EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and...EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.展开更多
The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade ...The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade governance system has mainly referred to the multilateral trading system, with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and the World Trade Organization(WTO) serving as governance platforms.展开更多
The land use planning system in England is governed by legislation which is implemented through national policy and incorporated into development plans.Regional and local development plans form the basis for the plann...The land use planning system in England is governed by legislation which is implemented through national policy and incorporated into development plans.Regional and local development plans form the basis for the planning decisions made by planning officials.Population density in England is very high and competition for land use is intense.Since the introduction of Minerals Policy Statement 1(MPS1)展开更多
Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreemen...Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.展开更多
Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing ...Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with forest management (REDD+) might cause negative impact such as depriving of customary forest use rights under unclear tenure and forest use rights typical in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore how REDD+ Safeguard can be applied in readiness activities by analyzing practical forest use situations in a conservation forest, the Gunung Palung National Park as study site. From the results of the questionnaire survey and interviews, characteristics of forest users were identified and compared. The households, mostly Malays, practicing traditional durian collection, were recognized as main forest users depending on on-farm income especially from non-timber forest product (NTFP). Since the income structure is relatively low and unstable, some of them practice farming in forest area or sell their forest use rights to other households. They are inclined to be lack in legal farm land and certain forest use rights. Based on the findings, consideration for diverse forest users and potential readiness activities were discussed and proposed. For achieving REDD+ implementation with sustainable forest management and social safeguard, it will be necessary to respect for customary rights and take comprehensive measures as readiness efforts.展开更多
The optimum delivery of safeguarding substances is a major part of supply chain management and a crucial issue in the mitigation against the outbreak of pandemics.A problem arises for a decision maker who wants to opt...The optimum delivery of safeguarding substances is a major part of supply chain management and a crucial issue in the mitigation against the outbreak of pandemics.A problem arises for a decision maker who wants to optimally choose a subset of candidate consumers to maximize the distributed quantities of the needed safeguarding substances within a specic time period.A nonlinear binary mathematical programming model for the problem is formulated.The decision variables are binary ones that represent whether to choose a specic consumer,and design constraints are formulated to keep track of the chosen route.To better illustrate the problem,objective,and problem constraints,a real application case study is presented.The case study involves the optimum delivery of safeguarding substances to several hospitals in the Al-Gharbia Governorate in Egypt.The hospitals are selected to represent the consumers of safeguarding substances,as they are the rst crucial frontline for mitigation against a pandemic outbreak.A distribution truck is used to distribute the substances from the main store to the hospitals in specied required quantities during a given working shift.The objective function is formulated in order to maximize the total amount of delivered quantities during the specied time period.The case study is solved using a novel Discrete Binary Gaining Sharing Knowledge-based Optimization algorithm(DBGSK),which involves two main stages:discrete binary junior and senior gaining and sharing stages.DBGSK has the ability of nding the solutions of the introduced problem,and the obtained results demonstrate robustness and convergence toward the optimal solutions.展开更多
The sustainable water system (SWS) was interpreted based on green residential zone associated codes issued by P.R.China and some other countries,and ecological principles.Its constitution,designing and engineering,and...The sustainable water system (SWS) was interpreted based on green residential zone associated codes issued by P.R.China and some other countries,and ecological principles.Its constitution,designing and engineering,and economic and environmental benefits were illustrated with a case of a campus construction project.The SWS incorporates divided nature drainage systems,grey water treatment and reuse technologies,rainwater decentralized collection and purification technologies,and water quality safeguard techniques for reclaimed water reused for landscaping.Application of the SWS is expected to gain remarkable economic and environmental benefits by reducing both the demand for municipal water supply and sewage discharge.展开更多
