The year 2003 marked the debut of the new Chinese leaders in governing the country. Their love and care for the people have featured their governance and won extensive acclamation in China and the world. On March 18, ...The year 2003 marked the debut of the new Chinese leaders in governing the country. Their love and care for the people have featured their governance and won extensive acclamation in China and the world. On March 18, the top legislature of China, the National People’s Congress, elected Hu Jintao President of State and Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council. The new leadership of China was formed in the applause of NPC deputies. Right after the new leadership took its office, a tough challenge confronted them as a series of disasters broke out suddenly. In spring, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) rapidly swept over half of the country within a month; in summer, an unprecedented flood hit South China; then earthquakes erupted in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Yunnan in succession. In front of these disasters, the new Chinese leaders remained calm and confident, with resolute measures they successfully brought the situation under control and tid-展开更多
At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement th...At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂展开更多
WHAT do Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, American pop star Beyonce Giselle Knowles and Russian Empress Catherine the Great have in common？ The answer is anyone＇s guess, you might say But any well-read Chinese ...WHAT do Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, American pop star Beyonce Giselle Knowles and Russian Empress Catherine the Great have in common？ The answer is anyone＇s guess, you might say But any well-read Chinese person would probably tell you in the blink of an eye： all were born in their respective Year of the Rooster, and thus all share the same Chinese astrological sign.展开更多
Hainan FTP will boost alignment with international rules in China’s opening up The Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)represents a significant step forward in China’s pursuit of high-standard opening up and greater engageme...Hainan FTP will boost alignment with international rules in China’s opening up The Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)represents a significant step forward in China’s pursuit of high-standard opening up and greater engagement in economic globalisation.Following years of exploration,the policy framework for the Hainan FTP has come into being,and the recent launch of island-wide special customs operations marks an important transition-from institutional design to full implementation.展开更多
Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendou...Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country＇s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the con- fusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao＇s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party＇s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader＇s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti- Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.展开更多
In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false ...In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false positive rates and missed detections of complex logic due to their over-reliance on rule templates.This paper proposes a Syntax-Aware Hierarchical Attention Network(SAHAN)model,which achieves high-precision vulnerability detection through grammar-rule-driven multi-granularity code slicing and hierarchical semantic fusion mechanisms.The SAHAN model first generates Syntax Independent Units(SIUs),which slices the code based on Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)and predefined grammar rules,retaining vulnerability-sensitive contexts.Following this,through a hierarchical attention mechanism,the local syntax-aware layer encodes fine-grained patterns within SIUs,while the global semantic correlation layer captures vulnerability chains across SIUs,achieving synergistic modeling of syntax and semantics.Experiments show that on benchmark datasets like QEMU,SAHAN significantly improves detection performance by 4.8%to 13.1%on average compared to baseline models such as Devign and VulDeePecker.展开更多
During the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),reconstruction of transition metal sulfides(TMSs)is inevitable.However,the lack of a clear theoretical understanding of this process has impeded the development of effective r...During the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),reconstruction of transition metal sulfides(TMSs)is inevitable.However,the lack of a clear theoretical understanding of this process has impeded the development of effective reconstruction regulation strategies.In this study,we first explored the reconstruction mechanism of CoS_(2)during OER from the perspective of electronic structure and identified two possible pathways:the OH-assisted mechanism and the O-assisted mechanism.Further verification showed that these mechanisms are universally applicable to other TMSs(e.g.,FeS_(2)).Based on the reconstruction mechanism,we investigated the basic reasons for the influence of various regulation strategies,such as vacancy modification and facet engineering,on the reconstruction ability.This verified that the method of analyzing the change in the reconstruction ability of catalysts based on the reconstruction mechanism has a high degree of applicability.Importantly,we proposed a core regulation strategy:the coordination symmetry regulation strategy.Specifically,by breaking the symmetry of the surface coordination environment of TMSs(such as introducing heteroatom doping or strain),the reconstruction process will be facilitated.Our findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic explanation for the reconstruction of TMS catalysts and offer a new idea for the rational design of OER catalysts with controllable reconstruction capacity.展开更多
