[Objective] The study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity and stability of antagonistic bacteria P72 against wheat scab.[Method] The Bacillus subtilis P72 was inoculated into fermentation media with the inocul...[Objective] The study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity and stability of antagonistic bacteria P72 against wheat scab.[Method] The Bacillus subtilis P72 was inoculated into fermentation media with the inoculation amount 5%,then cultured on shaking table at 28 ℃ for 48 h and centrifuged at 8 000 r/min for 10 min.The supernatant of fermentation broth was purified and then the genetic stability,thermal stability and pH stability were detected.[Result] By DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography,the protein eluted by 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution possessed the strongest antagonistic ability against wheat scab pathogen.The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the purified protein with antibacterial effect was 40 kD.By stability test,the antibacterial substance produced by P72 strain showed heritable antagonistic activity,high stability below 60 ℃,stability to acid and unstability to alkali.[Conclusion] The antagonistic bacteria P72 had strong antagonistic ability to wheat scab pathogen,stable antibacterial activity and thermal stability,so it would possess a wide development prospect.展开更多
The paper was to explore the effect of trace and secondary elements on scab of cucurbits （ Cladosporium cucumerinum） and their effects on enzyme activities of cucumber plants. [ Method ] Indoor antifungd experiment ...The paper was to explore the effect of trace and secondary elements on scab of cucurbits （ Cladosporium cucumerinum） and their effects on enzyme activities of cucumber plants. [ Method ] Indoor antifungd experiment and pot test was carried out to study the control effect of different trace and secondary dements on scab of cucu.rbits; after trace and secondary element compounds were sprayed for 7 d, the content of soluble protein and malondialdehyde （MDA） and the activities of peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） of cucumber leaves during seedling stage were simultaneously detected. [ Result] The inhibi- tion effects on scab of cucurbits were found in the three trace and secondary dements, especially for the CaC12 （66.9%）, and about 54.6% and 24.1% for ZnSO4 and H3 BO3 , respectively. When cucumber plants were infected by scab of cuea.rbits, the contents of MDA for all treatments were significantly decreased in cucum- ber leaves after spraying the three trace and secondary elements compared with control. The contents of soluble protein in cucumber seedling were increased by Zn- SO4 and H3 BO3 application, while the contents of POD and SOD were increased on ZnSO4 and CaCI2 treatments. The defense system of cucumber was induced and strengthened by application of the three trace and secondary elements. [ Conclusion ] The results provided the theoretical basis for practical application and research on resistance mechanism of using trace and secondary dements to control scab of eueurbits.展开更多
[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50%...[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole 4 000 times dilution,and water(control).[Result] 10% Difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole SC 4 000 times dilution had good control effects against pear scab,and the efficacies were 89.13%-93.51%.[Conclusion] The results will provide the theoretical basis for field control of pear scab in summer.展开更多
With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence si...With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence situation of wheat scab in eastern Jiangsu, and summarized its occurrence characteristics in last decade. The disease prevalence was elaborated from the aspects of fungal source quantity, chmatic conditions, cultivation modes, variety resistance and pesticide resistance. The author put forward a series of measures and countermeasures, including strengthening resistance monitoring and early warning, promoting and cultivating disease-resistant varieties, compressing planting area of direct seeding rice, canting out chemical control scientifically, and realizing unified prevention and control, in order to provide a scientific basis for the control of wheat scab.展开更多
[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new ag...[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new agents against wheat scab were selected for field trials. [ Result] 25% JS399 - 19 SC, 30% te- buconazoh · thiram WP, 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconasole WDG and 10% ZJ0712 JG could effectively control wheat scab, and the control effects of one time or two times application were better than control agent carbendasim; the control efficacy of two times application was improved in different degrees against one time ap- vlication. [ Conclusion] The naner vrevided basis for the control atminst wheat scab.展开更多
