index system of the SES market is designed based on the trading rules of China’s Qinghai province and the structure-conduct-performance(SCP)analytical model.Moreover,the definition and characteristics of the indices,which can show the performance of the SES market from different perspectives,are given.Furthermore,the ideal cases are presented as the evaluation benchmark based on the development expectation of the SES market,and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)are applied to evaluate the SES market comprehensively.Finally,a case study based on actual data of the SES trading pilot project in Qinghai shows that the evaluation index system can reflect the operation status,existing problems and influencing factors of the SES market.
基金the HiFlow-CMA project conducted by alpS and WSL, funded by the Austrian Climate and Energy Fund (ACRP 8th call)
文摘Ecosystem services(ES)are highly impacted by human-induced land-use change.Progressive urbanization and agricultural land abandonment in Western Europe necessitate assessments of future land-change impacts on ES to ensure sustainable service management.The present study aims at evaluating future demand and supply of three key services(flood protection,nearby recreation and biodiversity)in the mountainous region of Vorarlberg,Austria.We mapped the ES for the referenced time step 2016 and two scenarios for 2050,assuming the continuation of current land-change trends and pressure on landscape development.Results for the referenced landscape in 2016 show the highest ES supply for intermediate levels,while ES supply was low in the lowlands and valley bottoms and in high-elevation areas.We found a high positive correlation of ES with the distribution of forested areas.In contrast,service demand was highest in lowelevation areas and decreased with increasing elevation.This indicates that densely settled and intensively used agricultural areas currently suffer from ES undersupply.The projected future development of land use showed an increase in both supply and demand of the selected ES.The overall service supply increased more than the respective demand due to some reforestation of open land.As forests were found to be important synergistic areas for overall service provision,we expect decreasing demand on related services.Locally,demand was found to exceed the supply of ES,especially in the densely populated Rhine valley-requiring further policy interventions.Such ES-related information may contribute to regional policy making and ensure the long-term provision of ESs for future generations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173219,62073210).
文摘An economic dispatch problem for power system with wind power is discussed.Using discrete scenario to describe uncertain wind powers,a threshold is given to identify bad scenario set.The bad-scenario-set robust economic dispatch model is established to minimize the total penalties on bad scenarios.A specialized hybrid particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm is developed through hybridizing simulated annealing(SA)operators.The SA operators are performed according to a scenario-oriented adaptive search rule in a neighborhood which is constructed based on the unit commitment constraints.Finally,an experiment is conducted.The computational results show that the developed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms.
