Medical procedures are inherently invasive and carry the risk of inducing pain to the mind and body.Recently,efforts have been made to alleviate the discomfort associated with invasive medical procedures through the u...Medical procedures are inherently invasive and carry the risk of inducing pain to the mind and body.Recently,efforts have been made to alleviate the discomfort associated with invasive medical procedures through the use of virtual reality(VR)technology.VR has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for pain associated with medical procedures,as well as for chronic pain conditions for which no effective treatment has been established.The precise mechanism by which the diversion from reality facilitated by VR contributes to the diminution of pain and anxiety has yet to be elucidated.However,the provision of positive images through VR-based visual stimulation may enhance the functionality of brain networks.The salience network is diminished,while the default mode network is enhanced.Additionally,the medial prefrontal cortex may establish a stronger connection with the default mode network,which could result in a reduction of pain and anxiety.Further research into the potential of VR technology to alleviate pain could lead to a reduction in the number of individuals who overdose on painkillers and contribute to positive change in the medical field.展开更多
BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological s...BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Group cognitive behavioral therapy(GCBT)is increasingly being used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)because of its high efficiency,economy,and interaction among group members.However,the changes i...BACKGROUND Group cognitive behavioral therapy(GCBT)is increasingly being used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)because of its high efficiency,economy,and interaction among group members.However,the changes in network functional connectivity(FC)in patients with OCD with GCBT remain unclear.AIM To investigate inter-and intra-network resting-state FC(rs-FC)abnormalities before and after GCBT in unmedicated patients with OCD and validate the efficacy of GCBT.METHODS Overall,33 individuals with OCD and 26 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.The patients were rescanned 12 weeks after GCBT.Four cognition-related networks-default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention network(DAN),salience network(SAN),and frontoparietal network(FPN)-were selected to examine FC abnormalities within and between OCD networks before and after GCBT.Neuropsychological assessments including memory,executive function,speech,attention,and visuospatial ability were reassessed following GCBT.Pearson’s correlations were used to analyze the relationship between aberrant FC in cognition-related networks and altered neuropsychological assessments in patients.RESULTS Rs-FC within the DMN and DAN decreased significantly.Additionally,rs-FC between the DMN-DAN,DMNFPN,DMN-SAN,and DAN-SAN also decreased.Significant improvements were observed in cognitive functions,such as memory,executive function,attention,and visuospatial ability.Furthermore,reduced rs-FC within the DMN correlated with visuospatial ability and executive function;DAN positively correlated with Shape Trails Test(STT)-A test elapsed time;DMN-DAN negatively correlated with Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure(Rey-O)mimicry time and the three elapsed times of the tower of Hanoi;DMN-SAN negatively correlated with Rey-O imitation time and positively correlated with STT-A test elapsed time;and DMN-FPN negatively correlated with Auditory Word Learning Test N1 and N4 scores.CONCLUSION Decreased rs-FC within the DMN and DAN,which correlated with executive function post-treatment,has potential as a neuroimaging marker to predict treatment response to GCBT in patients with OCD.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) based on a triple network mod...The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network(DMN), salience network(SN), and executive control network(ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that:(1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions(i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions(i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions(i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior);(2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control(HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the a MCI and HC groups; and(3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale(MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, a MCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the a MCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.展开更多
Emotion and executive control are often conceptualized as two distinct modes of human brain functioning.Little,however,is known about how the dynamic organization of large-scale functional brain networks that support ...Emotion and executive control are often conceptualized as two distinct modes of human brain functioning.Little,however,is known about how the dynamic organization of large-scale functional brain networks that support flexible emotion processing and executive control,especially their interactions.The amygdala and prefrontal systems have long been thought to play crucial roles in these processes.Recent advances in human neuroimaging studies have begun to delineate functional organization principles among the large-scale brain networks underlying emotion,executive control,and their interactions.Here,we propose a dynamic brain network model to account for interactive competition between emotion and executive control by reviewing recent resting-state and task-related neuroimaging studies using network-based approaches.In this model,dynamic interactions among the executive control network,the salience network,the default mode network,and sensorimotor networks enable dynamic processes of emotion and support flexible executive control of multiple processes;neural oscillations across multiple frequency bands and the locus coeruleus−norepinephrine pathway serve as communicational mechanisms underlying dynamic synergy among large-scale functional brain networks.This model has important implications for understanding how the dynamic organization of complex brain systems and networks empowers flexible cognitive and affective functions.展开更多