Cryptochromes are blue light photorecep-tors that mediate key biological processes through photoinduced electron transfer(ET).We present a theoretical study of the second ET step along the conserved trypto-phan triad ...Cryptochromes are blue light photorecep-tors that mediate key biological processes through photoinduced electron transfer(ET).We present a theoretical study of the second ET step along the conserved trypto-phan triad in Arabidopsis thaliana cryp-tochrome,focusing on how vibrational envi-ronments affect the ultrafast electron trans-fer.Using the numerically exact low temper-ature quantum Fokker-Planck equation(LT-QFPE)within the hierarchical equations of motion(HEOM)framework,we resolve the contributions of individual Brownian oscillator modes:low frequency modes with large reorganization energies markedly reduce the ET rate,whereas weakly damped high frequency modes generate oscillations linked to electronic-vibra-tional coherence.The LT-QFPE results are also used to benchmark three second order pertur-bative methods:the non-equilibrium Fermi’s golden rule(NE-FGR),non-interacting blip ap-proximation(NIBA),and the time local generalized quantum master equation.Although all approximate methods reproduce correct long-time ET rates,they fail to capture short time non-equilibrium dynamics.These findings clarify how spectral width and bath correlation time,in addition to total reorganization energy,govern the validity of perturbative treat-ments and highlight the need for numerically exact methods such as HEOM in modeling non-equilibrium cryptochrome ET dynamics.s.展开更多
This article provides an overview of advice and guidance on incometax matters issued by the Australian Taxation Office, including but not limited to taxation rulings, as a contributor to tax certainty. The form and na...This article provides an overview of advice and guidance on incometax matters issued by the Australian Taxation Office, including but not limited to taxation rulings, as a contributor to tax certainty. The form and nature of that guidancehave evolved over the years. Australia has had for many years a statutory regime todefine and regulate binding rulings, and in addition, the system has also evolved intoinformal guidance that has been developed as a matter of administrative practice.The Australian approach to advice and guidance is largely shaped by the broaderfeatures of the Australian tax system, and in particular, the self-assessment regime,which places an increased burden on taxpayers.展开更多
China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOC) announcesthe initial investigation result concerningimported disodium 5’-inosinate,disodium5’-guanylate and disodium 5’-ribonucleotide(HS code:29349990 and38249099) originated fr...China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOC) announcesthe initial investigation result concerningimported disodium 5’-inosinate,disodium5’-guanylate and disodium 5’-ribonucleotide(HS code:29349990 and38249099) originated from Indonesia andThailand,finding that ribonucleotide familyimported from Indonesia and Thailandhas dumped into China,which resulted展开更多
A novel fractional elastoplastic constitutive model is proposed to accurately characterize the deformation of sandstone under true-triaxial stress states.This model is founded on the yield function and the fractional ...A novel fractional elastoplastic constitutive model is proposed to accurately characterize the deformation of sandstone under true-triaxial stress states.This model is founded on the yield function and the fractional flow rule.The yield function includes parameters that govern the evolution of yield surface,enabling an accurate description of three-dimensional stress states.The direction of plastic flow is governed by the two different fractional orders,which are functions of the plastic internal variable.Additionally,a detailed process is proposed for identifying the yield function parameters and fractional orders.Subsequently,the relationship between the fractional order and the direction of plastic flow in the meridian and deviatoric planes is examined,characterized by the dilation angle and the plastic deflection angle,respectively.The non-orthogonal flow rule,also referred to as the fractional flow rule,allows for a border range of plastic deflection and dilation angles compared to the orthogonal flow rule,thereby significantly enhancing its applicability.The validity and accuracy of proposed model are verified by comparing the analytical solution of the constitutive model with the experimental data.A comparison between the non-orthogonal flow rule and orthogonal flow rule is conducted in both the deviatoric and meridian planes.The further comparison of the stress-strain curves for the non-orthogonal and orthogonal flow rules demonstrates the superiority of the fractional constitutive model.展开更多
