Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of pla...Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of plant salt tolerance;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored.In this study,we demonstrate that overexpression of a salt-inducible galactinol synthase gene,ZmGolS1,alleviates salt-induced growth inhibition,likely by promoting raffinose synthesis.Additionally,we show that natural variation in ZmGolS1 transcript levels contributes to the diversity of raffinose content and salt tolerance in maize.We further reveal that ZmRR18,a type-B response regulator transcription factor,binds to the AATC element in the promoter of ZmGolS1,with this binding increases the transcript levels of ZmGolS1 under salt conditions.Moreover,a single nucleotide polymorphism(termed SNP-302T)within the ZmGolS1 promoter significantly reduces its binding affinity for ZmRR18,resulting in decreased ZmGolS1 expression and diminished raffinose content,ultimately leading to a salt-hypersensitive phenotype.Collectively,our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which the ZmRR18-ZmGolS1 module enhances raffinose biosynthesis,thereby promoting maize growth under salt conditions.This research provides important insights into salt tolerance mechanisms associated with saccharide biosynthesis and identifies valuable genetic loci for breeding salt-tolerant maize varieties.展开更多
Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this rev...Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this review,we discuss the environmental challenges associated with the different methods of nanomaterial application,including seed nanopriming,as well as foliar and soil/root application.Based on previous research,nanopriming uses less nanomaterials and has minimal concerns regarding environmental safety and the food chain.We discuss in detail the preventive measures for the safe and sustainable use of nanomaterials in agriculture based on the application methods.Furthermore,we summarize the role of antioxidant enzyme-triggering nanomaterials and direct reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging nanomaterials(nanozymes)in plant salt tolerance.Nanomaterials can improve sodium(Na^(+))and potassium(K^(+))homeostasis through various anatomical,physiological,and molecular mechanisms while improving plant salt tolerance.The role of nanomaterials in modulating plant photosynthesis and hormonal balance has been largely overlooked.We also identify research gaps and provide guidelines for future research work.This review provides guidelines for helping researchers to understand the proper design of nanoparticles(NPs)and different plant-related factors while using NPs for plant stress tolerance.These considerations will help to improve the efficient delivery of NPs into plants.Furthermore,after gaining sufficient scientific knowledge and better understanding,NPs can be integral to sustainable agriculture,while saving costs and reducing biosafety concerns and environmental pollution.展开更多
A geomagnetic field is a significant factor dur-ing the growth and development of trees.Changes in the magnetic field(MF)will result in reactions at the biochemi-cal,molecular,cellular and gene levels.However,it is no...A geomagnetic field is a significant factor dur-ing the growth and development of trees.Changes in the magnetic field(MF)will result in reactions at the biochemi-cal,molecular,cellular and gene levels.However,it is not clear how a magnetic field affects metabolism and home-ostasis under stressful conditions such as salinity.In this study,a novel method was developed of a static magnetic field(SMF)to investigate magnetobiological changes in trees.The results show that pre-treatment of poplar(Popu-lus×euramericana‘Neva’)cuttings with a static magnetic field significantly mitigated the negative effects of salinity stress on their growth and physiological activities.Bio-chemical assays revealed that several chemical messengers,including hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and O_(2)^(·-),were sig-nificantly improved in roots treated with salt,implying an increase reactive oxygen species.A static magnetic field also significantly increased proline concentrations,soluble protein contents,and CAT and SOD activities.Electrophysiological experiments further revealed that pre-treatment with a static magnetic field remarkably decreased salt-induced Na^(+)influx and H^(+)efflux which control plant salt tolerance.In pharmacological experiments,because the Na^(+)/H^(+)cor-relation was closely related to the SMF-activated plasma membrane and Na^(+)antiporter activity alleviated the mas-sive accumulation of salt-induced reactive oxygen spe-cies(ROS)within the roots.In addition,a static magnetic field dramatically increased the transcriptional activity of stress-responsive genes,including PtrRBOHD and PtrHA5.Together,these results indicate that SMF reduced Na^(+)influx by activating Na^(+)/H^(+)antiporters and plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPase to effectively maintain homeostasis by regu-lating the reactive oxygen species system and cytoplasmic osmotic potential.Ultimately,these static magnetic field methods improved salt tolerance in poplar cuttings,and,for future research,similar methods could be applied to other plants.展开更多
Betaine is a very effective osmoprotectant found in many organisms. In high plants, betaine is synthesized by oxidation of choline in two sequential steps: choline-->betaine aldehyde-->betaine. The first step is...Betaine is a very effective osmoprotectant found in many organisms. In high plants, betaine is synthesized by oxidation of choline in two sequential steps: choline-->betaine aldehyde-->betaine. The first step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO). In this study, the full-length CMO cDNA (1 820 bp) was cloned from halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis Kitag by RT-PCR and RACE. It included a 123 bp 5' UTR, a 368 bp 3' UTR and a 1 329 bp open reading frame encoding a 442-amino-acid polypeptide with 77%, 72% and 74% sequence identity compared to CMOs from spinach, sugar beet and Atriplex hortensis, respectively. The CMO open reading frame (ORF) was cloned and the plant expression vector pBI121-CMO was constructed. It was transferred into tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. ev. 89) via Agrobacterium mediation. PCR and Southern blotting analysis showed that the CMO gene was integrated into tobacco genome. Transgenic tobacco plants contained higher amount of betaine than that of control plants and were able to survive on MS medium containing 250 mmol/L NaCl. Relative electronic conductivity demonstrated less membrane damage in transgenic plants as in the wild type.展开更多