Based on minutely analysing the main problems existing in safeguard measures for implementing a new round of overall planning of land use,this paper constructs implementation security system of overall planning of lan...Based on minutely analysing the main problems existing in safeguard measures for implementing a new round of overall planning of land use,this paper constructs implementation security system of overall planning of land use,and puts forward the principles and basis of formulating safeguard measures for implementing overall planning of land use.Finally,this paper establishes the content system of safeguard measures:effectively strengthen social supervision;strengthen administrative management of land use planning;strengthen economic management of land use planning;reinforce the legal status of planning;establish incentive and constraint mechanism for reinforcing implementation;improve support system of planning.展开更多
The year 2015 has witnessed great passion for startups in China.But what these startups care most is whether there are national policy measures to support their business.During the NPC and CPPCC sessions this year,&qu...The year 2015 has witnessed great passion for startups in China.But what these startups care most is whether there are national policy measures to support their business.During the NPC and CPPCC sessions this year,"Mass startups and innovation"has been mentioned in the government work report.The展开更多
This paper investigates modalities required to design and implement community monitoring of forest carbon stock changes and safeguards implementation in Kenya. General principles and elements were drawn from the UNFCC...This paper investigates modalities required to design and implement community monitoring of forest carbon stock changes and safeguards implementation in Kenya. General principles and elements were drawn from the UNFCCC REDD+ policy frameworks for developing modalities and procedures for designing community forest monitoring system. The paper utilised policy analysis approach used to derive monitoring goals and objectives by assessing the compatibility of Kenya’s policy and legislative framework with monitoring elements provided in the UNFCCC REDD+ policy mechanism. The elements included monitoring goals, objectives, questions, indicators, and methods and tools. Two goals were identified which included, reduction of forest carbon emissions (ER) and monitoring of multiple social and environmental safeguards (SG). Five ER related objectives were identified to include: forest reference emission levels or forest reference levels, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, Land use activities, eligible ER actions and estimation of forest emissions. Six objectives guiding SG were identified to include: policy, governance, human rights, socio-economic, biodiversity and environmental concerns. Corresponding questions to the goals and objectives were systematically designed. In turns, indicators, depicting quantitative and qualitative measurements, which best provided answers to questions were identified. The various methods and tools used by communities around the world in providing data and information required to satisfy the indictors were identified through literature review. The review identified four methods and tools that included: Remote Sensing and GIS, GPS survey, smartphone survey and Ground trothing. Smartphone and cloud-based server technology were found to be the recent emergent tools in aiding community monitoring of REDD+ projects. The paper argues that local communities and indigenous peoples have the capability and capacity to monitor and undertake forest carbon monitoring and tracking of implementation of safeguards if supported with relevant training;compensated for the time, labour and knowledge they contribute to the process;provided with feedback and involved decision making process.展开更多
The encapsulation in a nutritive matrix is an effective technique which allows the conservation of vitro-derived explants and protects their viability. The encapsulated propagules are generated by submerging explants ...The encapsulation in a nutritive matrix is an effective technique which allows the conservation of vitro-derived explants and protects their viability. The encapsulated propagules are generated by submerging explants in a natural polysaccharide solution of sodium alginate and calcium chloride allowing to obtain uniform capsules. In this work, we present preliminary results of a study on the effect of an encapsulation protocol on any local fruit varieties, conserved in a Regional in vitro germplasm bank.展开更多
This paper summarized the requirements of organic agriculture for soil environment,fertilizer application and irrigation water quality,put forward safeguard measures for organic agriculture in terms of soil,fertilizer...This paper summarized the requirements of organic agriculture for soil environment,fertilizer application and irrigation water quality,put forward safeguard measures for organic agriculture in terms of soil,fertilizer and water,and finally came up with recommendations for strengthening the use of soil fertilizers in organic agriculture.展开更多
It is the common wish of the people from all over the world as well as the inexorable demand for the progress of human society to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. Many preconditions are...It is the common wish of the people from all over the world as well as the inexorable demand for the progress of human society to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. Many preconditions are indispensable for building a harmonious world, one of which is to abide by the intemational laws on human rights and safeguard and promote human rights.展开更多