In order to identify the resistance of peanut varieties against scab disease, the changes of physiological characteristics and yield in two peanut varieties ＇Heyou 13＇ and ＇Quanhual0＇ with different resistance eff...In order to identify the resistance of peanut varieties against scab disease, the changes of physiological characteristics and yield in two peanut varieties ＇Heyou 13＇ and ＇Quanhual0＇ with different resistance effected by peanut scab were stud- ied in field experiment by spray. The results showed the soluble sugar increased firstly and then decreased both in the resistant and susceptible peanuts after inocu- lation. Compared with the control, the soluble sugar of resistant peanut was higher, and that of the susceptible peanut was lower, which implied that the peanut resis- tance to scab was positive correlated with soluble sugar content. The soluble pro- tein content in leaves of resistant and susceptible peanut varieties after inoculation was higher than that of the control. The peak of soluble protein content appeared earlier in the susceptible peanut than in the resistant peanut, which indicated that the susceptible peanut were more sensitive to the pathogen than the resistant peanut. The leaf SOD activity increased firstly and then decreased both in resistant and susceptible varieties, while the decrease in the resistant variety were lower than in the susceptible variety. With the growth process, the CAT and POD activities first decreased, then increased, and again decreased. Compared with the corresponding control, the resistant variety had relatively higher CAT and POD activities than the susceptible variety, which illustrated that the protective enzymes played important roles in resistance mechanism to scab. The MDA content of the two peanut vari- eties after inoculation increased, indicating that plasma membranes were subjected to different degrees of damage. The yield of resistant and susceptible varieties after inoculation reduced, while the yield of the susceptible peanut of ＇Quanhua 10＇ reduced greater.展开更多
The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. ...The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. Both in greenhouses and in free fields in the Northern China pose a challenge in the control of this disease, because there are no effective fungicide to be used. Induced resistance with chemicals may be an ideal way to protect cucumber against this disease , if there are no resistant cultivars to be used. This paper reports the effect of BION, a new activator of SAR, on the induction of resistance to cucumber scab using two treatment methods (seed treatment and foliar spray) at different concentrations (10,20,40, 80, 160 mg. mL- 1). The results showed that the number of diseased plants was decreased drastically in BION - treated plants, the disease incidence was 35 %, whereas it was 75 % in control plants. The disease severity of plant with BION treatment by foliar spray was 2 and it was 1.5 if used as seed treatment, whereas it was 3 and 3.1 in control plants respectively. Moreover it has no phytotoxic effect to be observed at concentrations used in the experiment.展开更多
Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harve...Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harvest （disease index） was associated with the average relative humidity from April to early May, the average temperature from April to early May, and the interval from peak maturity stage of perithecium to full heading stage of wheat. The interval was used to measure the coincidence degree between release period of ascospore and ear period （ heading to grouting stage）. The prevalence of wheat scab was determined by coincidence degree and meteorological conditions of ear period. Quantitative prediction should be conducted, to improve prediction and control levels.展开更多
Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple...Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple trees, selected from different regions, through sedimentation of air microflora on the crowns of fruit trees. Two biocontrol agents as Trichoderma viride and Streptomyces sр. were tested for apple scab control in vitro and field conditions. Two applications of Trichoderma viride within 35 days completely stopped the scab disease in seedling leaves. Within 40 days, the seedlings were recovered;the new leaves have blossomed on branches. The Streptomyces sp. antagonists were inferior in effectiveness compared to Trichoderma viride;nevertheless, they prevented progression of the disease in the leaves. Seedlings grew new shoots and leaves around 50 days after the second treatment. Orchard experiment results provide great hope that a biological product based on Trichoderma viride could work as an effective agent to suppress the development of the pathogen in the early spring, when leaves start to show scab disease symptoms.展开更多
The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method...The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method to prevent scab-anthracnoge of F.japonica,and disease-free seedlings should be cultivated.Meantime,cultivation management should be strengthened to improve disease resistance of plant,and chemical agents must be timely sprayed in the early incidence stage,in order to achieve the purpose of comprehensive control.展开更多
Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may ...Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may lead to early loss of the AVF,and majorlife-threatening haemorrhage.We describe the management of a 78-year-old patient presenting with an innocuous-looking scab over an AVF and review the pertinent literature on this subject.展开更多