Plant growth rate (GR), contents of free polyamines (fPAs) and bound polyamines (bPAs) and activities of some key enzymes involved in polyamine (PA) metabolism in the roots of two barley (Hordeum valgare L.) cultivars...Plant growth rate (GR), contents of free polyamines (fPAs) and bound polyamines (bPAs) and activities of some key enzymes involved in polyamine (PA) metabolism in the roots of two barley (Hordeum valgare L.) cultivars differing in salt sensitivity were investigated with 0-300 mmol/L NaCl treatments. With 0-200 mmol/L NaCl treatments, activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and transglutaminase (TGase) and PA oxidase (PAO) in the roots of barley seedlings all increased, while TGase and PAO activities decreased slightly at 300 mmol/L NaCl. As a result, free Put (fPut) content increased continuously with increasing concentrations of NaCl, while levels of free Spd (fSpd) and an unknown PA (fPAx) and bPAs (bPut, bSpd and bPAx), as well as (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratio rose at 50-200 mmol/L NaCl and reduced at 300 mmol/L NaCl. However, no significant change in the tetra-amine spermine (Spin) content was observed. Statistical analysis showed that GR was very significantly positively correlated with (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratios and the contents of bPAs, whereas a significant inverse correlation existed between GR and the ratios of fPA contents to bPA levels. These results showed that, under salt stress, the balance between fSpd, fPAx and fPut levels and an equipoise between fPA and bPA contents in roots were important to salt tolerance of barley seedlings.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of ...[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] A sand culture experiment under salt stress of 150 mmol/L of NaCI was designed. The in- dicator weight was determined with the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evalu- ation method, based on the salt injury index of indicators. The salt tolerance of cotton was evaluated comprehensively. [Result] At the germination stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of germination energy, vigor index, hypocotyl length and fresh weight were highest, followed by germination rate and germination index, and of root length were lowest. At the seedling stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of plasma membrane permeability, root vigor and leaf expansion rate were highest, followed by plant height and net photosynthetic rate, and of shoot dry weight and root dry weight were lowest. The salt tolerance of cotton differed a- mong growth stages and cultivars. Among the 11 cultivars, CCRI-44 and CCRI-75 were steadily salt-tolerant at both germination and seedling stages; CCRI-17, Sumi- an 22, Sumian 15 and Dexiamianl had a stable moderate salt tolerance; while Sumian 12 and Simian 3 were steadily salt-sensitive. [Conclusion] The evaluated result was objective and exact, which indicated that this method could be used in comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study wheat salt resistance appraisal indicators under the condition of saline water irrigation.[Method] A trial was conducted with five varieties irrigated with saline water at 1,2,4,6,and ...[Objective] The aim was to study wheat salt resistance appraisal indicators under the condition of saline water irrigation.[Method] A trial was conducted with five varieties irrigated with saline water at 1,2,4,6,and 8 g/L during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 in the research station of Dry-land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences.With standardized indicators for measuring treatment,the response relations among different salt stress levels and winter wheat growth index were analyzed in this study.[Result] Under the condition of different salinity of irrigation,relative plant height after jointing stage,relative leaf area index,relative dry matter weight,relative ear number per unit area showed significant differences among treatments and yield showed significant correlation,which can be taken as salt-resistance examination index of wheat.[Conclusion] The results showed that the relative height after jointing stage was recommended as the most practical salt-tolerance appraisal indices,because it was easy to be observed and sensitive to salt stress.展开更多
For screening out salt tolerance germplasm and providing materials for ge- netic research of peanut, based on the indexes including relative germination poten- tial, relative germination rate, relative germination ind...For screening out salt tolerance germplasm and providing materials for ge- netic research of peanut, based on the indexes including relative germination poten- tial, relative germination rate, relative germination index and salt-injury rate, 128 peanut germplasms were selected for salt-tolerant identification and estimation under 2.5% NaCI. We found significant but various depressing levels of germination rate under salt stress among different germplasms, and only 5% of 128 germplasms were highly resistant to salinity. We also found that the relative germination index was a useful evaluation index for salt tolerance besides salt damage rate and rela- tive germination rate. After all, we comprehensively screened out 7 materials （JS011, JS024, JS125, JS491, JS523, JS524 and JS525） as salt tolerance germplasms for further research. Key展开更多
Background:Salinity is a major abiotic stress to global agriculture which hampers crop growth and development,and eventually reduces yield.Transgenic technology is an e ective and e cient approach to improve crop salt...Background:Salinity is a major abiotic stress to global agriculture which hampers crop growth and development,and eventually reduces yield.Transgenic technology is an e ective and e cient approach to improve crop salt tolerance but depending on the availability of e ective genes.We previously isolated Salt Tolerance5(ThST5)from the halophyte Thellungiella halophila,an ortholog of Arabidopsis SPT4-2 which encodes a transcription elongation factor.However,SPT4-2-confered salt tolerance has not been evaluated in crops yet.Here we report the evaluation of Th ST5-conferred salt tolerance in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).Results:The ThST5 overexpression transgenic cotton plants displayed enhanced tolerance to salt stress during seed germination and seedling stage compared with wild type.Particularly,the transgenic plants showed improved salinity tolerance as well as yield under saline field conditions.Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that ThST5 improved salt tolerance of transgenic cotton mainly by maintaining ion homeostasis.In addition,ThST5 also orchestrated the expression of genes encoding antioxidants and salt-responsive transcription factors.Conclusion:Our results demonstrate that ThST5 is a promising candidate to improve salt tolerance in cotton.展开更多
Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexerc...Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performanceof this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmol L-1) created with NaCl. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was notsignificantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaCl levels of 60 and 90 mmol L-1 affectedthe root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root andshoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicatingthe preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all thelevels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca andMg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca+Mg):Na ratios in shoot and rootwere comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principalsalt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.展开更多