Cognitive impairments are commonly observed in patients with multiple sclerosis and are associated with lower levels of quality of life.No consensus has been reached on how to tackle effectively cognitive decline in t...Cognitive impairments are commonly observed in patients with multiple sclerosis and are associated with lower levels of quality of life.No consensus has been reached on how to tackle effectively cognitive decline in this clinical population non-pharmacologically.This exploratory case-control study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a hypothesis-based cognitive training designed to target multiple domains by promoting the synchronous co-activation of different brain areas and thereby improve cognition and induce changes in functional connectivity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Forty-five patients(36 females and 9 males,mean age 44.62±8.80 years)with clinically stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were assigned to either a standard cognitive training or to control groups(sham training and nonactive control).The standard training included twenty sessions of computerized exercises involving various cognitive functions supported by distinct brain networks.The sham training was a modified version of the standard training that comprised the same exercises and number of sessions but with increased processing speed load.The non-active control group received no cognitive training.All patients underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and magnetic resonance imaging assessments at baseline and after 5 weeks.Cognitive and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using repeated measures models.At reassessment,the standard training group showed significant cognitive improvements compared to both control groups in memory tasks not specifically targeted by the training:the Buschke Selective Reminding Test and the Semantic Fluency test.The standard training group showed reductions in functional connectivity of the salience network,in the anterior cingulate cortex,associated with improvements on the Buschke Selective Reminding Test.No changes were observed in the sham training group.These findings suggest that multi-domain training that stimulates multiple brain areas synchronously may improve cognition in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis if sufficient time to process training material is allowed.The associated reduction in functional connectivity of the salience network suggests that training-induced neuroplastic functional reorganization may be the mechanism supporting performance gains.This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee of Yorkshire and Humber(approval No.12/YH/0474)on November 20,2013.展开更多
Consensus of creativity research suggests that the measurement of both originality and valuableness is necessary when designing creativity tasks.However,few studies have emphasized valuableness when exploring underlyi...Consensus of creativity research suggests that the measurement of both originality and valuableness is necessary when designing creativity tasks.However,few studies have emphasized valuableness when exploring underlying neural substrates of creative thinking.The present study employs product-based creativity tasks that measure both originality and valuableness in an exploration of the dynamic relationship between the default mode(DMN),executive control(ECN),and salience(SN)networks through time windows.This methodology highlights relevance,or valuableness,in creativity evaluation as opposed to divergent thinking tasks solely measuring originality.The researchers identified seven brain regions belonging to the ECN,DMN,and SN as regions of interest(ROIs),as well as four representative seeds to analyze functional connectivity in 25 college student participants.Results showed that all of the identified ROIs were involved during the creative task.The insula,precuneus,and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(vlPFC)remained active across all stages of product-based creative thinking.Moreover,the connectivity analyses revealed varied interaction patterns of DMN,ECN,and SN at different thinking stages.The integrated findings of the whole brain,ROI,and connectivity analyses suggest a trend that the DMN and SN(which relate to bottom-up thinking)attenuate as time proceeds,whereas the vlPFC(which relates to top-down thinking)gets stronger at later stages;these findings reflect the nature of our creativity tasks and decision-making of valuableness in later stages.Based on brain region activation throughout execution of the task,we propose that product-based creative process may include three stages:exploration and association,incubation and insight,and finally,evaluation and decision making.This model provides a thinking frame for further research and classroom instruction.展开更多
BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive ne...BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive network(CEN),allowing for a better understanding of cognitive deficits observed in mental disorders,as well as other characteristic psychopathological phenomena such as thought and behavior disorganization.AIM To investigate differential patterns of effective connectivity across distributed brain networks involved in schizophrenia(SCH)and mood disorders.METHODS The sample comprised 58 patients with either paranoid syndrome in the context of SCH(n=26)or depressive syndrome(Ds)(n=32),in the context of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.The methods used include rs-fMRI and subsequent dynamic causal modeling to determine the direction and strength of connections to and from various nodes in the DMN,SN and CEN.RESULTS A significant excitatory connection from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to the anterior insula(aI)was observed in the SCH patient group,whereas inhibitory connections from the precuneus to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and from the aI to the precuneus were observed in the Ds group.CONCLUSION The results delineate specific patterns associated with SCH and Ds and offer a better explanation of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders,and inform differential diagnosis and precise treatment targeting.展开更多
Background With bipolar disorder(BD)having a lifetime prevalence of 4.4%and a significant portion of patients being chronically burdened by symptoms,there has been an increased focus on uncovering new targets for inte...Background With bipolar disorder(BD)having a lifetime prevalence of 4.4%and a significant portion of patients being chronically burdened by symptoms,there has been an increased focus on uncovering new targets for intervention in BD.One area that has shown early promise is the mitochondrial hypothesis.However,at the time of publication no studies have utilized positron emission tomography(PET)imaging to assess mitochondrial function in the setting of BD.Case Presentation Our participant is a 58 year-old male with a past medical history notable for alcohol use disorder and BD(unspecified type)who underwent PET imaging with the mitochondrial complex I PET ligand^(18)F-BCPP-EF.The resulting images demonstrated significant overlap between areas of dysfunction identified with the^(18)F-BCPP-EF PET ligand and prior functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)techniques in the setting of BD.That overlap was seen in both affective and cognitive circuits,with mitochondrial dysfunction in the fronto-limbic,ventral affective,and dorsal cognitive circuits showing particularly significant differences.Conclusions Despite mounting evidence implicating mitochondria in BD,this study represents the first PET imaging study to investigate this mechanistic connection.There were key limitations in the form of comorbid alcohol use disorder,limited statistical power inherent to a case study,no sex matched controls,and the absence of a comprehensive psychiatric history.However,even with these limitations in mind,the significant overlap between dysfunction previously demonstrated on functional MRI and this imaging provides compelling preliminary evidence that strengthens the mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and BD.展开更多
Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(fun...Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(funcSurg)approaches have shown more consistent effects in reducing pain in patients with severe chronic pain.Objective This study aims to redefine rt-fMRI-NF targets for chronic pain management informed by funcSurg studies.Methods Based on independent systematic reviews,we identified the neuromodulation targets of the rt-fMRI-NF(in acute and chronic pain)and funcSurg(in chronic pain)studies.We then characterized the underlying functional networks using a subsample of the 7 T resting-state fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project.Principal component analyses(PCA)were used to identify dominant patterns(accounting for a cumulative explained variance>80%)within the obtained functional maps,and the overlap between these PCA maps and canonical intrinsic brain networks(default,salience,and sensorimotor)was calculated using a null map approach.Results The anatomical targets used in rt-fMRI-NF and funcSurg approaches are largely distinct,with the middle cingulate cortex as a common target.Within the investigated canonical rs-fMRI networks,these approaches exhibit both divergent and overlapping functional connectivity patterns.Specifically,rt-fMRI-NF approaches primarily target the default mode network(P value range 0.001–0.002)and the salience network(P=0.002),whereas funcSurg approaches predominantly target the salience network(P=0.001)and the sensorimotor network(P value range 0.001–0.023).Conclusion Key hubs of the salience and sensorimotor networks may represent promising targets for the therapeutic application of rt-fMRI-NF in chronic pain.展开更多
文摘Medical procedures are inherently invasive and carry the risk of inducing pain to the mind and body.Recently,efforts have been made to alleviate the discomfort associated with invasive medical procedures through the use of virtual reality(VR)technology.VR has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for pain associated with medical procedures,as well as for chronic pain conditions for which no effective treatment has been established.The precise mechanism by which the diversion from reality facilitated by VR contributes to the diminution of pain and anxiety has yet to be elucidated.However,the provision of positive images through VR-based visual stimulation may enhance the functionality of brain networks.The salience network is diminished,while the default mode network is enhanced.Additionally,the medial prefrontal cortex may establish a stronger connection with the default mode network,which could result in a reduction of pain and anxiety.Further research into the potential of VR technology to alleviate pain could lead to a reduction in the number of individuals who overdose on painkillers and contribute to positive change in the medical field.