This paper first analyzes the main opportunities for sustainable development of Fumian District,Yulin City,and then discusses the challenges faced by Fumian District in its sustainable development.Finally,it proposes ...This paper first analyzes the main opportunities for sustainable development of Fumian District,Yulin City,and then discusses the challenges faced by Fumian District in its sustainable development.Finally,it proposes safeguard measures for sustainable development of Fumian District:(i)strengthening leadership and implementing responsibilities;(ii)enhancing cooperation and gathering forces;(iii)reinforcing supervision and ensuring implementation;(iv)increasing input and integrating resources;(v)strengthening publicity and creating an atmosphere.展开更多
In order to remedy the injuryof agriculture produced by concession ofentering WTO, China can adopt someprotective measures, such as safeguardmeasures. Only if the relevant conditions aresatisfied, the safeguard measur...In order to remedy the injuryof agriculture produced by concession ofentering WTO, China can adopt someprotective measures, such as safeguardmeasures. Only if the relevant conditions aresatisfied, the safeguard measures can belegitimate. Under WTO, two kinds ofsafeguard measures for protectingagricultural products can be implemented,general one and special one. They are quitedifferent, and thus discussed in details in thisarticle.展开更多
By American post-war gradually build up national security strategy, which is based on law and mechanism, a foreign diverse practices, with international mechanism as the platform, with military force as the backing, s...By American post-war gradually build up national security strategy, which is based on law and mechanism, a foreign diverse practices, with international mechanism as the platform, with military force as the backing, supplemented by non-governmental forces overseas interests maintenance mechanism, the strategy and policy support, the guarantee of the military and security for the development of overseas interests to provide comprehensive protection. For our country, the United States to maintain the interests of the overseas which has important reference significance to the practice and experience, China should build overseas interests maintenance strategic framework, perfect the relevant legal system and government agencies, to enhance the use of international mechanism, reform and construction, strengthen the delivery and use of military force overseas, pay attention to the cultivation of non-governmental forces and support, to strengthen the construction of national image.展开更多
文摘EDITOR＇S NOTE： The Draft Labor Contract Law of the People＇s Republic of China has been completed and was published for soliciting comments on March 20. In a short period of one month, 191,849 pieces of comments and opinions were received. Prior to the promulgation of the law, this reporter interviewed Mr. Guan Huai, a noted Chinese expert in labor law, professor of the Law School of the Renmin University of China and law advisor to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
文摘The global trade governance system is the institutional safeguard for maintaining the operation of world trade. It consists of governance entities, platforms and rules. Since the end of World War Ⅱ, the global trade governance system has mainly referred to the multilateral trading system, with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and the World Trade Organization(WTO) serving as governance platforms.
文摘The land use planning system in England is governed by legislation which is implemented through national policy and incorporated into development plans.Regional and local development plans form the basis for the planning decisions made by planning officials.Population density in England is very high and competition for land use is intense.Since the introduction of Minerals Policy Statement 1(MPS1)
文摘Taking Shuangliu County,Chengdu City,China as an example,evaluation index system for the rights protection effects of farmland transfer is established contract from three aspects of basic information,transfer agreement and legal safeguards in the contracts.According to the investigation data,weight of evaluation index is determined by both entropy weight and Analytic Hierarchy Process.Comprehensive index method is used to evaluate the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract in the flat dam,high hill and low hill in Shuangliu County,Chengdu,China.Result shows that the transfer agreement of farmland and the basic information of contract greatly affect the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.There are differences in the five indices of the information of the signature of contract,pricing for payment,time limit for farmland transfer,transfer mode of farmland,and use range of farmland transfer.During the farmland transfer in reality,there are three hidden dangers in farmer's land rights and interests,which are the ill-formed transfer behavior,the relatively low income of farmers from farmland transfer,and the quality decline of farmland and difficult full reclamation in transfer period.Based on the evaluation result and investigation data,countermeasures are put forward to improve the rights protection effects of farmland transfer contract.