Severe ground-level ozone(O_(3))pollution over major Chinese cities has become one of the most challenging problems,which have deleterious effects on human health and the sustainability of society.This study explored ...Severe ground-level ozone(O_(3))pollution over major Chinese cities has become one of the most challenging problems,which have deleterious effects on human health and the sustainability of society.This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ground-level O_(3) and its precursors based on conventional pollutant and meteorological monitoring data in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021.Then,a high-performance convolutional neural network(CNN)model was established by expanding the moment and the concentration variations to general factors.Finally,the response mechanism of O_(3) to the variation with crucial influencing factors is explored by controlling variables and interpolating target variables.The results indicated that the annual average MDA8-90th concentrations in Zhejiang Province are higher in the northern and lower in the southern.When the wind direction(WD)ranges from east to southwest and the wind speed(WS)ranges between 2 and 3 m/sec,higher O_(3) concentration prone to occur.At different temperatures(T),the O_(3) concentration showed a trend of first increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing NO_(2) concentration,peaks at the NO_(2) concentration around 0.02mg/m^(3).The sensitivity of NO_(2) to O_(3) formation is not easily affected by temperature,barometric pressure and dew point temperature.Additionally,there is a minimum IRNO_(2) at each temperature when the NO_(2) concentration is 0.03 mg/m^(3),and this minimum IRNO_(2) decreases with increasing temperature.The study explores the response mechanism of O_(3) with the change of driving variables,which can provide a scientific foundation and methodological support for the targeted management of O_(3) pollution.展开更多
Metal micro-nano grating has received much attention due to its ability to provide high-efficiency light absorption.However,the current research scales of these metal gratings are focused on subwavelengths,and little ...Metal micro-nano grating has received much attention due to its ability to provide high-efficiency light absorption.However,the current research scales of these metal gratings are focused on subwavelengths,and little attention has been paid to the absorption properties of metal gratings at other scales.We investigate the absorption properties of metal gratings based on surface plasmon resonance(SPR)across the scales from superwavelength to subwavelength.Under grazing incidence,we observe continuous strong absorption phenomena from superwavelength to subwavelength Al triangle-groove gratings(TGGs).Perfect absorption is realized at the subwavelength scale,whereas the maximum absorption at all other scales exceeds 74%.The electric field distribution gives the mechanism of the strong absorption phenomenon attributed to SPR on the surface of Al TGGs at different scales.In particular,subwavelength Al TGGs have perfectly symmetric absorption properties for different blaze angles,and the symmetry is gradually broken as the grating period’s scale increases.Furthermore,taking Al gratings with varying groove shapes for example,we extend the equivalence rule of grating grooves to subwavelength from near-wavelength and explain the symmetric absorption properties in Al TGGs.We unify the research of metal grating absorbers outside the subwavelength scale to a certain extent,and these findings also open new perspectives for the design of metal gratings in the future.展开更多
Understanding the ecogeographic mechanisms driving morphological variation is pivotal in biogeographic studies. However, patterns and determinants of such variation remain contentious, particularly in amphibians. Alth...Understanding the ecogeographic mechanisms driving morphological variation is pivotal in biogeographic studies. However, patterns and determinants of such variation remain contentious, particularly in amphibians. Although several hypotheses have been formulated and investigated in amphibians, their validity remains disputed with mixed support. Using the Sichuan spiny frog(Nanorana sichuanensis) as an indicator, we investigated the morphological variations across geographic and environmental gradients to explore the underlying ecogeographic mechanisms. We found that both the body size and limb characteristics of N.sichuanensis were not significantly related to latitude or elevation, suggesting that it did not follow Bergmann's or Allen's rules. Eye diameter decreased linearly with increasing elevation and latitude, whereas snout length increased with increasing elevation and latitude. Heat balance, endurance, seasonality, water availability, and primary productivity collectively explain body size variation. Hierarchical partitioning identified primary productivity and thermal excursion as the most influential factors, explaining significant variability in body size and other morphological features. Specifically, primary productivity accounted for 52.40% of the variation in body size, whereas thermal excursion had the greatest impact on eye diameter(36.23%) and snout length(72.17%). Based on body size and dimensionally reduced morphological features, our results identified ecogeographic patterns, assessed the validity of different hypotheses, and examined how environmental factors influence these morphological variations. More generally, our study offers comprehensive insights into the ecogeographic variation observed in mountain amphibians,provides a critical evaluation of existing ecogeographic hypotheses, and infers possible morphological adaptations in response to environmental change.展开更多
The 2025 Global Business and Law Conference focused on the construction of the rule of law and dispute resolution from a global perspective.Attendees paid close attention to the critical role of arbitration in safegua...The 2025 Global Business and Law Conference focused on the construction of the rule of law and dispute resolution from a global perspective.Attendees paid close attention to the critical role of arbitration in safeguarding global industrial and supply chains,while engaging in indepth discussions on how to enhance the adaptability,professionalism,and internationalization of dispute-resolution mechanisms.展开更多