Salinity is a global challenge to agricultural production. Understanding Na^+ sensing and transport in plants under salt stress will be of benefit for breeding robustly salt-tolerant crop species. In this review, firs...Salinity is a global challenge to agricultural production. Understanding Na^+ sensing and transport in plants under salt stress will be of benefit for breeding robustly salt-tolerant crop species. In this review, first, possible salt stress sensor candidates and the root meristem zone as a tissue harboring salt stress-sensing components are proposed. Then,the importance of Na^+ exclusion and vacuolar Na^+ sequestration in plant overall salt tolerance is highlighted. Other Na^+ regulation processes, including xylem Na^+ loading and unloading, phloem Na^+ recirculation, and Na^+ secretion, are discussed and summarized.Along with a summary of Na^+ transporters and channels, the molecular regulation of Na^+ transporters and channels in response to salt stress is discussed. Finally, some largely neglected issues in plant salt stress tolerance, including Na^+ concentration in cytosol and the role of Na^+ as a nutrient, are reviewed and discussed.展开更多
Crop yield loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide.Salt stress drastically affects the growth,development,and grain productivity of rice(Oryza sativa L.),and the improvement of r...Crop yield loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide.Salt stress drastically affects the growth,development,and grain productivity of rice(Oryza sativa L.),and the improvement of rice tolerance to salt stress is a desirable approach for meeting increasing food demand.The main contributors to salt toxicity at a global scale are Na^(+)and Cl^(-)ions,which affect up to 50%of irrigated soils.Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic,cellular,and molecular levels and are pleiotropic,involving(1)maintenance of ionic homeostasis,(2)osmotic adjustment,(3)ROS scavenging,and(4)nutritional balance.In this review,we discuss recent research progress on these four aspects of plant physiological response,with particular attention to hormonal and gene expression regulation and salt tolerance signaling pathways in rice.The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice.展开更多
Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sou...Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sound strategy to meet the demands of the ever-growing world population. In the present study, we found that the Streptomyces albidoflavus Osi Lf-2, a moderately salt-tolerant endophytic actinomycete, produced abundant osmolytes, including proline, polysaccharides, and ectoine. Inoculation with Osi Lf-2 increased the osmotic-adjustment ability of the rice host by increasing the proline content(by250.3% and 49.4%) and soluble sugar(by 20.9% and 49.4%) in rice under drought and salt conditions, relative to the uninoculated control. Osi Lf-2 increased stress responses in the rice host at the physiological and biochemical levels(photosynthesis efficiency, osmolytes and antioxidant content), and the gene level(osmolytes synthesis, stress-responsive and ion-transport related genes), raising rice yields under both greenhouse and saline–alkaline soil conditions. The use of endophytic actinomycetes offers a promising biotechnological approach to developing stress-tolerant plants.展开更多
Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachmen...Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachment,wheat is increasingly subjected to environmental stress.Moreover,expanding urbanization increasingly encroaches upon prime agricultural land in countries like China,and alternative cropping areas must be found.Some of these areas have moderate constraining factors,such as salinity.Therefore,it is important to investigate whether current genetic materials and breeding procedures are maintaining adequate variability to address future problems caused by abiotic stress.In this study,a panel of 307 wheat accessions,including local landraces,exotic cultivars used in Chinese breeding programs and Chinese cultivars released during different periods since1940,were subjected to a genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of salinity tolerance.Both marker-based and pedigree-based kinship analyses revealed that favorable haplotypes were introduced in some exotic cultivars as well as a limited number of Chinese landraces from the 1940 s.However,improvements in salinity tolerance during modern breeding are not as obvious as that of yield.To broaden genetic diversity for increasing salt tolerance,there is a need to refocus attention on local landraces that have high degrees of salinity tolerance and carry rare favorable alleles that have not been exploited in breeding.展开更多
The NAC （NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2） transcription factor family plays a key role in plant development and responses to abiotic stress. GmNAC15 （Glyma 15g40510.1）, a member of the NAC transcription factor family in soy...The NAC （NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2） transcription factor family plays a key role in plant development and responses to abiotic stress. GmNAC15 （Glyma 15g40510.1）, a member of the NAC transcription factor family in soybean, was functionally characterized, especially with regard to its role in salt tolerance. In the present study, qRT-PCR （quantitative reverse transcription PCR） analysis indicated that GmNAC15 was induced by salt, drought, low temperature stress, and ABA treatment in roots and leaves. GmNAC15 overexpression in soybean （Glycine max） hairy roots enhanced salt tolerance. Transgenic hairy roots improved the survival of wild leaves; however, overexpression of GmNAC15 in hairy root couldn＇t influnce the expression level of GmNAC15 in leaf. GmNAC15 regulates the expression levels of genes responsive to salt stress. Altogether, these results provide experimental evidence of the positive effect of GmNAC15 on salt tolerance in soybean and the potential application of genetic manipulation to enhance the salt tolerance of important crops.展开更多
Salinity impairs plant growth, limiting agricultural development. It is desirable to identify genes responding to salt stress and their mechanism of action. We identified a function of the Zea mays WRKY transcription ...Salinity impairs plant growth, limiting agricultural development. It is desirable to identify genes responding to salt stress and their mechanism of action. We identified a function of the Zea mays WRKY transcription factor, Zm WRKY104, in salt stress response. Zm WRKY104 was localized in the nucleus and showed transcriptional activation activity. Phenotypic and physiological analysis showed that overexpression of Zm WRKY104 in maize increased the tolerance of maize to salt stress and alleviated salt-induced increases in O;accumulation, malondialdehyde(MDA) content, and percent of electrolyte leakage. Further investigation showed that Zm WRKY104 increased SOD activity by regulating Zm SOD4 expression. Yeast onehybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift test, and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR assay showed that Zm WRKY104 bound directly to the promoter of Zm SOD4 by recognizing the W-box motif in vivo and in vitro. Phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical analysis showed that Zm SOD4 increased salt tolerance by alleviating salt-induced increases in O;accumulation, MDA content, and percent of electrolyte leakage under salt stress. Taken together, our results indicate that Zm WRKY104 positively regulates Zm SOD4 expression to modulate salt-induced O;accumulation, MDA content, and percent of electrolyte leakage, thus affecting salt stress response in maize.展开更多
