The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneousl...The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.展开更多
Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom a...Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.展开更多
In the process of programmable networks simplifying network management and increasing network flexibility through custom packet behavior,security incidents caused by human logic errors are seriously threatening their ...In the process of programmable networks simplifying network management and increasing network flexibility through custom packet behavior,security incidents caused by human logic errors are seriously threatening their safe operation,robust verificationmethods are required to ensure their correctness.As one of the formalmethods,symbolic execution offers a viable approach for verifying programmable networks by systematically exploring all possible paths within a program.However,its application in this field encounters scalability issues due to path explosion and complex constraint-solving.Therefore,in this paper,we propose NetVerifier,a scalable verification system for programmable networks.Tomitigate the path explosion issue,we developmultiple pruning strategies that strategically eliminate irrelevant execution paths while preserving verification integrity by precisely identifying the execution paths related to the verification purpose.To address the complex constraint-solving problem,we introduce an execution results reuse solution to avoid redundant computation of the same constraints.To apply these solutions intelligently,a matching algorithm is implemented to automatically select appropriate solutions based on the characteristics of the verification requirement.Moreover,Language Aided Verification(LAV),an assertion language,is designed to express verification intentions in a concise form.Experimental results on diverse open-source programs of varying scales demonstrate NetVerifier’s improvement in scalability and effectiveness in identifying potential network errors.In the best scenario,compared with ASSERT-P4,NetVerifier reduced the execution path,verification time,and memory occupation of the verification process by 99.92%,94.76%,and 65.19%,respectively.展开更多
The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the cer...The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the certified power conversion efficiencies of singlejunction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27%and 34%,respectively.Regarding stability,researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments.Furthermore,breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents,fabrication in ambient air conditions,aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale,vacuum flash evaporation,and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs.The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024-2025.It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap.Finally,perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented,with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.展开更多
Lightweight nodes are crucial for blockchain scalability,but verifying the availability of complete block data puts significant strain on bandwidth and latency.Existing data availability sampling(DAS)schemes either re...Lightweight nodes are crucial for blockchain scalability,but verifying the availability of complete block data puts significant strain on bandwidth and latency.Existing data availability sampling(DAS)schemes either require trusted setups or suffer from high communication overhead and low verification efficiency.This paper presents ISTIRDA,a DAS scheme that lets light clients certify availability by sampling small random codeword symbols.Built on ISTIR,an improved Reed–Solomon interactive oracle proof of proximity,ISTIRDA combines adaptive folding with dynamic code rate adjustment to preserve soundness while lowering communication.This paper formalizes opening consistency and prove security with bounded error in the random oracle model,giving polylogarithmic verifier queries and no trusted setup.In a prototype compared with FRIDA under equal soundness,ISTIRDA reduces communication by 40.65%to 80%.For data larger than 16 MB,ISTIRDA verifies faster and the advantage widens;at 128 MB,proofs are about 60%smaller and verification time is roughly 25%shorter,while prover overhead remains modest.In peer-to-peer emulation under injected latency and loss,ISTIRDA reaches confidence more quickly and is less sensitive to packet loss and load.These results indicate that ISTIRDA is a scalable and provably secure DAS scheme suitable for high-throughput,large-block public blockchains,substantially easing bandwidth and latency pressure on lightweight nodes.展开更多
Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)g...Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.展开更多
