The parasitic dodder(Cuscuta,Convolvulaceae)species have wide ranges of hosts.However,some plants,including the cultivated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum),have different degrees of resistance to Cuscuta.The cultivated to...The parasitic dodder(Cuscuta,Convolvulaceae)species have wide ranges of hosts.However,some plants,including the cultivated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum),have different degrees of resistance to Cuscuta.The cultivated tomato plants activate a strong hypersensitive response(HR)where Cuscuta haustoria penetrate stems of cultivated tomato,but the underlying mechanisms by which the cultivated tomato perceives Cuscuta and activates resistance remain unclear.In this study,we show that the phytohormones jasmonic acid(JA)and salicylic acid(SA)in cultivated tomato stems were highly induced by Cuscuta australis parasitization.Genetic analyses and experiments of supplementation of JA or SA indicated that the JA and SA pathway not only are both required for activation of HR against Cuscuta parasitization but also function in non-HR-based resistance.The Cuscuta Receptor 1(CuRe1),which is a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein,and suppressor of BAK1-interacting receptor kinase(SOBIR1)and SOBIR1-like,two adaptor kinases,are also important for HR-based and non-HR-based resistance.Importantly,we found that the JA and SA pathway both transcriptionally regulate CuRe1.However,in the cure1 mutants,JA and SA levels were still normally induced by C.australis parasitization.We propose a linear model that an unknown receptor perceives Cuscuta parasitization and thus triggers accumulation of JA and SA,which in turn induce the transcription of CuRe1,and CuRe1 and SOBIR1/SOBIR1-like thereby activate HR-based and non-HR-based resistance to Cuscuta.This study underscores the important roles of hormone signaling and resistance(R)genes in host plant-parasitic plant interactions.展开更多
The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of th...The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of the five elements of Chinese medicine that the five flavors enter into the five viscera,and forms the theory of the role of the auxiliary materials of Chinese medicine concoctions.This theory is an important guiding significance for the clinical use of raw and cooked Chinese medicine tablets.At present,there are more studies on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”in the literature,mainly focusing on the chemical composition,efficacy changes and the concoction mechanism of salt products of traditional Chinese medicines before and after salt preparation.There are relatively few review papers on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”from the perspectives of auxiliary salt and attribution of meridians.In this paper,through reviewing relevant ancient books and literature,and on the basis of the previous review articles,this paper centers on the auxiliary salt,and conducts in-depth excavation and elaboration in terms of its sources,types,and the historical evolution of the salt production method.From the perspective of categorization,focusing on the core theory of“Kidney stores essence,governing reproduction,bone and generating marrow,water and brain”,we summarize the changes in efficacy before and after the salt preparation of kidney tonic traditional Chinese medicines,the changes in external and internal constituents as well as the scientific connotation of the concocting mechanism behind the effect-constituent changes.The scientific connotation of the concoction theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was initially elucidated,providing a new reference model for the study of the theory of Chinese medicine concoction attribution.展开更多
Objective:Salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus(SPF)is widely used as a phytoestrogen-like agent in the treatment of osteoporosis.However,due to improper clinical use or misuse,resulting in liver damage.In this study,netwo...Objective:Salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus(SPF)is widely used as a phytoestrogen-like agent in the treatment of osteoporosis.However,due to improper clinical use or misuse,resulting in liver damage.In this study,network pharmacology was employed to analyze the mechanism of cholestatic liver damage.An adeno-associated virus overexpressing SULT1E1(rAAV8-SULT1E1)was constructed and the hepatotoxicity of SPF,psoralen,and isopsoralen was determined.Methods:By utilizing three databases inclding TCMSP,TCMID,and BATMAN-TCM,the targets of the three databases were summarized,and a total of 45 psoralen compounds were included.Network pharmacology analysis was then performed.The adenoviral vectors were injected into the tail vein of C57BL6 mice to elucidate the role of SULT1E1 in SPF-induced cholestasis-mediated hepatotoxicity in vivo.SPF(10 g/kg),psoralen,and isopsoralen(50 mg/kg each)were intragastrically administered