A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was h...A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was highly saline-sodic in nature with a wide variation in electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe), pHs, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and gypsum requirement (GR). A randomized complete block design was utilized with three treatments, i.e. T1 = plastic container bags totally removed, T2 = only the plastic container bag's base removed and T3 = plastic container bags un-removed. There were 34 and 8 plants in each block for eucalyptus and guava, correspondingly. The survival rates of eucalyptus and guava saplings were greater than 90%. In addition, gain in eucalyptus height was significantly higher in the T1 treatment where the bags were totally removed while for guava height the treatments were not significant.The gain in girth was not significant for both eucalyptus and guava saplings. With eucalyptus the taproot length was greater than the lateral roots while for guava the lateral roots were longer than the taproots.There was a decrease in the salinity-sodicity of the soils for the upper 30 cm depth under both types of vegetation, indicating that the salts had leached down to the B-horizon.展开更多
Trehalose plays an important role in metabolic regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in a variety of organisms. In plants, its biosynthesis is catalyzed by two key enzymes： trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（TPS） and...Trehalose plays an important role in metabolic regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in a variety of organisms. In plants, its biosynthesis is catalyzed by two key enzymes： trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（TPS） and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase（TPP）. In the present study, a TPS gene, named IbTPS, was first isolated from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.） cv. Lushu 3 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）. The open reading frame（ORF） contained 2 580 nucleotides encoding 859 amino acids with a molecular weight of 97.433 kDa and an isoelectric point（pI） of 5.7. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities with TPS of other plants. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbTPS gene was significantly higher in stems of Lushu 3 than in its leaves and roots. Subcellular localization analysis in onion epidermal cells indicated that IbTPS gene was located in the nucleus. Transgenic tobacco（cv. Wisconsin 38） plants over-expressing IbTPS gene exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared with the control plant. Trehalose and proline content was found to be significantly more accumulated in transgenic tobacco plants than in the wild-type and several stress tolerance related genes were up-regulated. These results suggest that IbTPS gene may enhance salt tolerance of plants by increasing the amount of treahalose and proline and regulating the expression of stress tolerance related genes.展开更多
Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis involving the nitrogen fixation（Nif） proteins has been proposed as a general mechanism acting in various organisms.NifU-like protein may play an important role in protecting plants a...Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis involving the nitrogen fixation（Nif） proteins has been proposed as a general mechanism acting in various organisms.NifU-like protein may play an important role in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic stresses.Based on the EST sequence selected from salt-stressed suppression subtractive hybridization（SSH） cDNA library constructed with a salt-tolerant mutant LM79,a NFU gene,termed IbNFU1,was cloned from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.） via rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）.The cDNA sequence of 1 117 bp contained an 846 bp open reading frame encoding a 281 amino acids polypeptide with a molecular weight of 30.5 kDa and an isoelectric point（pI） of 5.12.IbNFU1 gene contained a conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motif in C-terminal of the iron-sulfur cluster domain.The deduced amino acid sequence had 66.08 to 71.99% sequence identity to NFU genes reported in Arabidopsis thaliana,Eucalyptus grandis and Vitis vinifera.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbNFU1 gene was significantly higher in the roots of the mutant LM79 compared to the wild-type Lizixiang.Transgenic tobacco（cv.Wisconsin 38） plants expressing IbNFU1 gene exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared to the untransformed control plants.It is proposed that IbNFU1 gene has an important function for salt tolerance of plants.展开更多
Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotypin...Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines（ILs） for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL（AB-QTL） analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most（〉90%） of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan（HHZ） ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection（MAS） or genome selection.展开更多
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1001601)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(32325037)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201718 and 32401756)the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program(BX20240420)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024T171011 and 2023M743817).
文摘Salt stress significantly inhibits crop growth and development,and mitigating this can enhance salt tolerance in various crops.Previous studies have shown that regulating saccharide biosynthesis is a key aspect of plant salt tolerance;however,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored.In this study,we demonstrate that overexpression of a salt-inducible galactinol synthase gene,ZmGolS1,alleviates salt-induced growth inhibition,likely by promoting raffinose synthesis.Additionally,we show that natural variation in ZmGolS1 transcript levels contributes to the diversity of raffinose content and salt tolerance in maize.We further reveal that ZmRR18,a type-B response regulator transcription factor,binds to the AATC element in the promoter of ZmGolS1,with this binding increases the transcript levels of ZmGolS1 under salt conditions.Moreover,a single nucleotide polymorphism(termed SNP-302T)within the ZmGolS1 promoter significantly reduces its binding affinity for ZmRR18,resulting in decreased ZmGolS1 expression and diminished raffinose content,ultimately leading to a salt-hypersensitive phenotype.Collectively,our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which the ZmRR18-ZmGolS1 module enhances raffinose biosynthesis,thereby promoting maize growth under salt conditions.This research provides important insights into salt tolerance mechanisms associated with saccharide biosynthesis and identifies valuable genetic loci for breeding salt-tolerant maize varieties.