Cell engineering is transitioning from“making cells express products”to“directly manufacturing functional structures inside cells.”This perspective outlines two-photon polymerization(TPP)-based direct writing of p...Cell engineering is transitioning from“making cells express products”to“directly manufacturing functional structures inside cells.”This perspective outlines two-photon polymerization(TPP)-based direct writing of polymerizable biocompatible materials to enable programmable micron-scale three-dimensional(3 D)functional architectures within living cells,thereby overcoming the limitations of simple endocytosis or phagocytosis.We highlight scalable workflows that couple bulk intracellular loading of biocompatible photoresists with automated TPP writing,and discuss how end ogenous proteins,biocompatible monomers,or biomate rials can be incorporated into these platforms as crosslinking elements to mitigate immune rejection and toxicity.This paradigm elevates the cell from a mere reaction vessel to an active factory,with direct implications for in vivo sensing,tracking,and precision drug delivery.However,key challenges remain,including establishing standardized material libraries,implementing autofocus and pose-adaptive control,and co-designing device architectures together with cellular functions.We anticipate that“intracellular 3 D printing”will provide a novel interface between synthetic biology and micro/nano-fabrication.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands strin...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands stringent inert conditions to mitigate environmental degradation.However,achieving efficient and stable PSC fabrication in ambient air is crucial for their widespread commercialization,as it significantly reduces manufacturing costs,simplifies process flow,and enables scalable roll-to-roll and printing techniques.The main challenges hindering ambient processing include moisture-induced degradation,oxygen-related oxidation,and humidity-driven variations in crystallization kinetics,which often lead to reduced film quality,defective interfaces,and limited device performance.Recent advancements in ambient-air processing of PSCs present a promising pathway toward scalable and eco-friendly manufacturing,though challenges such as moisture sensitivity,oxygeninduced degradation,and crystallization control remain.This review examines ambient-air effects on perovskite formation,device performance,and stability,alongside strategies for improvement via compositional engineering,solvent optimization,and novel deposition methods.Furthermore,we discuss the progress in lab-scale and large-scale ambient-air fabrication methods,emphasizing their potential for industrial translation.Finally,we outline future research directions to enhance the efficiency,stability,and commercial viability of air-processed PSCs,underscoring their critical role in sustainable energy development.展开更多
A density-based partitioning strategy is proposed for large domain networks in order to deal with the scalability issue found in autonomic networks considering, as a scenario, the autonomic Quality of Service （QoS） ...A density-based partitioning strategy is proposed for large domain networks in order to deal with the scalability issue found in autonomic networks considering, as a scenario, the autonomic Quality of Service （QoS） management context. The approach adopted focus as on obtaining dense network partitions having more paths for a given vertices set in the domain. It is demonstrated that dense partitions improve autonomic processing scalability, for instance, reducing routing process complexity. The solution looks for a significant trade-off between partition autonomic algorithm execution time and path selection quality in large domains. Simulation scenarios for path selection execution time are presented and discussed. Authors argue that autonomic networks may benefit from the dense partition approach proposed by achieving scalable, efficient and near real-time support for autonomic management systems.展开更多
The key challenge in the preparation of perovskite solar cells is to enhance the reproducibility of PSC manufacturing,particularly by better controlling multiple high-dimensional process parameters.This study proposes...The key challenge in the preparation of perovskite solar cells is to enhance the reproducibility of PSC manufacturing,particularly by better controlling multiple high-dimensional process parameters.This study proposes a machine learning(ML)approach to efficiently predict and analyze perovskite film fabrication processes.By evaluating five classic ML algorithms on 130 experimental data sets from blade-coating parameters,the Random Forest(RF)model was identified as the most effective,enabling rapid prediction of over 100,000 parameter sets in just 10 min-equivalent to 3 years of manual experimentation.The RF model demonstrated strong predictive accuracy,with an R^(2) close to 0.8.This approach led to the identification of optimal process parameter combinations,significantly improving the reproducibility of PSCs and reducing performance variance by approximately threefold,thereby advancing the development of scalable manufacturing processes.展开更多
针对区域防空反导作战中各要素复杂耦合所导致的战场态势快速演变、来袭目标数量动态变化等难题,提出一种基于可动态扩展且带时空推理的QMIX(QMIX with Dynamic extension and Spatiotemporal reasoning, QMIX-DS)的火力分配方法,以火...针对区域防空反导作战中各要素复杂耦合所导致的战场态势快速演变、来袭目标数量动态变化等难题,提出一种基于可动态扩展且带时空推理的QMIX(QMIX with Dynamic extension and Spatiotemporal reasoning, QMIX-DS)的火力分配方法,以火力单元作为智能体构建决策网络,生成火力分配策略。核心改进为:为每个智能体的决策网络设计可动态扩展特征编码模块,自适应处理数量变化的来袭目标,并引入对比学习突出目标类别属性,形成差异化特征表征;构建两层多头自注意力机制捕捉不同类别目标间的动态时空依赖关系,快速推理任务过程中的态势演变,优化火力分配策略。基于墨子平台不同规模的仿真结果表明,所提出的火力分配方法能够在动态变化的战场条件下生成有效的防空反导策略,与基线算法及其他主流算法相比,所提QMIX-DS算法在目标拦截率、阵地存活率、导弹消耗数量等指标上均体现出了优势,并在不同场景中展现出较高的扩展性和泛化性。展开更多