During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several specie...During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of these were observed in 1982, 1986, 1990-1996 in USA and in the south of Russia in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1992. The harmful effect of FES is manifested not only in reduced grain yields, but also in the contamination of grains and grain products with mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives (3-alfa acetyl-DON, 15-alfa acetyl-DON), T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Standard means to control FES (cultural control methodologies, chemical pesticides, and FES resistant varieties) have little effect or are not practical and rarely reduce the accumulation of mycotoxins in grain. We have developed a new technique to reduce FES using biological preparations. The technique utilizes wheat seed pretreatment with a biofungicide “Mycol” in combination with spraying wheat plants during flowering with a yeast preparation. Technology for production of Mycol on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum strain GJS 03-35 (systematics by Samuels) has been developed. This strain shows hyperparasitic activity against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent of FES in wheat. Experiments conducted in the United States demonstrated that spraying wheat plants during flowering with the patented yeast Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 (NRRL Y-30216) reliably reduces FES development. Tests of the Mycol preparation and the yeast OH 182.9 (EOD) have been performed on the spring wheat “Ivolga” in greenhouse conditions (the Moscow region) and on the winter wheat “Kupava” in field trials in the North Caucasian region. An isolate of F. graminearum was used to insure adequate levels of disease development in greenhouse and field experiments. FES disease severity and incidence, as well as mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains was studied for single or combination treatments with the biological preparations. Mycol (in concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kg/t of seeds) was used for wheat seed pretreatment. The yeast preparation EOD (2.0×107 cfu/mL) was applied by spraying wheat plants during flowering. Chemical pesticides (Raxyl, TMTD) and a biological preparation Agat-25K were used as alternative control seed treatments. In greenhouse experiments, inoculations of heads with either biological preparation 4 h prior to inoculation with conidia of F. graminearum significantly reduced FES severity. Application with Mycol reduced DON in wheat grains by 6 to 11 fold. EOD alone or, to a lesser extent, in combination was also highly effective in reducing DON content. For treatments consisting of Mycol and EOD, 1000 grain weights were equivalent or higher than for control plants (both infected, and not infected). Wheat seeds obtained from the plants protected by these biological preparations germinated rapidly and possessed high germination rates compared to the FES control. In field trials, Mycol treatments clearly reduced FES symptoms, apparently providing an immunizing effect against FES. Mycol reduced FES severity and enhanced yield of the wheat varieties used. The effect of Mycol used at a minimum test-dose (0.1 kg/t) was not so pronounced. The greatest reduction of FES development was observed at a dose of Mycol of 1.0 kg per 1 t of seeds used in combination with EOD spraying. Experimental results support the contention that the offered technology has good prospects in controlling wheat Fusarium ear scab.展开更多
Potato common scab(CS)is a worldwide disease,caused by Streptomyces spp.,and its presence reduces the market value of potatoes.A nontoxic and potentially effective approach in many control strategies is the use of ant...Potato common scab(CS)is a worldwide disease,caused by Streptomyces spp.,and its presence reduces the market value of potatoes.A nontoxic and potentially effective approach in many control strategies is the use of antagonistic microbes as biocontrol agents.In this study,Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 was isolated and assessed for its ability to protect against CS.Through integrated metagenomic and metabolomic analyses,changes in the soil microbial community structure and soil properties were analyzed to understand the effects of Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 on CS.These studies revealed that DX-9 inoculation could significantly decrease CS disease rate,disease index,and the number of CS pathogens,along with an increase in soil N and P content.Our metagenomic assays identified 102 phyla and 1154 genera,and DX-9 inoculation increased the relative abundances of the phyla Pseudomonadota,Chloroflexota and Gemmatimonadota.Additionally,an increase in the relative abundance of genera,such as Bradyrhizobium,Agrobacterium,and Nitrobacter,were significantly and positively correlated with soil N and P.Metabolomic analysis revealed that DX-9 inoculation significantly increased the soil levels of phytolaccoside A,7,8-dihydropteroic acid,novobiocin,and azafrin.These compounds were enriched in microbe pathway metabolites,including xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism,biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites,and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins.In summary,the use of Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 against potato CS offers an alternative biocontrol method that can improve both soil microbial community and properties.This study provides insight into the potential mechanisms by which microbial inoculants can control CS disease.展开更多