文摘Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with forest management (REDD+) might cause negative impact such as depriving of customary forest use rights under unclear tenure and forest use rights typical in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore how REDD+ Safeguard can be applied in readiness activities by analyzing practical forest use situations in a conservation forest, the Gunung Palung National Park as study site. From the results of the questionnaire survey and interviews, characteristics of forest users were identified and compared. The households, mostly Malays, practicing traditional durian collection, were recognized as main forest users depending on on-farm income especially from non-timber forest product (NTFP). Since the income structure is relatively low and unstable, some of them practice farming in forest area or sell their forest use rights to other households. They are inclined to be lack in legal farm land and certain forest use rights. Based on the findings, consideration for diverse forest users and potential readiness activities were discussed and proposed. For achieving REDD+ implementation with sustainable forest management and social safeguard, it will be necessary to respect for customary rights and take comprehensive measures as readiness efforts.
基金funded by Deanship of Scientic Research,King Saud University through the Vice Deanship of Scientic Research.
文摘The optimum delivery of safeguarding substances is a major part of supply chain management and a crucial issue in the mitigation against the outbreak of pandemics.A problem arises for a decision maker who wants to optimally choose a subset of candidate consumers to maximize the distributed quantities of the needed safeguarding substances within a specic time period.A nonlinear binary mathematical programming model for the problem is formulated.The decision variables are binary ones that represent whether to choose a specic consumer,and design constraints are formulated to keep track of the chosen route.To better illustrate the problem,objective,and problem constraints,a real application case study is presented.The case study involves the optimum delivery of safeguarding substances to several hospitals in the Al-Gharbia Governorate in Egypt.The hospitals are selected to represent the consumers of safeguarding substances,as they are the rst crucial frontline for mitigation against a pandemic outbreak.A distribution truck is used to distribute the substances from the main store to the hospitals in specied required quantities during a given working shift.The objective function is formulated in order to maximize the total amount of delivered quantities during the specied time period.The case study is solved using a novel Discrete Binary Gaining Sharing Knowledge-based Optimization algorithm(DBGSK),which involves two main stages:discrete binary junior and senior gaining and sharing stages.DBGSK has the ability of nding the solutions of the introduced problem,and the obtained results demonstrate robustness and convergence toward the optimal solutions.
基金Funded by the 6th Framework EU Research Program:Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow's Cities Health (SWITCT)
文摘The sustainable water system (SWS) was interpreted based on green residential zone associated codes issued by P.R.China and some other countries,and ecological principles.Its constitution,designing and engineering,and economic and environmental benefits were illustrated with a case of a campus construction project.The SWS incorporates divided nature drainage systems,grey water treatment and reuse technologies,rainwater decentralized collection and purification technologies,and water quality safeguard techniques for reclaimed water reused for landscaping.Application of the SWS is expected to gain remarkable economic and environmental benefits by reducing both the demand for municipal water supply and sewage discharge.
文摘Based on minutely analysing the main problems existing in safeguard measures for implementing a new round of overall planning of land use,this paper constructs implementation security system of overall planning of land use,and puts forward the principles and basis of formulating safeguard measures for implementing overall planning of land use.Finally,this paper establishes the content system of safeguard measures:effectively strengthen social supervision;strengthen administrative management of land use planning;strengthen economic management of land use planning;reinforce the legal status of planning;establish incentive and constraint mechanism for reinforcing implementation;improve support system of planning.