All-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have potential to pass the stability international standard of IEC61215:2016 but cannot deliver high performance and stability due to the poor interface contact. In this pape...All-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have potential to pass the stability international standard of IEC61215:2016 but cannot deliver high performance and stability due to the poor interface contact. In this paper, Sn-doped TiO_(2)(Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)) ultrathin nanoparticles are prepared for electron transport layer(ETL) by solution process. The ultrathin Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2) nanocrystals have greatly improved interface contact due to the facile film formation, good conductivity and high work function. The all-inorganic inverted NiOx/CsPbI_(2)Br/Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)p-i-n device shows a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 14.0%. We tested the heat stability, light stability and light-heat stability. After stored in 85℃ for 65 days, the inverted PSCs still retains 98% of initial efficiency. Under continuous standard one-sun illumination for 600 h,there is no efficiency decay, and under continuous illumination at 85℃ for 200 h, the device still retains 85% of initial efficiency. The 1.0 cm^(2) device of inverted structure shows a PCE of up to 11.2%. The ultrathin Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)is promising to improve the scalability and stability and thus increase the commercial prospect.展开更多
The locator/ID separation paradigm has been widely discussed to resolve the serious scalability issue that today's Internet is facing. Many researches have been carried on with this issue to alleviate the routing ...The locator/ID separation paradigm has been widely discussed to resolve the serious scalability issue that today's Internet is facing. Many researches have been carried on with this issue to alleviate the routing burden of the Default Free Zone (DFZ), improve the traffic engineering capabilities and support efficient mobility and multi-homing. However, in the locator/ID split networks, a third party is needed to store the identifier-to-locator pairs. How to map identifiers onto locators in a scalable and secure way is a really critical challenge. In this paper, we propose SS-MAP, a scalable and secure locator/ID mapping scheme for future Internet. First, SS-MAP uses a near-optimal DHT to map identifiers onto locators, which is able to achieve the maximal performance of the system with reasonable maintenance overhead relatively. Second, SS-MAP uses a decentralized admission control system to protect the DHT-based identifier-to-locator mapping from Sybil attacks, where a malicious mapping server creates numerous fake identities (called Sybil identifiers) to control a large fraction of the mapping system. This is the first work to discuss the Sybil attack problem in identifier-to-locator mapping mechanisms with the best knowledge of the authors. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of scalability and security. The analysis and simulation results show that the scheme is scalable for large size networks and can resistant to Sybil attacks.展开更多
文摘The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization,security,and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology.Despite significant advancements,achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems,often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability.This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma,focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms,sharding techniques,layer-2 protocols,and hybrid architectural models.We critically analyze recent breakthroughs,including Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based structures,cross-chain interoperability frameworks,and zero-knowledge proof(ZKP)enhancements,which aimto reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization.Furthermore,we evaluate the trade-offs inherent in these approaches,highlighting their practical implications for enterprise adoption,decentralized finance(DeFi),and Web3 ecosystems.By mapping the evolving landscape of solutions,this review identifies gaps in currentmethodologies and proposes future research directions,such as adaptive consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-driven(AI-driven)governance models.Our analysis underscores that while no universal solution exists,interdisciplinary innovations are progressively narrowing the trilemma’s constraints,paving the way for next-generation blockchain infrastructures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.92576208)Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program+1 种基金Beijing Science and Technology Planning ProjectTsinghua University Dushi Program。
文摘Scalability remains a major challenge in building practical fault-tolerant quantum computers.Currently,the largest number of qubits achieved across leading quantum platforms ranges from hundreds to thousands.In atom arrays,scalability is primarily constrained by the capacity to generate large numbers of optical tweezers,and conventional techniques using acousto-optic deflectors or spatial light modulators struggle to produce arrays much beyond∼10,000 tweezers.Moreover,these methods require additional microscope objectives to focus the light into micrometer-sized spots,which further complicates system integration and scalability.Here,we demonstrate the experimental generation of an optical tweezer array containing 280×280 spots using a metasurface,nearly an order of magnitude more than most existing systems.The metasurface leverages a large number of subwavelength phase-control pixels to engineer the wavefront of the incident light,enabling both large-scale tweezer generation and direct focusing into micron-scale spots without the need for a microscope.This result shifts the scalability bottleneck for atom arrays from the tweezer generation hardware to the available laser power.Furthermore,the array shows excellent intensity uniformity exceeding 90%,making it suitable for homogeneous single-atom loading and paving the way for trapping arrays of more than 10,000 atoms in the near future.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2023YFB2903902in part by the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Subsidy Project of Central Plains under Grant 244200510038.