基金supported by the Hainan Major Science and Technology Projects,China(ZDKJ202001)the Hainan Provincial Postdoctoral Research Projects awarded to Mohammad Nauman Khan,China(RZ2300005783)+1 种基金the Sao Paulo Research Foundation,Brazil(FAPESP,#2022/03219–2)the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development,Brazil(CNPQ,#310846/2022–6)。
文摘Salinity is a major issue threatening global food security.Among the different strategies,nanotechnology has shown tremendous potential for improving crop production under abiotic stresses such as salinity.In this review,we discuss the environmental challenges associated with the different methods of nanomaterial application,including seed nanopriming,as well as foliar and soil/root application.Based on previous research,nanopriming uses less nanomaterials and has minimal concerns regarding environmental safety and the food chain.We discuss in detail the preventive measures for the safe and sustainable use of nanomaterials in agriculture based on the application methods.Furthermore,we summarize the role of antioxidant enzyme-triggering nanomaterials and direct reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging nanomaterials(nanozymes)in plant salt tolerance.Nanomaterials can improve sodium(Na^(+))and potassium(K^(+))homeostasis through various anatomical,physiological,and molecular mechanisms while improving plant salt tolerance.The role of nanomaterials in modulating plant photosynthesis and hormonal balance has been largely overlooked.We also identify research gaps and provide guidelines for future research work.This review provides guidelines for helping researchers to understand the proper design of nanoparticles(NPs)and different plant-related factors while using NPs for plant stress tolerance.These considerations will help to improve the efficient delivery of NPs into plants.Furthermore,after gaining sufficient scientific knowledge and better understanding,NPs can be integral to sustainable agriculture,while saving costs and reducing biosafety concerns and environmental pollution.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071751).
文摘A geomagnetic field is a significant factor dur-ing the growth and development of trees.Changes in the magnetic field(MF)will result in reactions at the biochemi-cal,molecular,cellular and gene levels.However,it is not clear how a magnetic field affects metabolism and home-ostasis under stressful conditions such as salinity.In this study,a novel method was developed of a static magnetic field(SMF)to investigate magnetobiological changes in trees.The results show that pre-treatment of poplar(Popu-lus×euramericana‘Neva’)cuttings with a static magnetic field significantly mitigated the negative effects of salinity stress on their growth and physiological activities.Bio-chemical assays revealed that several chemical messengers,including hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and O_(2)^(·-),were sig-nificantly improved in roots treated with salt,implying an increase reactive oxygen species.A static magnetic field also significantly increased proline concentrations,soluble protein contents,and CAT and SOD activities.Electrophysiological experiments further revealed that pre-treatment with a static magnetic field remarkably decreased salt-induced Na^(+)influx and H^(+)efflux which control plant salt tolerance.In pharmacological experiments,because the Na^(+)/H^(+)cor-relation was closely related to the SMF-activated plasma membrane and Na^(+)antiporter activity alleviated the mas-sive accumulation of salt-induced reactive oxygen spe-cies(ROS)within the roots.In addition,a static magnetic field dramatically increased the transcriptional activity of stress-responsive genes,including PtrRBOHD and PtrHA5.Together,these results indicate that SMF reduced Na^(+)influx by activating Na^(+)/H^(+)antiporters and plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPase to effectively maintain homeostasis by regu-lating the reactive oxygen species system and cytoplasmic osmotic potential.Ultimately,these static magnetic field methods improved salt tolerance in poplar cuttings,and,for future research,similar methods could be applied to other plants.
文摘Betaine is a very effective osmoprotectant found in many organisms. In high plants, betaine is synthesized by oxidation of choline in two sequential steps: choline-->betaine aldehyde-->betaine. The first step is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase (CMO). In this study, the full-length CMO cDNA (1 820 bp) was cloned from halophyte Suaeda liaotungensis Kitag by RT-PCR and RACE. It included a 123 bp 5' UTR, a 368 bp 3' UTR and a 1 329 bp open reading frame encoding a 442-amino-acid polypeptide with 77%, 72% and 74% sequence identity compared to CMOs from spinach, sugar beet and Atriplex hortensis, respectively. The CMO open reading frame (ORF) was cloned and the plant expression vector pBI121-CMO was constructed. It was transferred into tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. ev. 89) via Agrobacterium mediation. PCR and Southern blotting analysis showed that the CMO gene was integrated into tobacco genome. Transgenic tobacco plants contained higher amount of betaine than that of control plants and were able to survive on MS medium containing 250 mmol/L NaCl. Relative electronic conductivity demonstrated less membrane damage in transgenic plants as in the wild type.
文摘Plant growth rate (GR), contents of free polyamines (fPAs) and bound polyamines (bPAs) and activities of some key enzymes involved in polyamine (PA) metabolism in the roots of two barley (Hordeum valgare L.) cultivars differing in salt sensitivity were investigated with 0-300 mmol/L NaCl treatments. With 0-200 mmol/L NaCl treatments, activities of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and transglutaminase (TGase) and PA oxidase (PAO) in the roots of barley seedlings all increased, while TGase and PAO activities decreased slightly at 300 mmol/L NaCl. As a result, free Put (fPut) content increased continuously with increasing concentrations of NaCl, while levels of free Spd (fSpd) and an unknown PA (fPAx) and bPAs (bPut, bSpd and bPAx), as well as (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratio rose at 50-200 mmol/L NaCl and reduced at 300 mmol/L NaCl. However, no significant change in the tetra-amine spermine (Spin) content was observed. Statistical analysis showed that GR was very significantly positively correlated with (fSpd + fPAx)/fPut ratios and the contents of bPAs, whereas a significant inverse correlation existed between GR and the ratios of fPA contents to bPA levels. These results showed that, under salt stress, the balance between fSpd, fPAx and fPut levels and an equipoise between fPA and bPA contents in roots were important to salt tolerance of barley seedlings.