Multispectral imaging systems combined with deep learning classification models can be cost-effective tools for the early detection of apple scab(Venturia inaequalis)disease in commercial orchards.Near-infrared(NIR)im...Multispectral imaging systems combined with deep learning classification models can be cost-effective tools for the early detection of apple scab(Venturia inaequalis)disease in commercial orchards.Near-infrared(NIR)imagery can display apple scab symptoms earlier and at a greater severity than visible-spectrum(RGB)imagery.Early apple scab diagnosis based on NIR imagery may be automated using deep learning convolutional neural networks(CNNs).CNN models have previously been used to classify a range of apple diseases accurately but have primarily focused on identifying late-stage rather than early-stage detection.This study fine-tunes CNN models to classify apple scab symptoms as they progress from the early to late stages of infection using a novel multispectral(RGB-NIR)time series created especially for this purpose.This novel multispectral dataset was used in conjunction with a large Apple Disease Identification(ADID)dataset created from publicly available,pre-existing disease datasets.This ADID dataset contained 29,000 images of infection symptoms across six disease classes.Two CNN models,the lightweight MobileNetV2 and heavyweight EfficientNetV2L,were fine-tuned and used to classify each disease class in a testing dataset,with performance assessed through metrics derived from confusion matrices.The models achieved scab-prediction accuracies of 97.13%and 97.57%for MobileNetV2 and EfficientNetV2L,respectively,on the secondary data but only achieved accuracies of 74.12%and 78.91%when applied to the multispectral dataset in isolation.These lower performance scores were attributed to a higher proportion of false-positive scab predictions in the multispectral dataset.Time series analyses revealed that both models could classify apple scab infections earlier than the manual classification techniques,leading to more false-positive assessments,and could accurately distinguish between healthy and infected samples up to 7 days post-inoculation in NIR imagery.展开更多
文摘[Objective] The study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity and stability of antagonistic bacteria P72 against wheat scab.[Method] The Bacillus subtilis P72 was inoculated into fermentation media with the inoculation amount 5%,then cultured on shaking table at 28 ℃ for 48 h and centrifuged at 8 000 r/min for 10 min.The supernatant of fermentation broth was purified and then the genetic stability,thermal stability and pH stability were detected.[Result] By DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography,the protein eluted by 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution possessed the strongest antagonistic ability against wheat scab pathogen.The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the purified protein with antibacterial effect was 40 kD.By stability test,the antibacterial substance produced by P72 strain showed heritable antagonistic activity,high stability below 60 ℃,stability to acid and unstability to alkali.[Conclusion] The antagonistic bacteria P72 had strong antagonistic ability to wheat scab pathogen,stable antibacterial activity and thermal stability,so it would possess a wide development prospect.
基金Supported by Liaoning Natural Science Foundation Project(20062124)~~
文摘The paper was to explore the effect of trace and secondary elements on scab of cucurbits （ Cladosporium cucumerinum） and their effects on enzyme activities of cucumber plants. [ Method ] Indoor antifungd experiment and pot test was carried out to study the control effect of different trace and secondary dements on scab of cucu.rbits; after trace and secondary element compounds were sprayed for 7 d, the content of soluble protein and malondialdehyde （MDA） and the activities of peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） of cucumber leaves during seedling stage were simultaneously detected. [ Result] The inhibi- tion effects on scab of cucurbits were found in the three trace and secondary dements, especially for the CaC12 （66.9%）, and about 54.6% and 24.1% for ZnSO4 and H3 BO3 , respectively. When cucumber plants were infected by scab of cuea.rbits, the contents of MDA for all treatments were significantly decreased in cucum- ber leaves after spraying the three trace and secondary elements compared with control. The contents of soluble protein in cucumber seedling were increased by Zn- SO4 and H3 BO3 application, while the contents of POD and SOD were increased on ZnSO4 and CaCI2 treatments. The defense system of cucumber was induced and strengthened by application of the three trace and secondary elements. [ Conclusion ] The results provided the theoretical basis for practical application and research on resistance mechanism of using trace and secondary dements to control scab of eueurbits.
基金Supported by Youth Fund Project of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(2018020101)Science and Technology Plan of Hebei Province (16246327D)Special Financial Project of Hebei Province (F18R1908,2019-3-5-2)。
文摘[Objective] The paper was to select different fungicides for field efficacy test against pear scab in summer.[Method] Five treatments were designed in the test,including 10% difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole 4 000 times dilution,and water(control).[Result] 10% Difenoconazole WDG 6 000 times dilution,50% captan WP 600 times dilution,30% pyraclostrobin SC 2 000 times dilution,430 g/L tebuconazole SC 4 000 times dilution had good control effects against pear scab,and the efficacies were 89.13%-93.51%.[Conclusion] The results will provide the theoretical basis for field control of pear scab in summer.