The“notice-necessary measures”rule began with the“notice-and-takedown”rule,which originated from the United States safe harbors rule,established to limit the liability of Internet Service Providers(ISPs)for helpin...The“notice-necessary measures”rule began with the“notice-and-takedown”rule,which originated from the United States safe harbors rule,established to limit the liability of Internet Service Providers(ISPs)for helping infringement in network infringement.China’s Tort Liability Law and Civil Code amended the“notice-and-takedown”rule so that when the right holder sends an effective notice of infringement to the ISP,the ISP shall take necessary measures more than removal to be exempted from liability.This article will discuss the transformation of the rule and types of necessary measures,and reconstruct the relationship between effectiveness of notice and types of necessary measures.展开更多
Currently,generative AI technologies and services worldwide are experiencing explosive growth.While driving technological innovation and productivity advancement in the social economy,they also precipitate multiple le...Currently,generative AI technologies and services worldwide are experiencing explosive growth.While driving technological innovation and productivity advancement in the social economy,they also precipitate multiple le-gal risks,ethical breaches in technology,and social governance challenges.Distinct regulatory pathways have emerged internationally:the EU promotes a rigid governance system through a unified regulatory framework and centralized oversight mechanisms,though concurrently exhibiting a trend of deferred legal application;the United States adopts an advocacy-based regulatory strategy combining principled guidance with corporate self-compliance;the United King-dom implements a non-mandatory principled framework establishing a compromise-based governance model.Grounded in China's strategic imperative to engage in global AI competition and informed by international experi-ences,the legal governance framework for generative AI must incorporate practical legislative imperatives,anchored in the dynamic adaptation between technological iteration and legal regulation,alongside the recalibration of developmen-tal efficacy against security risks.This necessitates establishing tiered safety thresholds and controllability require-ments within the governance architecture.Accordingly,there is an urgent need to enhance institutional provision and policy coordination,construct a multi-stakeholder long-term mechanism integrating administrative supervision,indus-try self-regulation,and technical governance,and formulate scenario-specific liability rules covering the entire life cycle from R&D to deployment-thereby avoiding arbitrary legislative uniformity.The ultimate objective is to forge a comprehensive governance ecosystem characterized by trustworthiness and security as its foundation,and prudence,in-clusiveness,and dynamic adaptability as its defining features.展开更多
Photoswitchable catalysis provides a non-invasive strategy for dynamically controlling light-driven chemical energy conversion processes.The defining advantage of photoswitchable catalytic systems lies in their unique...Photoswitchable catalysis provides a non-invasive strategy for dynamically controlling light-driven chemical energy conversion processes.The defining advantage of photoswitchable catalytic systems lies in their unique dual capacity:i)spatiotemporal precision in resolving reactive species generation through optical addressing;and ii)adaptive multifunctionality enabling on-demand switching between distinct active phases,thereby suppressing competing pathways and eliminating undesired side reactions.展开更多
文摘The year 2003 marked the debut of the new Chinese leaders in governing the country. Their love and care for the people have featured their governance and won extensive acclamation in China and the world. On March 18, the top legislature of China, the National People’s Congress, elected Hu Jintao President of State and Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council. The new leadership of China was formed in the applause of NPC deputies. Right after the new leadership took its office, a tough challenge confronted them as a series of disasters broke out suddenly. In spring, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) rapidly swept over half of the country within a month; in summer, an unprecedented flood hit South China; then earthquakes erupted in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Yunnan in succession. In front of these disasters, the new Chinese leaders remained calm and confident, with resolute measures they successfully brought the situation under control and tid-
文摘At a conference in Beijing on December 4, 2012 marking the 30th anni- versary of the adoption of the current Constitution, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂To fully implement the Constitution is the primary task and the basic work in building a socialist nation ruled by law.＂ He also said, ＂A country ruled by law should be first ruled by the Constitution, and lawful governance should be based on the Constitution.＂
文摘WHAT do Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan, American pop star Beyonce Giselle Knowles and Russian Empress Catherine the Great have in common？ The answer is anyone＇s guess, you might say But any well-read Chinese person would probably tell you in the blink of an eye： all were born in their respective Year of the Rooster, and thus all share the same Chinese astrological sign.
文摘Hainan FTP will boost alignment with international rules in China’s opening up The Hainan Free Trade Port(FTP)represents a significant step forward in China’s pursuit of high-standard opening up and greater engagement in economic globalisation.Following years of exploration,the policy framework for the Hainan FTP has come into being,and the recent launch of island-wide special customs operations marks an important transition-from institutional design to full implementation.