基金Supported by Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(12)5035)Jiangsu Agricultural "Three New Engineering" Project(SXGC[2014]299)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to propose a new entropy weight fuzzy compre- hensive evaluation method for assessing cotton salt tolerance, realizing the objective, accurate and comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton. [Method] A sand culture experiment under salt stress of 150 mmol/L of NaCI was designed. The in- dicator weight was determined with the entropy weight fuzzy comprehensive evalu- ation method, based on the salt injury index of indicators. The salt tolerance of cotton was evaluated comprehensively. [Result] At the germination stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of germination energy, vigor index, hypocotyl length and fresh weight were highest, followed by germination rate and germination index, and of root length were lowest. At the seedling stage, the entropy and weight of salt injury index of plasma membrane permeability, root vigor and leaf expansion rate were highest, followed by plant height and net photosynthetic rate, and of shoot dry weight and root dry weight were lowest. The salt tolerance of cotton differed a- mong growth stages and cultivars. Among the 11 cultivars, CCRI-44 and CCRI-75 were steadily salt-tolerant at both germination and seedling stages; CCRI-17, Sumi- an 22, Sumian 15 and Dexiamianl had a stable moderate salt tolerance; while Sumian 12 and Simian 3 were steadily salt-sensitive. [Conclusion] The evaluated result was objective and exact, which indicated that this method could be used in comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance of cotton.
基金Bohai Granary Technology Demonstration Project (2013BAD05B0203)Medium and Low-yield Farmland Improvement Science and Technology Project (2012BAD05B0205)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study wheat salt resistance appraisal indicators under the condition of saline water irrigation.[Method] A trial was conducted with five varieties irrigated with saline water at 1,2,4,6,and 8 g/L during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 in the research station of Dry-land Farming Institute of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences.With standardized indicators for measuring treatment,the response relations among different salt stress levels and winter wheat growth index were analyzed in this study.[Result] Under the condition of different salinity of irrigation,relative plant height after jointing stage,relative leaf area index,relative dry matter weight,relative ear number per unit area showed significant differences among treatments and yield showed significant correlation,which can be taken as salt-resistance examination index of wheat.[Conclusion] The results showed that the relative height after jointing stage was recommended as the most practical salt-tolerance appraisal indices,because it was easy to be observed and sensitive to salt stress.
基金Supported by National Peanut Industry Technology System"Nanjing Comprehensive Experimental Station"(CARS-14)the Fund of Independent Innovation of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province"On the Collection,Identification and Shared Service of Germplasm Resources of Main Field Crops"[CX(14)2001]~~
文摘For screening out salt tolerance germplasm and providing materials for ge- netic research of peanut, based on the indexes including relative germination poten- tial, relative germination rate, relative germination index and salt-injury rate, 128 peanut germplasms were selected for salt-tolerant identification and estimation under 2.5% NaCI. We found significant but various depressing levels of germination rate under salt stress among different germplasms, and only 5% of 128 germplasms were highly resistant to salinity. We also found that the relative germination index was a useful evaluation index for salt tolerance besides salt damage rate and rela- tive germination rate. After all, we comprehensively screened out 7 materials （JS011, JS024, JS125, JS491, JS523, JS524 and JS525） as salt tolerance germplasms for further research. Key
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technol-ogy of China(Grant No.2016ZX08005004-003).
文摘Background:Salinity is a major abiotic stress to global agriculture which hampers crop growth and development,and eventually reduces yield.Transgenic technology is an e ective and e cient approach to improve crop salt tolerance but depending on the availability of e ective genes.We previously isolated Salt Tolerance5(ThST5)from the halophyte Thellungiella halophila,an ortholog of Arabidopsis SPT4-2 which encodes a transcription elongation factor.However,SPT4-2-confered salt tolerance has not been evaluated in crops yet.Here we report the evaluation of Th ST5-conferred salt tolerance in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).Results:The ThST5 overexpression transgenic cotton plants displayed enhanced tolerance to salt stress during seed germination and seedling stage compared with wild type.Particularly,the transgenic plants showed improved salinity tolerance as well as yield under saline field conditions.Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that ThST5 improved salt tolerance of transgenic cotton mainly by maintaining ion homeostasis.In addition,ThST5 also orchestrated the expression of genes encoding antioxidants and salt-responsive transcription factors.Conclusion:Our results demonstrate that ThST5 is a promising candidate to improve salt tolerance in cotton.
文摘Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performanceof this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmol L-1) created with NaCl. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was notsignificantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaCl levels of 60 and 90 mmol L-1 affectedthe root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root andshoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicatingthe preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all thelevels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca andMg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca+Mg):Na ratios in shoot and rootwere comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principalsalt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.
基金supported by a Ph.D. scholarship provided by University of Tasmania (185466S9A),Australiathe Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology Utilization at Anhui Agricultural University (SKLTOF20170112)
文摘Salinity is a global challenge to agricultural production. Understanding Na^+ sensing and transport in plants under salt stress will be of benefit for breeding robustly salt-tolerant crop species. In this review, first, possible salt stress sensor candidates and the root meristem zone as a tissue harboring salt stress-sensing components are proposed. Then,the importance of Na^+ exclusion and vacuolar Na^+ sequestration in plant overall salt tolerance is highlighted. Other Na^+ regulation processes, including xylem Na^+ loading and unloading, phloem Na^+ recirculation, and Na^+ secretion, are discussed and summarized.Along with a summary of Na^+ transporters and channels, the molecular regulation of Na^+ transporters and channels in response to salt stress is discussed. Finally, some largely neglected issues in plant salt stress tolerance, including Na^+ concentration in cytosol and the role of Na^+ as a nutrient, are reviewed and discussed.