to mice for30 d.B-ultrasound and samples were collected and examined for follow-up experiments.Results:A total of 854 targets were predicted for 45 active components,with 151 cholestasis-mediated hepatotoxicity-related disease targets obtained for SPF.A total of 126 pathways were enriched based on KEGG pathway analysis,with the"estrogen signaling pathway"identified as one of the top 20 pathways.In terms of pathological hepatic changes,treated mice had visually swollen hepatocytes,dilated bile ducts,and elevated serum biochemical markers,which were more prominent in mice treated with isopsoralen than in those treated with other compounds.Notably,the overexpression of SULT1E1 could reverse liver damage in each treatment group.B-ultrasound was used to observe the size of the gallbladder in vivo.The size of the gallbladder was found to significantly increase on day 30 after treatment in the SPF-,psoralen-,and isopsoralen-treated groups,especially the SPF group.Compared with the expression levels in the negative control group(rAAV8-empty+con),the expression levels of FXR,Mrp2,Bsep,SULT1E1,SULT2A1,Ntcp,and Nrf2 decreased,whereas those of CYP7a1 and IL-6 increased in the SPF-,psoralen-,and isopsoralen-treated groups.Conclusion:The overexpression of SULT1E1 could alleviate the decreased or increased expression of indicators,indicating that SULT1E1 is an important target gene for SPF-induced liver damage.The severity of liver damage was significantly lower in the rAAV8-SULT1E1 groups than in the rAAV8-empty groups.展开更多
mRNAs are transported within a plant through phloem.Aphids are phloem feeders and dodders(Cuscuta spp.)are parasites which establish phloem connections with host plants.When aphids feed on dodders,whether there is tra...mRNAs are transported within a plant through phloem.Aphids are phloem feeders and dodders(Cuscuta spp.)are parasites which establish phloem connections with host plants.When aphids feed on dodders,whether there is trafficking of mRNAs among aphids,dodders,and host plants and if aphid feeding a匚fects the mRNA transfer between dodders and hosts are unclear.We constructed a green peach aphid(GPA,Myzus persicae)-dodder(Cuscuta austra/is)-cucumber(Cucumis sativus)tritrophic system by infesting GPAs on C.australis,which parasitized cucumber hosts.We found that GPA feeding activated defense-related phytohormonal and transcriptomic responses in both C.australis and cucumbers and large numbers of mRNAs were found to be transferred between C.australis and cucumbers and between C.australis and GPAs;importantly,GPA feeding on C.australis greatly altered inter-species mobile mRNA profiles.Furthermore,three cucumber mRNAs and three GPA mRNAs could be respectively detected in GPAs and cucumbers.Moreover,our statistical analysis indicated that mRNAs with high abundances and long transcript lengths are likely to be mobile.This study reveals the existence of inter-species and even inter-kingdom mRNA movement among insects,parasitic plants,and parasite hosts,and suggests complex regulation of mRNA trafficking.展开更多
Background: Major depressive disorder(MDD) accompanied by anxious distress is a chronic and disabling disorder. Its conventional drug therapies often have low patient compliance due to drug-related side effects. In Pe...Background: Major depressive disorder(MDD) accompanied by anxious distress is a chronic and disabling disorder. Its conventional drug therapies often have low patient compliance due to drug-related side effects. In Persian medicine, lavender-dodder syrup is one formula often recommended for such disorders.Objective: This study compares the effects of lavender-dodder syrup to the standard drug, citalopram, for treating MDD with anxious distress.Design, setting, participants and intervention: This six-week, double-blind, randomized, clinical trial was carried out in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. During the six-week intervention period, patients in citalopram group received citalopram tablets 20 mg/d plus 5 mL placebo syrup every 12 h;patients in group B received placebo tablets once daily plus 5 mL of lavender-dodder herbal syrup every 12 h.Main outcome measures: Primary outcome measures, depression and anxiety, were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression/Anxiety Rating Scales, and were scored at the beginning of the study and at weeks three and six. Secondary outcome measures including response to treatment and remission rates were also compared between the two groups.Results: Fifty-six participants with MDD and anxious distress were randomly assigned to two groups.Mean depression scores significantly decreased in citalopram and herbal groups at weeks three and six(time effect: P < 0.001), although the observed changes were not significantly different between the groups(intervention effect: P = 0.61). Mean anxiety scores were not significantly different between the two groups at week three(P = 0.75). However, at the end of week six, the observed decrease was significantly higher in the herbal syrup group than the citalopram group(intervention effect: P = 0.007).Conclusion: The herbal syrup is an effective and tolerable supplement for treating MDD with anxious distress.Trial registration number: IRCT2016102430459 N1 on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.展开更多