文摘Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country＇s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the con- fusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao＇s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party＇s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader＇s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti- Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.
基金supported by the research start-up funds for invited doctor of Lanzhou University of Technology under Grant 14/062402。
文摘In the context of modern software development characterized by increasing complexity and compressed development cycles,traditional static vulnerability detection methods face prominent challenges including high false positive rates and missed detections of complex logic due to their over-reliance on rule templates.This paper proposes a Syntax-Aware Hierarchical Attention Network(SAHAN)model,which achieves high-precision vulnerability detection through grammar-rule-driven multi-granularity code slicing and hierarchical semantic fusion mechanisms.The SAHAN model first generates Syntax Independent Units(SIUs),which slices the code based on Abstract Syntax Tree(AST)and predefined grammar rules,retaining vulnerability-sensitive contexts.Following this,through a hierarchical attention mechanism,the local syntax-aware layer encodes fine-grained patterns within SIUs,while the global semantic correlation layer captures vulnerability chains across SIUs,achieving synergistic modeling of syntax and semantics.Experiments show that on benchmark datasets like QEMU,SAHAN significantly improves detection performance by 4.8%to 13.1%on average compared to baseline models such as Devign and VulDeePecker.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development program(2022YFA1504000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22302101)+4 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(63185015)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(JCYJ20210324121002007,JCYJ20230807151503007)the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(202402AO370001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721699)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010347).
文摘During the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),reconstruction of transition metal sulfides(TMSs)is inevitable.However,the lack of a clear theoretical understanding of this process has impeded the development of effective reconstruction regulation strategies.In this study,we first explored the reconstruction mechanism of CoS_(2)during OER from the perspective of electronic structure and identified two possible pathways:the OH-assisted mechanism and the O-assisted mechanism.Further verification showed that these mechanisms are universally applicable to other TMSs(e.g.,FeS_(2)).Based on the reconstruction mechanism,we investigated the basic reasons for the influence of various regulation strategies,such as vacancy modification and facet engineering,on the reconstruction ability.This verified that the method of analyzing the change in the reconstruction ability of catalysts based on the reconstruction mechanism has a high degree of applicability.Importantly,we proposed a core regulation strategy:the coordination symmetry regulation strategy.Specifically,by breaking the symmetry of the surface coordination environment of TMSs(such as introducing heteroatom doping or strain),the reconstruction process will be facilitated.Our findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic explanation for the reconstruction of TMS catalysts and offer a new idea for the rational design of OER catalysts with controllable reconstruction capacity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22433006).
文摘Cryptochromes are blue light photorecep-tors that mediate key biological processes through photoinduced electron transfer(ET).We present a theoretical study of the second ET step along the conserved trypto-phan triad in Arabidopsis thaliana cryp-tochrome,focusing on how vibrational envi-ronments affect the ultrafast electron trans-fer.Using the numerically exact low temper-ature quantum Fokker-Planck equation(LT-QFPE)within the hierarchical equations of motion(HEOM)framework,we resolve the contributions of individual Brownian oscillator modes:low frequency modes with large reorganization energies markedly reduce the ET rate,whereas weakly damped high frequency modes generate oscillations linked to electronic-vibra-tional coherence.The LT-QFPE results are also used to benchmark three second order pertur-bative methods:the non-equilibrium Fermi’s golden rule(NE-FGR),non-interacting blip ap-proximation(NIBA),and the time local generalized quantum master equation.Although all approximate methods reproduce correct long-time ET rates,they fail to capture short time non-equilibrium dynamics.These findings clarify how spectral width and bath correlation time,in addition to total reorganization energy,govern the validity of perturbative treat-ments and highlight the need for numerically exact methods such as HEOM in modeling non-equilibrium cryptochrome ET dynamics.s.
文摘This article provides an overview of advice and guidance on incometax matters issued by the Australian Taxation Office, including but not limited to taxation rulings, as a contributor to tax certainty. The form and nature of that guidancehave evolved over the years. Australia has had for many years a statutory regime todefine and regulate binding rulings, and in addition, the system has also evolved intoinformal guidance that has been developed as a matter of administrative practice.The Australian approach to advice and guidance is largely shaped by the broaderfeatures of the Australian tax system, and in particular, the self-assessment regime,which places an increased burden on taxpayers.