基金Supported by Independent Innovation Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province[CX(14)2126]
文摘With the increasing prevalence frequency and aggravating harm degree in the 21st century, wheat scab had become a recurrent disease in eastern wheat area of Jiangsu Province. This paper reviewed general occurrence situation of wheat scab in eastern Jiangsu, and summarized its occurrence characteristics in last decade. The disease prevalence was elaborated from the aspects of fungal source quantity, chmatic conditions, cultivation modes, variety resistance and pesticide resistance. The author put forward a series of measures and countermeasures, including strengthening resistance monitoring and early warning, promoting and cultivating disease-resistant varieties, compressing planting area of direct seeding rice, canting out chemical control scientifically, and realizing unified prevention and control, in order to provide a scientific basis for the control of wheat scab.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Support Project for Functional Areas of Food Production in Ningbo City (200903C1011009)
文摘[Objective] This paper was to improve the current status that the fungicide carbendazim as the single agent was largely applied in the control against wheat scab. [ Method] Five kinds of fungicides on sales and new agents against wheat scab were selected for field trials. [ Result] 25% JS399 - 19 SC, 30% te- buconazoh · thiram WP, 75% trifloxystrobin · tebuconasole WDG and 10% ZJ0712 JG could effectively control wheat scab, and the control effects of one time or two times application were better than control agent carbendasim; the control efficacy of two times application was improved in different degrees against one time ap- vlication. [ Conclusion] The naner vrevided basis for the control atminst wheat scab.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System of China(CARS-13)Key Project of Science and Technology Plan of Quanzhou(2012N76)~~
文摘In order to identify the resistance of peanut varieties against scab disease, the changes of physiological characteristics and yield in two peanut varieties ＇Heyou 13＇ and ＇Quanhual0＇ with different resistance effected by peanut scab were stud- ied in field experiment by spray. The results showed the soluble sugar increased firstly and then decreased both in the resistant and susceptible peanuts after inocu- lation. Compared with the control, the soluble sugar of resistant peanut was higher, and that of the susceptible peanut was lower, which implied that the peanut resis- tance to scab was positive correlated with soluble sugar content. The soluble pro- tein content in leaves of resistant and susceptible peanut varieties after inoculation was higher than that of the control. The peak of soluble protein content appeared earlier in the susceptible peanut than in the resistant peanut, which indicated that the susceptible peanut were more sensitive to the pathogen than the resistant peanut. The leaf SOD activity increased firstly and then decreased both in resistant and susceptible varieties, while the decrease in the resistant variety were lower than in the susceptible variety. With the growth process, the CAT and POD activities first decreased, then increased, and again decreased. Compared with the corresponding control, the resistant variety had relatively higher CAT and POD activities than the susceptible variety, which illustrated that the protective enzymes played important roles in resistance mechanism to scab. The MDA content of the two peanut vari- eties after inoculation increased, indicating that plasma membranes were subjected to different degrees of damage. The yield of resistant and susceptible varieties after inoculation reduced, while the yield of the susceptible peanut of ＇Quanhua 10＇ reduced greater.
文摘The cucumber scab caused by Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. is one of the most important diseases of cucumber in the PR. of China and elsewhere. Recently, wider acceptance of under glas culture exacerbates the problem. Both in greenhouses and in free fields in the Northern China pose a challenge in the control of this disease, because there are no effective fungicide to be used. Induced resistance with chemicals may be an ideal way to protect cucumber against this disease , if there are no resistant cultivars to be used. This paper reports the effect of BION, a new activator of SAR, on the induction of resistance to cucumber scab using two treatment methods (seed treatment and foliar spray) at different concentrations (10,20,40, 80, 160 mg. mL- 1). The results showed that the number of diseased plants was decreased drastically in BION - treated plants, the disease incidence was 35 %, whereas it was 75 % in control plants. The disease severity of plant with BION treatment by foliar spray was 2 and it was 1.5 if used as seed treatment, whereas it was 3 and 3.1 in control plants respectively. Moreover it has no phytotoxic effect to be observed at concentrations used in the experiment.