Four solanaceous plant species, namely hot pepper (Capsicum frutescensL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMiller) were anatomically screened for compatib...Four solanaceous plant species, namely hot pepper (Capsicum frutescensL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMiller) were anatomically screened for compatibility/incompatibility to field dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYuncker, Cuscutaceae). The development of field dodder haustorium within stem tissues of the studied solanaceous plants was found to depend on the latter’s response to the former’s penetration. In hot pepper and tobacco, which showed a positive response, the haustorium was well developed and its searching hyphae established connections with their vascular tissues. However, potato and tomato showed a negative response and acquired different defense mechanisms against the parasitism of field dodder. In both of them, the field dodder haustorium and/or its searching hyphae exhibited distorted appearance and failed to establish connection with their vascular tissues. Thus, the tested solanaceous plant species could be classified as either compatible (hot pepper and tobacco) or incompatible (potato and tomato) hosts to field dodder.展开更多
Previous studies demonstrated that cryptochromes are involved in blue light-induced coiling and prehaustoria development in young de-etiolated dodder seedlings. In this study, we suggest that carotenoids and chlorophy...Previous studies demonstrated that cryptochromes are involved in blue light-induced coiling and prehaustoria development in young de-etiolated dodder seedlings. In this study, we suggest that carotenoids and chlorophyll are not the blue light absorbing chromophores involved in the mediation of prehaustoria development to blue light. Norflurazon-bleached dodder segments coiled and formed prehaustoria under blue light. However, norflurazon significantly reduced prehaustoria number （62%） under a mixture of red and far-red light, suggesting that phytochromes could be altered by norflurazon.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270314(GS))the Key Project of Applied Basic Research Program of Yunnan(202201AS070056(JW),202301AS070064(GS))Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program“Yunling Scholar”Project(JW),Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Light of West China Program(GS),Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program“Young Talents”Project(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0001(GS)).
文摘The parasitic dodder(Cuscuta,Convolvulaceae)species have wide ranges of hosts.However,some plants,including the cultivated tomato(Solanum lycopersicum),have different degrees of resistance to Cuscuta.The cultivated tomato plants activate a strong hypersensitive response(HR)where Cuscuta haustoria penetrate stems of cultivated tomato,but the underlying mechanisms by which the cultivated tomato perceives Cuscuta and activates resistance remain unclear.In this study,we show that the phytohormones jasmonic acid(JA)and salicylic acid(SA)in cultivated tomato stems were highly induced by Cuscuta australis parasitization.Genetic analyses and experiments of supplementation of JA or SA indicated that the JA and SA pathway not only are both required for activation of HR against Cuscuta parasitization but also function in non-HR-based resistance.The Cuscuta Receptor 1(CuRe1),which is a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein,and suppressor of BAK1-interacting receptor kinase(SOBIR1)and SOBIR1-like,two adaptor kinases,are also important for HR-based and non-HR-based resistance.Importantly,we found that the JA and SA pathway both transcriptionally regulate CuRe1.However,in the cure1 mutants,JA and SA levels were still normally induced by C.australis parasitization.We propose a linear model that an unknown receptor perceives Cuscuta parasitization and thus triggers accumulation of JA and SA,which in turn induce the transcription of CuRe1,and CuRe1 and SOBIR1/SOBIR1-like thereby activate HR-based and non-HR-based resistance to Cuscuta.This study underscores the important roles of hormone signaling and resistance(R)genes in host plant-parasitic plant interactions.
基金supported by The Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82204623)Key scientific research projects in universities in Anhui Province(No.2022AH050471)+1 种基金Young Science and Technology Talents Cultivation Program of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2021qnyc04)Scientific Research Team Program of Anhui Colleges and Universities(No.2022AH010036).