文摘China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOC) announcesthe initial investigation result concerningimported disodium 5’-inosinate,disodium5’-guanylate and disodium 5’-ribonucleotide(HS code:29349990 and38249099) originated from Indonesia andThailand,finding that ribonucleotide familyimported from Indonesia and Thailandhas dumped into China,which resulted
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42141010).
文摘A novel fractional elastoplastic constitutive model is proposed to accurately characterize the deformation of sandstone under true-triaxial stress states.This model is founded on the yield function and the fractional flow rule.The yield function includes parameters that govern the evolution of yield surface,enabling an accurate description of three-dimensional stress states.The direction of plastic flow is governed by the two different fractional orders,which are functions of the plastic internal variable.Additionally,a detailed process is proposed for identifying the yield function parameters and fractional orders.Subsequently,the relationship between the fractional order and the direction of plastic flow in the meridian and deviatoric planes is examined,characterized by the dilation angle and the plastic deflection angle,respectively.The non-orthogonal flow rule,also referred to as the fractional flow rule,allows for a border range of plastic deflection and dilation angles compared to the orthogonal flow rule,thereby significantly enhancing its applicability.The validity and accuracy of proposed model are verified by comparing the analytical solution of the constitutive model with the experimental data.A comparison between the non-orthogonal flow rule and orthogonal flow rule is conducted in both the deviatoric and meridian planes.The further comparison of the stress-strain curves for the non-orthogonal and orthogonal flow rules demonstrates the superiority of the fractional constitutive model.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos.2022YFC3702000 and 2022YFC3703500)the Key R&D Project of Zhejiang Province (No.2022C03146).
文摘Severe ground-level ozone(O_(3))pollution over major Chinese cities has become one of the most challenging problems,which have deleterious effects on human health and the sustainability of society.This study explored the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ground-level O_(3) and its precursors based on conventional pollutant and meteorological monitoring data in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021.Then,a high-performance convolutional neural network(CNN)model was established by expanding the moment and the concentration variations to general factors.Finally,the response mechanism of O_(3) to the variation with crucial influencing factors is explored by controlling variables and interpolating target variables.The results indicated that the annual average MDA8-90th concentrations in Zhejiang Province are higher in the northern and lower in the southern.When the wind direction(WD)ranges from east to southwest and the wind speed(WS)ranges between 2 and 3 m/sec,higher O_(3) concentration prone to occur.At different temperatures(T),the O_(3) concentration showed a trend of first increasing and subsequently decreasing with increasing NO_(2) concentration,peaks at the NO_(2) concentration around 0.02mg/m^(3).The sensitivity of NO_(2) to O_(3) formation is not easily affected by temperature,barometric pressure and dew point temperature.Additionally,there is a minimum IRNO_(2) at each temperature when the NO_(2) concentration is 0.03 mg/m^(3),and this minimum IRNO_(2) decreases with increasing temperature.The study explores the response mechanism of O_(3) with the change of driving variables,which can provide a scientific foundation and methodological support for the targeted management of O_(3) pollution.
基金upported by the Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program(Grant No.2019ZT08Z779)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21A20509 and 62205124).
文摘Metal micro-nano grating has received much attention due to its ability to provide high-efficiency light absorption.However,the current research scales of these metal gratings are focused on subwavelengths,and little attention has been paid to the absorption properties of metal gratings at other scales.We investigate the absorption properties of metal gratings based on surface plasmon resonance(SPR)across the scales from superwavelength to subwavelength.Under grazing incidence,we observe continuous strong absorption phenomena from superwavelength to subwavelength Al triangle-groove gratings(TGGs).Perfect absorption is realized at the subwavelength scale,whereas the maximum absorption at all other scales exceeds 74%.The electric field distribution gives the mechanism of the strong absorption phenomenon attributed to SPR on the surface of Al TGGs at different scales.In particular,subwavelength Al TGGs have perfectly symmetric absorption properties for different blaze angles,and the symmetry is gradually broken as the grating period’s scale increases.Furthermore,taking Al gratings with varying groove shapes for example,we extend the equivalence rule of grating grooves to subwavelength from near-wavelength and explain the symmetric absorption properties in Al TGGs.We unify the research of metal grating absorbers outside the subwavelength scale to a certain extent,and these findings also open new perspectives for the design of metal gratings in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071544, 32271737)the Interdisciplinary Innovation Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) “Light of West China” Program (xbzg-zdsys-202207)。