基金supported by the Research Initiation Fund of Hunan Agricultural University(20154/5407419002)the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice,Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center(2020KF05)+1 种基金the Hunan Science and Technology Major Project(2018NK1010)the Hunan Science and Technology Talents Support Project(2019TJ-Q08)。
文摘Crop yield loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide.Salt stress drastically affects the growth,development,and grain productivity of rice(Oryza sativa L.),and the improvement of rice tolerance to salt stress is a desirable approach for meeting increasing food demand.The main contributors to salt toxicity at a global scale are Na^(+)and Cl^(-)ions,which affect up to 50%of irrigated soils.Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic,cellular,and molecular levels and are pleiotropic,involving(1)maintenance of ionic homeostasis,(2)osmotic adjustment,(3)ROS scavenging,and(4)nutritional balance.In this review,we discuss recent research progress on these four aspects of plant physiological response,with particular attention to hormonal and gene expression regulation and salt tolerance signaling pathways in rice.The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672093 and 31871595)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000603)+1 种基金Hunan Provincial Important Science and Technology Specific Projects(2018NK1010)Key Research and Development Project in Hunan Province,China(2019NK2192)。
文摘Drought and salinity are major environmental stresses that impair crop growth and productivity worldwide. Improving drought and salt tolerance of crops with microbial mutualists is an effective and environmentally sound strategy to meet the demands of the ever-growing world population. In the present study, we found that the Streptomyces albidoflavus Osi Lf-2, a moderately salt-tolerant endophytic actinomycete, produced abundant osmolytes, including proline, polysaccharides, and ectoine. Inoculation with Osi Lf-2 increased the osmotic-adjustment ability of the rice host by increasing the proline content(by250.3% and 49.4%) and soluble sugar(by 20.9% and 49.4%) in rice under drought and salt conditions, relative to the uninoculated control. Osi Lf-2 increased stress responses in the rice host at the physiological and biochemical levels(photosynthesis efficiency, osmolytes and antioxidant content), and the gene level(osmolytes synthesis, stress-responsive and ion-transport related genes), raising rice yields under both greenhouse and saline–alkaline soil conditions. The use of endophytic actinomycetes offers a promising biotechnological approach to developing stress-tolerant plants.
基金financially supported by the National Youth Foundation of China(31901494,31601306,and 31901869)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971890)+1 种基金supported by Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science and Technology(2017QNRC001)the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20161092)。
文摘Most modern wheat cultivars were selected on the basis of yield-related indices measured under optimal fertilizer and irrigation inputs.With climate change,land degradation and salinity caused by sea water encroachment,wheat is increasingly subjected to environmental stress.Moreover,expanding urbanization increasingly encroaches upon prime agricultural land in countries like China,and alternative cropping areas must be found.Some of these areas have moderate constraining factors,such as salinity.Therefore,it is important to investigate whether current genetic materials and breeding procedures are maintaining adequate variability to address future problems caused by abiotic stress.In this study,a panel of 307 wheat accessions,including local landraces,exotic cultivars used in Chinese breeding programs and Chinese cultivars released during different periods since1940,were subjected to a genome-wide association study to dissect the genetic basis of salinity tolerance.Both marker-based and pedigree-based kinship analyses revealed that favorable haplotypes were introduced in some exotic cultivars as well as a limited number of Chinese landraces from the 1940 s.However,improvements in salinity tolerance during modern breeding are not as obvious as that of yield.To broaden genetic diversity for increasing salt tolerance,there is a need to refocus attention on local landraces that have high degrees of salinity tolerance and carry rare favorable alleles that have not been exploited in breeding.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0101005)the Agricultural Science and Technology Program for Innovation Team on Identification and excavation of Elite Crop Germplasm, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘The NAC （NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2） transcription factor family plays a key role in plant development and responses to abiotic stress. GmNAC15 （Glyma 15g40510.1）, a member of the NAC transcription factor family in soybean, was functionally characterized, especially with regard to its role in salt tolerance. In the present study, qRT-PCR （quantitative reverse transcription PCR） analysis indicated that GmNAC15 was induced by salt, drought, low temperature stress, and ABA treatment in roots and leaves. GmNAC15 overexpression in soybean （Glycine max） hairy roots enhanced salt tolerance. Transgenic hairy roots improved the survival of wild leaves; however, overexpression of GmNAC15 in hairy root couldn＇t influnce the expression level of GmNAC15 in leaf. GmNAC15 regulates the expression levels of genes responsive to salt stress. Altogether, these results provide experimental evidence of the positive effect of GmNAC15 on salt tolerance in soybean and the potential application of genetic manipulation to enhance the salt tolerance of important crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001445 and 31871534)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20200557)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651846)。
文摘Salinity impairs plant growth, limiting agricultural development. It is desirable to identify genes responding to salt stress and their mechanism of action. We identified a function of the Zea mays WRKY transcription factor, Zm WRKY104, in salt stress response. Zm WRKY104 was localized in the nucleus and showed transcriptional activation activity. Phenotypic and physiological analysis showed that overexpression of Zm WRKY104 in maize increased the tolerance of maize to salt stress and alleviated salt-induced increases in O;accumulation, malondialdehyde(MDA) content, and percent of electrolyte leakage. Further investigation showed that Zm WRKY104 increased SOD activity by regulating Zm SOD4 expression. Yeast onehybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift test, and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR assay showed that Zm WRKY104 bound directly to the promoter of Zm SOD4 by recognizing the W-box motif in vivo and in vitro. Phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical analysis showed that Zm SOD4 increased salt tolerance by alleviating salt-induced increases in O;accumulation, MDA content, and percent of electrolyte leakage under salt stress. Taken together, our results indicate that Zm WRKY104 positively regulates Zm SOD4 expression to modulate salt-induced O;accumulation, MDA content, and percent of electrolyte leakage, thus affecting salt stress response in maize.