文摘In the process of programmable networks simplifying network management and increasing network flexibility through custom packet behavior,security incidents caused by human logic errors are seriously threatening their safe operation,robust verificationmethods are required to ensure their correctness.As one of the formalmethods,symbolic execution offers a viable approach for verifying programmable networks by systematically exploring all possible paths within a program.However,its application in this field encounters scalability issues due to path explosion and complex constraint-solving.Therefore,in this paper,we propose NetVerifier,a scalable verification system for programmable networks.Tomitigate the path explosion issue,we developmultiple pruning strategies that strategically eliminate irrelevant execution paths while preserving verification integrity by precisely identifying the execution paths related to the verification purpose.To address the complex constraint-solving problem,we introduce an execution results reuse solution to avoid redundant computation of the same constraints.To apply these solutions intelligently,a matching algorithm is implemented to automatically select appropriate solutions based on the characteristics of the verification requirement.Moreover,Language Aided Verification(LAV),an assertion language,is designed to express verification intentions in a concise form.Experimental results on diverse open-source programs of varying scales demonstrate NetVerifier’s improvement in scalability and effectiveness in identifying potential network errors.In the best scenario,compared with ASSERT-P4,NetVerifier reduced the execution path,verification time,and memory occupation of the verification process by 99.92%,94.76%,and 65.19%,respectively.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20171,12074245,52102281)National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2021YFB3800068 and 2020YFB1506400)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1421600)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(No.2021QNRC001)。
文摘The past two years have witnessed remarkable progress in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),marked by breakthroughs in power conversion efficiency and strides in addressing long-term operational stability.At present,the certified power conversion efficiencies of singlejunction PSCs and silicon/perovskite tandem cells have surpassed 27%and 34%,respectively.Regarding stability,researchers begun to focus their attention on the challenges faced by PSCs when operated in outdoor environments.Furthermore,breakthroughs in the utilization of green solvents,fabrication in ambient air conditions,aqueous-phase synthesis of perovskite raw materials at kilogram scale,vacuum flash evaporation,and machine learning-assisted design are accelerating the commercialization of PSCs.The review summarizes the key advancements of PSCs during 2024-2025.It identifies a critical performance discrepancy between small-area devices and perovskite solar modules and delves into strategies aimed at bridging this gap.Finally,perspectives on the future directions of PSCs are presented,with a particular emphasis on improving photocurrent and environmental sustainability.
基金supported in part by the Research Fund of Key Lab of Education Blockchain and Intelligent Technology,Ministry of Education(EBME25-F-08).
文摘Lightweight nodes are crucial for blockchain scalability,but verifying the availability of complete block data puts significant strain on bandwidth and latency.Existing data availability sampling(DAS)schemes either require trusted setups or suffer from high communication overhead and low verification efficiency.This paper presents ISTIRDA,a DAS scheme that lets light clients certify availability by sampling small random codeword symbols.Built on ISTIR,an improved Reed–Solomon interactive oracle proof of proximity,ISTIRDA combines adaptive folding with dynamic code rate adjustment to preserve soundness while lowering communication.This paper formalizes opening consistency and prove security with bounded error in the random oracle model,giving polylogarithmic verifier queries and no trusted setup.In a prototype compared with FRIDA under equal soundness,ISTIRDA reduces communication by 40.65%to 80%.For data larger than 16 MB,ISTIRDA verifies faster and the advantage widens;at 128 MB,proofs are about 60%smaller and verification time is roughly 25%shorter,while prover overhead remains modest.In peer-to-peer emulation under injected latency and loss,ISTIRDA reaches confidence more quickly and is less sensitive to packet loss and load.These results indicate that ISTIRDA is a scalable and provably secure DAS scheme suitable for high-throughput,large-block public blockchains,substantially easing bandwidth and latency pressure on lightweight nodes.