文摘Based on the survey of observation, the factors afffecting prevalence degree of wheat scab （ Gibberella zeae） were analyzed through coupling method. The results showed that the average diseased ear rate before harvest （disease index） was associated with the average relative humidity from April to early May, the average temperature from April to early May, and the interval from peak maturity stage of perithecium to full heading stage of wheat. The interval was used to measure the coincidence degree between release period of ascospore and ear period （ heading to grouting stage）. The prevalence of wheat scab was determined by coincidence degree and meteorological conditions of ear period. Quantitative prediction should be conducted, to improve prediction and control levels.
文摘Among the most economically important fruit crops in South and North Kyrgyzstan affected by scab disease are apples (Malus domestica). Natural isolates of Venturia inaequalis were isolated from diseased parts of apple trees, selected from different regions, through sedimentation of air microflora on the crowns of fruit trees. Two biocontrol agents as Trichoderma viride and Streptomyces sр. were tested for apple scab control in vitro and field conditions. Two applications of Trichoderma viride within 35 days completely stopped the scab disease in seedling leaves. Within 40 days, the seedlings were recovered;the new leaves have blossomed on branches. The Streptomyces sp. antagonists were inferior in effectiveness compared to Trichoderma viride;nevertheless, they prevented progression of the disease in the leaves. Seedlings grew new shoots and leaves around 50 days after the second treatment. Orchard experiment results provide great hope that a biological product based on Trichoderma viride could work as an effective agent to suppress the development of the pathogen in the early spring, when leaves start to show scab disease symptoms.
文摘The pathogenic characteristics of scab-anthracnoge of Fatsia japonica was introduced,and the infection cycle,occurrence regularity and main harmful symptoms of the disease were elaborated.Prevention is the main method to prevent scab-anthracnoge of F.japonica,and disease-free seedlings should be cultivated.Meantime,cultivation management should be strengthened to improve disease resistance of plant,and chemical agents must be timely sprayed in the early incidence stage,in order to achieve the purpose of comprehensive control.
文摘Little is written on the management of an innocuouslooking skin scab over an autogenous arteriovenous fistula(AVF)used for haemodialysis.The seriousness of the underlying pathology can be under-estimated,and this may lead to early loss of the AVF,and majorlife-threatening haemorrhage.We describe the management of a 78-year-old patient presenting with an innocuous-looking scab over an AVF and review the pertinent literature on this subject.
文摘During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of these were observed in 1982, 1986, 1990-1996 in USA and in the south of Russia in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1992. The harmful effect of FES is manifested not only in reduced grain yields, but also in the contamination of grains and grain products with mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives (3-alfa acetyl-DON, 15-alfa acetyl-DON), T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Standard means to control FES (cultural control methodologies, chemical pesticides, and FES resistant varieties) have little effect or are not practical and rarely reduce the accumulation of mycotoxins in grain. We have developed a new technique to reduce FES using biological preparations. The technique utilizes wheat seed pretreatment with a biofungicide “Mycol” in combination with spraying wheat plants during flowering with a yeast preparation. Technology for production of Mycol on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum strain GJS 03-35 (systematics by Samuels) has been developed. This strain shows hyperparasitic activity against a wide spectrum of plant pathogens, including Fusarium graminearum, a causative agent of FES in wheat. Experiments conducted in the United States demonstrated that spraying wheat plants during flowering with the patented yeast Cryptococcus nodaensis OH 182.9 (NRRL Y-30216) reliably reduces FES development. Tests of the Mycol preparation and the yeast OH 182.9 (EOD) have been performed on the spring wheat “Ivolga” in greenhouse conditions (the Moscow region) and on the winter wheat “Kupava” in field trials in the North Caucasian region. An isolate of F. graminearum was used to insure adequate levels of disease development in greenhouse and field experiments. FES disease severity and incidence, as well as mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains was studied for single or combination treatments with the biological preparations. Mycol (in concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 kg/t of seeds) was used for wheat seed pretreatment. The yeast preparation EOD (2.0×107 cfu/mL) was applied by spraying wheat plants during flowering. Chemical pesticides (Raxyl, TMTD) and a biological preparation Agat-25K were used as alternative control seed treatments. In greenhouse experiments, inoculations of heads with either biological preparation 4 h prior to inoculation with conidia of F. graminearum significantly reduced FES severity. Application with Mycol reduced DON in wheat grains by 6 to 11 fold. EOD alone or, to a lesser extent, in combination was also highly effective in reducing DON content. For treatments consisting of Mycol and EOD, 1000 grain weights were equivalent or higher than for control plants (both infected, and not infected). Wheat seeds obtained from the plants protected by these biological preparations germinated rapidly and possessed high germination rates compared to the FES control. In field trials, Mycol treatments clearly reduced FES symptoms, apparently providing an immunizing effect against FES. Mycol reduced FES severity and enhanced yield of the wheat varieties used. The effect of Mycol used at a minimum test-dose (0.1 kg/t) was not so pronounced. The greatest reduction of FES development was observed at a dose of Mycol of 1.0 kg per 1 t of seeds used in combination with EOD spraying. Experimental results support the contention that the offered technology has good prospects in controlling wheat Fusarium ear scab.