文摘Understanding the ecogeographic mechanisms driving morphological variation is pivotal in biogeographic studies. However, patterns and determinants of such variation remain contentious, particularly in amphibians. Although several hypotheses have been formulated and investigated in amphibians, their validity remains disputed with mixed support. Using the Sichuan spiny frog(Nanorana sichuanensis) as an indicator, we investigated the morphological variations across geographic and environmental gradients to explore the underlying ecogeographic mechanisms. We found that both the body size and limb characteristics of N.sichuanensis were not significantly related to latitude or elevation, suggesting that it did not follow Bergmann's or Allen's rules. Eye diameter decreased linearly with increasing elevation and latitude, whereas snout length increased with increasing elevation and latitude. Heat balance, endurance, seasonality, water availability, and primary productivity collectively explain body size variation. Hierarchical partitioning identified primary productivity and thermal excursion as the most influential factors, explaining significant variability in body size and other morphological features. Specifically, primary productivity accounted for 52.40% of the variation in body size, whereas thermal excursion had the greatest impact on eye diameter(36.23%) and snout length(72.17%). Based on body size and dimensionally reduced morphological features, our results identified ecogeographic patterns, assessed the validity of different hypotheses, and examined how environmental factors influence these morphological variations. More generally, our study offers comprehensive insights into the ecogeographic variation observed in mountain amphibians,provides a critical evaluation of existing ecogeographic hypotheses, and infers possible morphological adaptations in response to environmental change.
文摘The 2025 Global Business and Law Conference focused on the construction of the rule of law and dispute resolution from a global perspective.Attendees paid close attention to the critical role of arbitration in safeguarding global industrial and supply chains,while engaging in indepth discussions on how to enhance the adaptability,professionalism,and internationalization of dispute-resolution mechanisms.
文摘The“notice-necessary measures”rule began with the“notice-and-takedown”rule,which originated from the United States safe harbors rule,established to limit the liability of Internet Service Providers(ISPs)for helping infringement in network infringement.China’s Tort Liability Law and Civil Code amended the“notice-and-takedown”rule so that when the right holder sends an effective notice of infringement to the ISP,the ISP shall take necessary measures more than removal to be exempted from liability.This article will discuss the transformation of the rule and types of necessary measures,and reconstruct the relationship between effectiveness of notice and types of necessary measures.
基金This Research Was Funded by the Key Project of Humanities and Social Science Study from the Ministry of Education"Research on the Consideration and Promotion of Human Rights Benchmarks in Global Data Competition"(19JJD820009)。
文摘Currently,generative AI technologies and services worldwide are experiencing explosive growth.While driving technological innovation and productivity advancement in the social economy,they also precipitate multiple le-gal risks,ethical breaches in technology,and social governance challenges.Distinct regulatory pathways have emerged internationally:the EU promotes a rigid governance system through a unified regulatory framework and centralized oversight mechanisms,though concurrently exhibiting a trend of deferred legal application;the United States adopts an advocacy-based regulatory strategy combining principled guidance with corporate self-compliance;the United King-dom implements a non-mandatory principled framework establishing a compromise-based governance model.Grounded in China's strategic imperative to engage in global AI competition and informed by international experi-ences,the legal governance framework for generative AI must incorporate practical legislative imperatives,anchored in the dynamic adaptation between technological iteration and legal regulation,alongside the recalibration of developmen-tal efficacy against security risks.This necessitates establishing tiered safety thresholds and controllability require-ments within the governance architecture.Accordingly,there is an urgent need to enhance institutional provision and policy coordination,construct a multi-stakeholder long-term mechanism integrating administrative supervision,indus-try self-regulation,and technical governance,and formulate scenario-specific liability rules covering the entire life cycle from R&D to deployment-thereby avoiding arbitrary legislative uniformity.The ultimate objective is to forge a comprehensive governance ecosystem characterized by trustworthiness and security as its foundation,and prudence,in-clusiveness,and dynamic adaptability as its defining features.
基金supported by the Qingdao Natural Science Foundation(23-2-1250-zyyd-jch)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52173204)Cultivation Plan of Young Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(2022KJ154)。
文摘Photoswitchable catalysis provides a non-invasive strategy for dynamically controlling light-driven chemical energy conversion processes.The defining advantage of photoswitchable catalytic systems lies in their unique dual capacity:i)spatiotemporal precision in resolving reactive species generation through optical addressing;and ii)adaptive multifunctionality enabling on-demand switching between distinct active phases,thereby suppressing competing pathways and eliminating undesired side reactions.