基金supported by 14th Five-Year Plan Key R&D Plan,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,2024YFB3409002National Natural Science Foundation of China,12302142+4 种基金HKUSTHKUST(GZ)Collaborative Research Scheme,G035Yangcheng Scholars Research Project-Leading Talent Training Project,2024312156Guangzhou-HKUST(GZ)Joint Funding Scheme,2023A03J0157Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project,2024A04J4765Shenzhen Basic Research Project,JCYJ20220530114417040。
文摘Owing to the exceptional optoelectronic properties,metal halide perovskites have emerged as leading semiconductor materials for next-generation display technologies,providing perovskite light-emitting diodes(Pe LEDs)great potential for high-quality color displays with a wide color gamut and pure color emission.Although laboratory-scale Pe LEDs have achieved neartheoretical efficiencies,challenges such as achieving uniform large-area films,improving material stability,and enhancing patterning precision remain barriers to commercialization.This review presents a systematic analysis of scalable manufacturing and precision patterning strategies for Pe LEDs,focusing on their applications in large-area lighting and full-color displays.Fabrication methods are categorized into film deposition techniques(spin-coating,blade-coating,and thermal evaporation)and patterning strategies,including top-down(photolithography,laser/e-beam lithography,and nanoimprinting)and bottom-up(patterned crystal growth,inkjet printing,and electrohydrodynamic jet printing)approaches.In this review,we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy,highlight current challenges,and outlook possible pathways towards scalable,high-performance Pe LEDs for advanced optoelectronic applications.
基金the funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB4607701)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ25E050001)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52275294)State Key Laboratory of High-performance Precision Manufacturing(No.HPMKF202412)Zhejiang Province’s 2025‘Pioneer Leading Swan+X’Science and Technology Program(No.2025C02122).
文摘Cell engineering is transitioning from“making cells express products”to“directly manufacturing functional structures inside cells.”This perspective outlines two-photon polymerization(TPP)-based direct writing of polymerizable biocompatible materials to enable programmable micron-scale three-dimensional(3 D)functional architectures within living cells,thereby overcoming the limitations of simple endocytosis or phagocytosis.We highlight scalable workflows that couple bulk intracellular loading of biocompatible photoresists with automated TPP writing,and discuss how end ogenous proteins,biocompatible monomers,or biomate rials can be incorporated into these platforms as crosslinking elements to mitigate immune rejection and toxicity.This paradigm elevates the cell from a mere reaction vessel to an active factory,with direct implications for in vivo sensing,tracking,and precision drug delivery.However,key challenges remain,including establishing standardized material libraries,implementing autofocus and pose-adaptive control,and co-designing device architectures together with cellular functions.We anticipate that“intracellular 3 D printing”will provide a novel interface between synthetic biology and micro/nano-fabrication.
基金supported by the Start-up Fund from Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai Magnolia Tatent Plan-Pujiang Project(Grant No.24PJA041)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.22025505,22220102002).
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a revolutionary photovoltaic technology due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low-cost solution processability,yet their fabrication typically demands stringent inert conditions to mitigate environmental degradation.However,achieving efficient and stable PSC fabrication in ambient air is crucial for their widespread commercialization,as it significantly reduces manufacturing costs,simplifies process flow,and enables scalable roll-to-roll and printing techniques.The main challenges hindering ambient processing include moisture-induced degradation,oxygen-related oxidation,and humidity-driven variations in crystallization kinetics,which often lead to reduced film quality,defective interfaces,and limited device performance.Recent advancements in ambient-air processing of PSCs present a promising pathway toward scalable and eco-friendly manufacturing,though challenges such as moisture sensitivity,oxygeninduced degradation,and crystallization control remain.This review examines ambient-air effects on perovskite formation,device performance,and stability,alongside strategies for improvement via compositional engineering,solvent optimization,and novel deposition methods.Furthermore,we discuss the progress in lab-scale and large-scale ambient-air fabrication methods,emphasizing their potential for industrial translation.Finally,we outline future research directions to enhance the efficiency,stability,and commercial viability of air-processed PSCs,underscoring their critical role in sustainable energy development.
文摘A density-based partitioning strategy is proposed for large domain networks in order to deal with the scalability issue found in autonomic networks considering, as a scenario, the autonomic Quality of Service （QoS） management context. The approach adopted focus as on obtaining dense network partitions having more paths for a given vertices set in the domain. It is demonstrated that dense partitions improve autonomic processing scalability, for instance, reducing routing process complexity. The solution looks for a significant trade-off between partition autonomic algorithm execution time and path selection quality in large domains. Simulation scenarios for path selection execution time are presented and discussed. Authors argue that autonomic networks may benefit from the dense partition approach proposed by achieving scalable, efficient and near real-time support for autonomic management systems.