文摘The theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was firstly put forward by Chen Jiamu,a medical doctor of Xin’an,in“Enlightening Primer of Materia Medica”.This theory integrates the theory of the five elements of Chinese medicine that the five flavors enter into the five viscera,and forms the theory of the role of the auxiliary materials of Chinese medicine concoctions.This theory is an important guiding significance for the clinical use of raw and cooked Chinese medicine tablets.At present,there are more studies on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”in the literature,mainly focusing on the chemical composition,efficacy changes and the concoction mechanism of salt products of traditional Chinese medicines before and after salt preparation.There are relatively few review papers on the theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”from the perspectives of auxiliary salt and attribution of meridians.In this paper,through reviewing relevant ancient books and literature,and on the basis of the previous review articles,this paper centers on the auxiliary salt,and conducts in-depth excavation and elaboration in terms of its sources,types,and the historical evolution of the salt production method.From the perspective of categorization,focusing on the core theory of“Kidney stores essence,governing reproduction,bone and generating marrow,water and brain”,we summarize the changes in efficacy before and after the salt preparation of kidney tonic traditional Chinese medicines,the changes in external and internal constituents as well as the scientific connotation of the concocting mechanism behind the effect-constituent changes.The scientific connotation of the concoction theory of“Salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian”was initially elucidated,providing a new reference model for the study of the theory of Chinese medicine concoction attribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973484 and 82304736)the 2022 Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine(XZR2021085)。
文摘Objective:Salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus(SPF)is widely used as a phytoestrogen-like agent in the treatment of osteoporosis.However,due to improper clinical use or misuse,resulting in liver damage.In this study,network pharmacology was employed to analyze the mechanism of cholestatic liver damage.An adeno-associated virus overexpressing SULT1E1(rAAV8-SULT1E1)was constructed and the hepatotoxicity of SPF,psoralen,and isopsoralen was determined.Methods:By utilizing three databases inclding TCMSP,TCMID,and BATMAN-TCM,the targets of the three databases were summarized,and a total of 45 psoralen compounds were included.Network pharmacology analysis was then performed.The adenoviral vectors were injected into the tail vein of C57BL6 mice to elucidate the role of SULT1E1 in SPF-induced cholestasis-mediated hepatotoxicity in vivo.SPF(10 g/kg),psoralen,and isopsoralen(50 mg/kg each)were intragastrically administered to mice for30 d.B-ultrasound and samples were collected and examined for follow-up experiments.Results:A total of 854 targets were predicted for 45 active components,with 151 cholestasis-mediated hepatotoxicity-related disease targets obtained for SPF.A total of 126 pathways were enriched based on KEGG pathway analysis,with the"estrogen signaling pathway"identified as one of the top 20 pathways.In terms of pathological hepatic changes,treated mice had visually swollen hepatocytes,dilated bile ducts,and elevated serum biochemical markers,which were more prominent in mice treated with isopsoralen than in those treated with other compounds.Notably,the overexpression of SULT1E1 could reverse liver damage in each treatment group.B-ultrasound was used to observe the size of the gallbladder in vivo.The size of the gallbladder was found to significantly increase on day 30 after treatment in the SPF-,psoralen-,and isopsoralen-treated groups,especially the SPF group.Compared with the expression levels in the negative control group(rAAV8-empty+con),the expression levels of FXR,Mrp2,Bsep,SULT1E1,SULT2A1,Ntcp,and Nrf2 decreased,whereas those of CYP7a1 and IL-6 increased in the SPF-,psoralen-,and isopsoralen-treated groups.Conclusion:The overexpression of SULT1E1 could alleviate the decreased or increased expression of indicators,indicating that SULT1E1 is an important target gene for SPF-induced liver damage.The severity of liver damage was significantly lower in the rAAV8-SULT1E1 groups than in the rAAV8-empty groups.