文摘The year 2015 has witnessed great passion for startups in China.But what these startups care most is whether there are national policy measures to support their business.During the NPC and CPPCC sessions this year,"Mass startups and innovation"has been mentioned in the government work report.The
文摘This paper investigates modalities required to design and implement community monitoring of forest carbon stock changes and safeguards implementation in Kenya. General principles and elements were drawn from the UNFCCC REDD+ policy frameworks for developing modalities and procedures for designing community forest monitoring system. The paper utilised policy analysis approach used to derive monitoring goals and objectives by assessing the compatibility of Kenya’s policy and legislative framework with monitoring elements provided in the UNFCCC REDD+ policy mechanism. The elements included monitoring goals, objectives, questions, indicators, and methods and tools. Two goals were identified which included, reduction of forest carbon emissions (ER) and monitoring of multiple social and environmental safeguards (SG). Five ER related objectives were identified to include: forest reference emission levels or forest reference levels, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, Land use activities, eligible ER actions and estimation of forest emissions. Six objectives guiding SG were identified to include: policy, governance, human rights, socio-economic, biodiversity and environmental concerns. Corresponding questions to the goals and objectives were systematically designed. In turns, indicators, depicting quantitative and qualitative measurements, which best provided answers to questions were identified. The various methods and tools used by communities around the world in providing data and information required to satisfy the indictors were identified through literature review. The review identified four methods and tools that included: Remote Sensing and GIS, GPS survey, smartphone survey and Ground trothing. Smartphone and cloud-based server technology were found to be the recent emergent tools in aiding community monitoring of REDD+ projects. The paper argues that local communities and indigenous peoples have the capability and capacity to monitor and undertake forest carbon monitoring and tracking of implementation of safeguards if supported with relevant training;compensated for the time, labour and knowledge they contribute to the process;provided with feedback and involved decision making process.
文摘The encapsulation in a nutritive matrix is an effective technique which allows the conservation of vitro-derived explants and protects their viability. The encapsulated propagules are generated by submerging explants in a natural polysaccharide solution of sodium alginate and calcium chloride allowing to obtain uniform capsules. In this work, we present preliminary results of a study on the effect of an encapsulation protocol on any local fruit varieties, conserved in a Regional in vitro germplasm bank.
文摘This paper summarized the requirements of organic agriculture for soil environment,fertilizer application and irrigation water quality,put forward safeguard measures for organic agriculture in terms of soil,fertilizer and water,and finally came up with recommendations for strengthening the use of soil fertilizers in organic agriculture.
文摘It is the common wish of the people from all over the world as well as the inexorable demand for the progress of human society to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity. Many preconditions are indispensable for building a harmonious world, one of which is to abide by the intemational laws on human rights and safeguard and promote human rights.
基金Yulin City Scientific Research and Technology Development Plan Project(YuShiKe 20204038,2019Cxpt00A4,YuShiKe 20202001).
文摘This paper first analyzes the main opportunities for sustainable development of Fumian District,Yulin City,and then discusses the challenges faced by Fumian District in its sustainable development.Finally,it proposes safeguard measures for sustainable development of Fumian District:(i)strengthening leadership and implementing responsibilities;(ii)enhancing cooperation and gathering forces;(iii)reinforcing supervision and ensuring implementation;(iv)increasing input and integrating resources;(v)strengthening publicity and creating an atmosphere.
文摘In order to remedy the injuryof agriculture produced by concession ofentering WTO, China can adopt someprotective measures, such as safeguardmeasures. Only if the relevant conditions aresatisfied, the safeguard measures can belegitimate. Under WTO, two kinds ofsafeguard measures for protectingagricultural products can be implemented,general one and special one. They are quitedifferent, and thus discussed in details in thisarticle.
文摘By American post-war gradually build up national security strategy, which is based on law and mechanism, a foreign diverse practices, with international mechanism as the platform, with military force as the backing, supplemented by non-governmental forces overseas interests maintenance mechanism, the strategy and policy support, the guarantee of the military and security for the development of overseas interests to provide comprehensive protection. For our country, the United States to maintain the interests of the overseas which has important reference significance to the practice and experience, China should build overseas interests maintenance strategic framework, perfect the relevant legal system and government agencies, to enhance the use of international mechanism, reform and construction, strengthen the delivery and use of military force overseas, pay attention to the cultivation of non-governmental forces and support, to strengthen the construction of national image.