基金Project jointly supported by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) (No. PAK/97/024).
文摘A field investigation was conducted to determine the survival and growth rate of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) saplings planted in salt-affected soils. The field used was highly saline-sodic in nature with a wide variation in electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe), pHs, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and gypsum requirement (GR). A randomized complete block design was utilized with three treatments, i.e. T1 = plastic container bags totally removed, T2 = only the plastic container bag's base removed and T3 = plastic container bags un-removed. There were 34 and 8 plants in each block for eucalyptus and guava, correspondingly. The survival rates of eucalyptus and guava saplings were greater than 90%. In addition, gain in eucalyptus height was significantly higher in the T1 treatment where the bags were totally removed while for guava height the treatments were not significant.The gain in girth was not significant for both eucalyptus and guava saplings. With eucalyptus the taproot length was greater than the lateral roots while for guava the lateral roots were longer than the taproots.There was a decrease in the salinity-sodicity of the soils for the upper 30 cm depth under both types of vegetation, indicating that the salts had leached down to the B-horizon.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271777)the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-11, Sweetpotato)+1 种基金the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2012AA101204)the Beijing Key Discipline Program, China
文摘Trehalose plays an important role in metabolic regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in a variety of organisms. In plants, its biosynthesis is catalyzed by two key enzymes： trehalose-6-phosphate synthase（TPS） and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase（TPP）. In the present study, a TPS gene, named IbTPS, was first isolated from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.） cv. Lushu 3 by rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）. The open reading frame（ORF） contained 2 580 nucleotides encoding 859 amino acids with a molecular weight of 97.433 kDa and an isoelectric point（pI） of 5.7. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high identities with TPS of other plants. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbTPS gene was significantly higher in stems of Lushu 3 than in its leaves and roots. Subcellular localization analysis in onion epidermal cells indicated that IbTPS gene was located in the nucleus. Transgenic tobacco（cv. Wisconsin 38） plants over-expressing IbTPS gene exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared with the control plant. Trehalose and proline content was found to be significantly more accumulated in transgenic tobacco plants than in the wild-type and several stress tolerance related genes were up-regulated. These results suggest that IbTPS gene may enhance salt tolerance of plants by increasing the amount of treahalose and proline and regulating the expression of stress tolerance related genes.
基金supported by the China Agricultural Research System (Sweetpotato)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(2009AA10Z102)+1 种基金the National Transgenic Plants Project of China (2009ZX08009-064B)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071468)
文摘Iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis involving the nitrogen fixation（Nif） proteins has been proposed as a general mechanism acting in various organisms.NifU-like protein may play an important role in protecting plants against abiotic and biotic stresses.Based on the EST sequence selected from salt-stressed suppression subtractive hybridization（SSH） cDNA library constructed with a salt-tolerant mutant LM79,a NFU gene,termed IbNFU1,was cloned from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.） via rapid amplification of cDNA ends（RACE）.The cDNA sequence of 1 117 bp contained an 846 bp open reading frame encoding a 281 amino acids polypeptide with a molecular weight of 30.5 kDa and an isoelectric point（pI） of 5.12.IbNFU1 gene contained a conserved Cys-X-X-Cys motif in C-terminal of the iron-sulfur cluster domain.The deduced amino acid sequence had 66.08 to 71.99% sequence identity to NFU genes reported in Arabidopsis thaliana,Eucalyptus grandis and Vitis vinifera.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbNFU1 gene was significantly higher in the roots of the mutant LM79 compared to the wild-type Lizixiang.Transgenic tobacco（cv.Wisconsin 38） plants expressing IbNFU1 gene exhibited significantly higher salt tolerance compared to the untransformed control plants.It is proposed that IbNFU1 gene has an important function for salt tolerance of plants.
基金funded by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (2012AA101101)the 948 Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, China (2010-G2B)+1 种基金the International Cooperative Project from the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (S2012ZR0160)the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Project (OPP51587)
文摘Salinity is a major factor limiting rice yield in coastal areas of Asia. To facilitate breeding salt tolerant rice varieties, the wholeplant growth duration salt tolerance（ST） was genetically dissected by phenotyping two sets of BC2F5 introgression lines（ILs） for four yield traits under severe natural salt stress and non-stress filed conditions using SSR markers and the methods of advanced backcross QTL（AB-QTL） analysis and selective introgression. Many QTLs affecting four yield traits under salt stress and nonstress conditions were identified, most（〉90%） of which were clustered in 13 genomic regions of the rice genome and involved in complex epistasis. Most QTLs affecting yield traits were differentially expressed under salt stress and non-stress conditions. Our results suggested that genetics complementarily provides an adequate explanation for the hidden genetic diversity for ST observed in both IL populations. Some promising Huanghuazhan（HHZ） ILs with favorable donor alleles at multiple QTLs and significantly improved yield traits under salt stress and non-stress conditions were identified, providing excellent materials and relevant genetic information for improving rice ST by marker-assisted selection（MAS） or genome selection.