基金Supported by the Medical Research Project of the Chongqing Municipal Health Commission,No.2024WSJK110.
文摘BACKGROUND Currently,adolescent depression is one of the most significant public health concerns,markedly influencing emotional,cognitive,and social maturation.Despite advancements in distinguish the neurobiological substrates underlying depression,the intricate patterns of disrupted brain network connectivity in adolescents warrant further exploration.AIM To elucidate the neural correlates of adolescent depression by examining brain network connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-fMRI).METHODS The study cohort comprised 74 depressed adolescents and 59 healthy controls aged 12 to 17 years.Participants underwent rs-fMRI to evaluate functional connectivity within and across critical brain networks,including the visual,default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention,salience,somatomotor,and frontoparietal control networks.RESULTS Analyses revealed pronounced functional disparities within key neural circuits among adolescents with depression.The results demonstrated existence of hemispheric asymmetries characterized by enhanced activity in the left visual network,which contrasted the diminished activity in the right hemisphere.The DMN facilitated increased activity within the left prefrontal cortex and reduced engagement in the right hemisphere,implicating disrupted self-referential and emotional processing mechanisms.Additionally,an overactive right dorsal attention network and a hypoactive salience network were identified,underscoring significant abnormalities in attentional and emotional regulation in adolescent depression.CONCLUSION The findings from this study underscore distinct neural connectivity disruptions in adolescent depression,underscoring the critical role of specific neurobiological markers for precise early diagnosis of adolescent depression.The observed functional asymmetries and network-specific deviations elucidate the complex neurobiological architecture of adolescent depression,supporting the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
基金Supported by the Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province,No.2023RC266the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,No.202003N4266.
文摘BACKGROUND Group cognitive behavioral therapy(GCBT)is increasingly being used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)because of its high efficiency,economy,and interaction among group members.However,the changes in network functional connectivity(FC)in patients with OCD with GCBT remain unclear.AIM To investigate inter-and intra-network resting-state FC(rs-FC)abnormalities before and after GCBT in unmedicated patients with OCD and validate the efficacy of GCBT.METHODS Overall,33 individuals with OCD and 26 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.The patients were rescanned 12 weeks after GCBT.Four cognition-related networks-default mode network(DMN),dorsal attention network(DAN),salience network(SAN),and frontoparietal network(FPN)-were selected to examine FC abnormalities within and between OCD networks before and after GCBT.Neuropsychological assessments including memory,executive function,speech,attention,and visuospatial ability were reassessed following GCBT.Pearson’s correlations were used to analyze the relationship between aberrant FC in cognition-related networks and altered neuropsychological assessments in patients.RESULTS Rs-FC within the DMN and DAN decreased significantly.Additionally,rs-FC between the DMN-DAN,DMNFPN,DMN-SAN,and DAN-SAN also decreased.Significant improvements were observed in cognitive functions,such as memory,executive function,attention,and visuospatial ability.Furthermore,reduced rs-FC within the DMN correlated with visuospatial ability and executive function;DAN positively correlated with Shape Trails Test(STT)-A test elapsed time;DMN-DAN negatively correlated with Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure(Rey-O)mimicry time and the three elapsed times of the tower of Hanoi;DMN-SAN negatively correlated with Rey-O imitation time and positively correlated with STT-A test elapsed time;and DMN-FPN negatively correlated with Auditory Word Learning Test N1 and N4 scores.CONCLUSION Decreased rs-FC within the DMN and DAN,which correlated with executive function post-treatment,has potential as a neuroimaging marker to predict treatment response to GCBT in patients with OCD.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81771158)the Science Foundation of the Health Commission of Zhejiang Province(Nos.2016147373 and 2019321345),China
文摘The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer’s disease(AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment(aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network(DMN), salience network(SN), and executive control network(ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity(VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that:(1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions(i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions(i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions(i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior);(2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control(HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the a MCI and HC groups; and(3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale(MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, a MCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the a MCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31920103009,32371104,and 32130045)the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation(20&ZD153)the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions(2023SHIBS0003).