基金Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2022BAA096)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(This material is based upon work funded by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LR25A020002)support of the Center for Materials Analysis and Characterization,Material Characterization Lab,and Nanofabrication Lab at Hubei University。
文摘The key challenge in the preparation of perovskite solar cells is to enhance the reproducibility of PSC manufacturing,particularly by better controlling multiple high-dimensional process parameters.This study proposes a machine learning(ML)approach to efficiently predict and analyze perovskite film fabrication processes.By evaluating five classic ML algorithms on 130 experimental data sets from blade-coating parameters,the Random Forest(RF)model was identified as the most effective,enabling rapid prediction of over 100,000 parameter sets in just 10 min-equivalent to 3 years of manual experimentation.The RF model demonstrated strong predictive accuracy,with an R^(2) close to 0.8.This approach led to the identification of optimal process parameter combinations,significantly improving the reproducibility of PSCs and reducing performance variance by approximately threefold,thereby advancing the development of scalable manufacturing processes.
文摘针对区域防空反导作战中各要素复杂耦合所导致的战场态势快速演变、来袭目标数量动态变化等难题,提出一种基于可动态扩展且带时空推理的QMIX(QMIX with Dynamic extension and Spatiotemporal reasoning, QMIX-DS)的火力分配方法,以火力单元作为智能体构建决策网络,生成火力分配策略。核心改进为:为每个智能体的决策网络设计可动态扩展特征编码模块,自适应处理数量变化的来袭目标,并引入对比学习突出目标类别属性,形成差异化特征表征;构建两层多头自注意力机制捕捉不同类别目标间的动态时空依赖关系,快速推理任务过程中的态势演变,优化火力分配策略。基于墨子平台不同规模的仿真结果表明,所提出的火力分配方法能够在动态变化的战场条件下生成有效的防空反导策略,与基线算法及其他主流算法相比,所提QMIX-DS算法在目标拦截率、阵地存活率、导弹消耗数量等指标上均体现出了优势,并在不同场景中展现出较高的扩展性和泛化性。
基金in part supported by the Start-up funds from Central Organization Department and South China University of Technologyfunds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2001217)+1 种基金the Guangdong Science and Technology Program (2020B121201003, 2019ZT08L075,2019QN01L118, 2021A1515012545)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities,SCUT(2020ZYGXZR095)。
文摘All-inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have potential to pass the stability international standard of IEC61215:2016 but cannot deliver high performance and stability due to the poor interface contact. In this paper, Sn-doped TiO_(2)(Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)) ultrathin nanoparticles are prepared for electron transport layer(ETL) by solution process. The ultrathin Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2) nanocrystals have greatly improved interface contact due to the facile film formation, good conductivity and high work function. The all-inorganic inverted NiOx/CsPbI_(2)Br/Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)p-i-n device shows a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 14.0%. We tested the heat stability, light stability and light-heat stability. After stored in 85℃ for 65 days, the inverted PSCs still retains 98% of initial efficiency. Under continuous standard one-sun illumination for 600 h,there is no efficiency decay, and under continuous illumination at 85℃ for 200 h, the device still retains 85% of initial efficiency. The 1.0 cm^(2) device of inverted structure shows a PCE of up to 11.2%. The ultrathin Ti_(1-x)Sn_(x)O_(2)is promising to improve the scalability and stability and thus increase the commercial prospect.
基金supported in part by National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 program) under Grant No.2007CB307101,2007CB307106National Key Technology R&D Program under Grant No.2008BAH37B03+2 种基金Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (111 Project) under Grant No. B08002National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60833002China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.2009YJS016
文摘The locator/ID separation paradigm has been widely discussed to resolve the serious scalability issue that today's Internet is facing. Many researches have been carried on with this issue to alleviate the routing burden of the Default Free Zone (DFZ), improve the traffic engineering capabilities and support efficient mobility and multi-homing. However, in the locator/ID split networks, a third party is needed to store the identifier-to-locator pairs. How to map identifiers onto locators in a scalable and secure way is a really critical challenge. In this paper, we propose SS-MAP, a scalable and secure locator/ID mapping scheme for future Internet. First, SS-MAP uses a near-optimal DHT to map identifiers onto locators, which is able to achieve the maximal performance of the system with reasonable maintenance overhead relatively. Second, SS-MAP uses a decentralized admission control system to protect the DHT-based identifier-to-locator mapping from Sybil attacks, where a malicious mapping server creates numerous fake identities (called Sybil identifiers) to control a large fraction of the mapping system. This is the first work to discuss the Sybil attack problem in identifier-to-locator mapping mechanisms with the best knowledge of the authors. We evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in terms of scalability and security. The analysis and simulation results show that the scheme is scalable for large size networks and can resistant to Sybil attacks.