文摘mRNAs are transported within a plant through phloem.Aphids are phloem feeders and dodders(Cuscuta spp.)are parasites which establish phloem connections with host plants.When aphids feed on dodders,whether there is trafficking of mRNAs among aphids,dodders,and host plants and if aphid feeding a匚fects the mRNA transfer between dodders and hosts are unclear.We constructed a green peach aphid(GPA,Myzus persicae)-dodder(Cuscuta austra/is)-cucumber(Cucumis sativus)tritrophic system by infesting GPAs on C.australis,which parasitized cucumber hosts.We found that GPA feeding activated defense-related phytohormonal and transcriptomic responses in both C.australis and cucumbers and large numbers of mRNAs were found to be transferred between C.australis and cucumbers and between C.australis and GPAs;importantly,GPA feeding on C.australis greatly altered inter-species mobile mRNA profiles.Furthermore,three cucumber mRNAs and three GPA mRNAs could be respectively detected in GPAs and cucumbers.Moreover,our statistical analysis indicated that mRNAs with high abundances and long transcript lengths are likely to be mobile.This study reveals the existence of inter-species and even inter-kingdom mRNA movement among insects,parasitic plants,and parasite hosts,and suggests complex regulation of mRNA trafficking.
基金a part of a PhD thesis by Dr. Toktam Sadat Firoozeei,supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences,in order to fulfil the requirements of a PhD degree in Persian medicine。
文摘Background: Major depressive disorder(MDD) accompanied by anxious distress is a chronic and disabling disorder. Its conventional drug therapies often have low patient compliance due to drug-related side effects. In Persian medicine, lavender-dodder syrup is one formula often recommended for such disorders.Objective: This study compares the effects of lavender-dodder syrup to the standard drug, citalopram, for treating MDD with anxious distress.Design, setting, participants and intervention: This six-week, double-blind, randomized, clinical trial was carried out in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. During the six-week intervention period, patients in citalopram group received citalopram tablets 20 mg/d plus 5 mL placebo syrup every 12 h;patients in group B received placebo tablets once daily plus 5 mL of lavender-dodder herbal syrup every 12 h.Main outcome measures: Primary outcome measures, depression and anxiety, were evaluated using the Hamilton Depression/Anxiety Rating Scales, and were scored at the beginning of the study and at weeks three and six. Secondary outcome measures including response to treatment and remission rates were also compared between the two groups.Results: Fifty-six participants with MDD and anxious distress were randomly assigned to two groups.Mean depression scores significantly decreased in citalopram and herbal groups at weeks three and six(time effect: P < 0.001), although the observed changes were not significantly different between the groups(intervention effect: P = 0.61). Mean anxiety scores were not significantly different between the two groups at week three(P = 0.75). However, at the end of week six, the observed decrease was significantly higher in the herbal syrup group than the citalopram group(intervention effect: P = 0.007).Conclusion: The herbal syrup is an effective and tolerable supplement for treating MDD with anxious distress.Trial registration number: IRCT2016102430459 N1 on Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials.
文摘Four solanaceous plant species, namely hot pepper (Capsicum frutescensL.), potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMiller) were anatomically screened for compatibility/incompatibility to field dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYuncker, Cuscutaceae). The development of field dodder haustorium within stem tissues of the studied solanaceous plants was found to depend on the latter’s response to the former’s penetration. In hot pepper and tobacco, which showed a positive response, the haustorium was well developed and its searching hyphae established connections with their vascular tissues. However, potato and tomato showed a negative response and acquired different defense mechanisms against the parasitism of field dodder. In both of them, the field dodder haustorium and/or its searching hyphae exhibited distorted appearance and failed to establish connection with their vascular tissues. Thus, the tested solanaceous plant species could be classified as either compatible (hot pepper and tobacco) or incompatible (potato and tomato) hosts to field dodder.
文摘Previous studies demonstrated that cryptochromes are involved in blue light-induced coiling and prehaustoria development in young de-etiolated dodder seedlings. In this study, we suggest that carotenoids and chlorophyll are not the blue light absorbing chromophores involved in the mediation of prehaustoria development to blue light. Norflurazon-bleached dodder segments coiled and formed prehaustoria under blue light. However, norflurazon significantly reduced prehaustoria number （62%） under a mixture of red and far-red light, suggesting that phytochromes could be altered by norflurazon.