文摘Emotion and executive control are often conceptualized as two distinct modes of human brain functioning.Little,however,is known about how the dynamic organization of large-scale functional brain networks that support flexible emotion processing and executive control,especially their interactions.The amygdala and prefrontal systems have long been thought to play crucial roles in these processes.Recent advances in human neuroimaging studies have begun to delineate functional organization principles among the large-scale brain networks underlying emotion,executive control,and their interactions.Here,we propose a dynamic brain network model to account for interactive competition between emotion and executive control by reviewing recent resting-state and task-related neuroimaging studies using network-based approaches.In this model,dynamic interactions among the executive control network,the salience network,the default mode network,and sensorimotor networks enable dynamic processes of emotion and support flexible executive control of multiple processes;neural oscillations across multiple frequency bands and the locus coeruleus−norepinephrine pathway serve as communicational mechanisms underlying dynamic synergy among large-scale functional brain networks.This model has important implications for understanding how the dynamic organization of complex brain systems and networks empowers flexible cognitive and affective functions.
文摘Cognitive impairments are commonly observed in patients with multiple sclerosis and are associated with lower levels of quality of life.No consensus has been reached on how to tackle effectively cognitive decline in this clinical population non-pharmacologically.This exploratory case-control study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a hypothesis-based cognitive training designed to target multiple domains by promoting the synchronous co-activation of different brain areas and thereby improve cognition and induce changes in functional connectivity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Forty-five patients(36 females and 9 males,mean age 44.62±8.80 years)with clinically stable relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were assigned to either a standard cognitive training or to control groups(sham training and nonactive control).The standard training included twenty sessions of computerized exercises involving various cognitive functions supported by distinct brain networks.The sham training was a modified version of the standard training that comprised the same exercises and number of sessions but with increased processing speed load.The non-active control group received no cognitive training.All patients underwent comprehensive neuropsychological and magnetic resonance imaging assessments at baseline and after 5 weeks.Cognitive and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using repeated measures models.At reassessment,the standard training group showed significant cognitive improvements compared to both control groups in memory tasks not specifically targeted by the training:the Buschke Selective Reminding Test and the Semantic Fluency test.The standard training group showed reductions in functional connectivity of the salience network,in the anterior cingulate cortex,associated with improvements on the Buschke Selective Reminding Test.No changes were observed in the sham training group.These findings suggest that multi-domain training that stimulates multiple brain areas synchronously may improve cognition in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis if sufficient time to process training material is allowed.The associated reduction in functional connectivity of the salience network suggests that training-induced neuroplastic functional reorganization may be the mechanism supporting performance gains.This study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee of Yorkshire and Humber(approval No.12/YH/0474)on November 20,2013.
文摘Consensus of creativity research suggests that the measurement of both originality and valuableness is necessary when designing creativity tasks.However,few studies have emphasized valuableness when exploring underlying neural substrates of creative thinking.The present study employs product-based creativity tasks that measure both originality and valuableness in an exploration of the dynamic relationship between the default mode(DMN),executive control(ECN),and salience(SN)networks through time windows.This methodology highlights relevance,or valuableness,in creativity evaluation as opposed to divergent thinking tasks solely measuring originality.The researchers identified seven brain regions belonging to the ECN,DMN,and SN as regions of interest(ROIs),as well as four representative seeds to analyze functional connectivity in 25 college student participants.Results showed that all of the identified ROIs were involved during the creative task.The insula,precuneus,and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex(vlPFC)remained active across all stages of product-based creative thinking.Moreover,the connectivity analyses revealed varied interaction patterns of DMN,ECN,and SN at different thinking stages.The integrated findings of the whole brain,ROI,and connectivity analyses suggest a trend that the DMN and SN(which relate to bottom-up thinking)attenuate as time proceeds,whereas the vlPFC(which relates to top-down thinking)gets stronger at later stages;these findings reflect the nature of our creativity tasks and decision-making of valuableness in later stages.Based on brain region activation throughout execution of the task,we propose that product-based creative process may include three stages:exploration and association,incubation and insight,and finally,evaluation and decision making.This model provides a thinking frame for further research and classroom instruction.