基金supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Key Technology Tackling Programmed(Grant number:2021GG0300)by Hebei Science and Technology Major Project(22287501Z)by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant number:XDA28030202-3,XDA24020104).
文摘Potato common scab(CS)is a worldwide disease,caused by Streptomyces spp.,and its presence reduces the market value of potatoes.A nontoxic and potentially effective approach in many control strategies is the use of antagonistic microbes as biocontrol agents.In this study,Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 was isolated and assessed for its ability to protect against CS.Through integrated metagenomic and metabolomic analyses,changes in the soil microbial community structure and soil properties were analyzed to understand the effects of Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 on CS.These studies revealed that DX-9 inoculation could significantly decrease CS disease rate,disease index,and the number of CS pathogens,along with an increase in soil N and P content.Our metagenomic assays identified 102 phyla and 1154 genera,and DX-9 inoculation increased the relative abundances of the phyla Pseudomonadota,Chloroflexota and Gemmatimonadota.Additionally,an increase in the relative abundance of genera,such as Bradyrhizobium,Agrobacterium,and Nitrobacter,were significantly and positively correlated with soil N and P.Metabolomic analysis revealed that DX-9 inoculation significantly increased the soil levels of phytolaccoside A,7,8-dihydropteroic acid,novobiocin,and azafrin.These compounds were enriched in microbe pathway metabolites,including xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism,biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites,and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins.In summary,the use of Bacillus atrophaeus DX-9 against potato CS offers an alternative biocontrol method that can improve both soil microbial community and properties.This study provides insight into the potential mechanisms by which microbial inoculants can control CS disease.
基金funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council under grant BB/T508950/1 as part of the Waitrose Collaborative Training Partnership and conducted at Lancaster University.
文摘Multispectral imaging systems combined with deep learning classification models can be cost-effective tools for the early detection of apple scab(Venturia inaequalis)disease in commercial orchards.Near-infrared(NIR)imagery can display apple scab symptoms earlier and at a greater severity than visible-spectrum(RGB)imagery.Early apple scab diagnosis based on NIR imagery may be automated using deep learning convolutional neural networks(CNNs).CNN models have previously been used to classify a range of apple diseases accurately but have primarily focused on identifying late-stage rather than early-stage detection.This study fine-tunes CNN models to classify apple scab symptoms as they progress from the early to late stages of infection using a novel multispectral(RGB-NIR)time series created especially for this purpose.This novel multispectral dataset was used in conjunction with a large Apple Disease Identification(ADID)dataset created from publicly available,pre-existing disease datasets.This ADID dataset contained 29,000 images of infection symptoms across six disease classes.Two CNN models,the lightweight MobileNetV2 and heavyweight EfficientNetV2L,were fine-tuned and used to classify each disease class in a testing dataset,with performance assessed through metrics derived from confusion matrices.The models achieved scab-prediction accuracies of 97.13%and 97.57%for MobileNetV2 and EfficientNetV2L,respectively,on the secondary data but only achieved accuracies of 74.12%and 78.91%when applied to the multispectral dataset in isolation.These lower performance scores were attributed to a higher proportion of false-positive scab predictions in the multispectral dataset.Time series analyses revealed that both models could classify apple scab infections earlier than the manual classification techniques,leading to more false-positive assessments,and could accurately distinguish between healthy and infected samples up to 7 days post-inoculation in NIR imagery.