文摘BACKGROUND Over the past decade,resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rsfMRI)has concentrated on brain networks such as the default mode network(DMN),the salience network(SN),and the central executive network(CEN),allowing for a better understanding of cognitive deficits observed in mental disorders,as well as other characteristic psychopathological phenomena such as thought and behavior disorganization.AIM To investigate differential patterns of effective connectivity across distributed brain networks involved in schizophrenia(SCH)and mood disorders.METHODS The sample comprised 58 patients with either paranoid syndrome in the context of SCH(n=26)or depressive syndrome(Ds)(n=32),in the context of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.The methods used include rs-fMRI and subsequent dynamic causal modeling to determine the direction and strength of connections to and from various nodes in the DMN,SN and CEN.RESULTS A significant excitatory connection from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex to the anterior insula(aI)was observed in the SCH patient group,whereas inhibitory connections from the precuneus to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and from the aI to the precuneus were observed in the Ds group.CONCLUSION The results delineate specific patterns associated with SCH and Ds and offer a better explanation of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders,and inform differential diagnosis and precise treatment targeting.
基金supported by the Eisenberg Depression Center Impact Accelerator Grant.
文摘Background With bipolar disorder(BD)having a lifetime prevalence of 4.4%and a significant portion of patients being chronically burdened by symptoms,there has been an increased focus on uncovering new targets for intervention in BD.One area that has shown early promise is the mitochondrial hypothesis.However,at the time of publication no studies have utilized positron emission tomography(PET)imaging to assess mitochondrial function in the setting of BD.Case Presentation Our participant is a 58 year-old male with a past medical history notable for alcohol use disorder and BD(unspecified type)who underwent PET imaging with the mitochondrial complex I PET ligand^(18)F-BCPP-EF.The resulting images demonstrated significant overlap between areas of dysfunction identified with the^(18)F-BCPP-EF PET ligand and prior functional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)techniques in the setting of BD.That overlap was seen in both affective and cognitive circuits,with mitochondrial dysfunction in the fronto-limbic,ventral affective,and dorsal cognitive circuits showing particularly significant differences.Conclusions Despite mounting evidence implicating mitochondria in BD,this study represents the first PET imaging study to investigate this mechanistic connection.There were key limitations in the form of comorbid alcohol use disorder,limited statistical power inherent to a case study,no sex matched controls,and the absence of a comprehensive psychiatric history.However,even with these limitations in mind,the significant overlap between dysfunction previously demonstrated on functional MRI and this imaging provides compelling preliminary evidence that strengthens the mechanistic link between mitochondrial dysfunction and BD.
基金supported by Key R&D project of Science and Technology Department of the Sichuan Province(China),Grant number M112022YFWZ0003。
文摘Background The lack of clearly defined neuromodulation targets has contributed to the inconsistent results of real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback(rt-fMRI-NF)for the treatment of chronic pain.Functional neurosurgery(funcSurg)approaches have shown more consistent effects in reducing pain in patients with severe chronic pain.Objective This study aims to redefine rt-fMRI-NF targets for chronic pain management informed by funcSurg studies.Methods Based on independent systematic reviews,we identified the neuromodulation targets of the rt-fMRI-NF(in acute and chronic pain)and funcSurg(in chronic pain)studies.We then characterized the underlying functional networks using a subsample of the 7 T resting-state fMRI dataset from the Human Connectome Project.Principal component analyses(PCA)were used to identify dominant patterns(accounting for a cumulative explained variance>80%)within the obtained functional maps,and the overlap between these PCA maps and canonical intrinsic brain networks(default,salience,and sensorimotor)was calculated using a null map approach.Results The anatomical targets used in rt-fMRI-NF and funcSurg approaches are largely distinct,with the middle cingulate cortex as a common target.Within the investigated canonical rs-fMRI networks,these approaches exhibit both divergent and overlapping functional connectivity patterns.Specifically,rt-fMRI-NF approaches primarily target the default mode network(P value range 0.001–0.002)and the salience network(P=0.002),whereas funcSurg approaches predominantly target the salience network(P=0.001)and the sensorimotor network(P value range 0.001–0.023).Conclusion Key hubs of the salience and sensorimotor networks may represent promising targets for the therapeutic application of rt-fMRI-NF in chronic pain.
