[Objectives]To select the virus-free Citrus reticulata Hongmeiren as test material to select rootstocks suitable for local cultivation,and to carry out demonstration and popularization of suitable rootstocks for plant...[Objectives]To select the virus-free Citrus reticulata Hongmeiren as test material to select rootstocks suitable for local cultivation,and to carry out demonstration and popularization of suitable rootstocks for planting C.reticulata Hongmeiren in the south bank of Hangzhou Bay.[Methods]The effects of different rootstocks on the survival rate,biological characteristics and fruit quality were analyzed by grafting onto three kinds of rootstocks,namely,C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari,S.mandarin cv.Miyagawa wase and C.trifoliata L.[Results]The grafting survival rate for C.trifoliata L.was the highest;from the index of scion growth,the scion diameter,new shoot length,new shoot thickness and leaf area of C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari were the largest,and the tree height of S.mandarin cv.Miyagawa wase was the highest;from the fruit quality index,the fruit quality of C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari was the best.[Conclusions]C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari is suitable as the preferred rootstock for virus-free C.reticulata Hongmeiren on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay,and can be demonstrated and promoted.展开更多
[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close plantin...[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.展开更多
The study considers the morphological and physiological behaviour of self-rooted sweet cherry CV （Cultivar） ＇Hedelfinger＇ wild type （H） and somaclonal （HS） grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ rootstock. The s...The study considers the morphological and physiological behaviour of self-rooted sweet cherry CV （Cultivar） ＇Hedelfinger＇ wild type （H） and somaclonal （HS） grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ rootstock. The somaclonal showed reduced vegetative vigour without any variation of the natural tree＇s architecture. The rootstock ＇Gisela 6＇ caused change in genotype habitus inducing a spreading shape, while ＇Colt＇ increased trunk diameter and height. Fruit quality and size were not affected by genotype nor rootstock. ＇Gisela 6＇, from these preliminary data, had proved the most suitable rootstock for both genotypes since it reduced the tree size and vigor and induced early bearing and the production of a greater number of fruiting spurs.展开更多
[Objective] The paper aims to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidation system of different Citrus rootstock leaves. [Method] Potted plant experiments were carried out to control the water content of soil i...[Objective] The paper aims to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidation system of different Citrus rootstock leaves. [Method] Potted plant experiments were carried out to control the water content of soil in pots,in order to investigate the effects of drought stress on antioxidation system activity （SOD,POD and CAT） and the content of protein,GSH,MDA and O-·2 from the leaves of Shandong Zhike,Ningminju,Yangshuojinbaosuanju,Huapijinju and Guizhi No.1. [Result] The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and chlorophyll （a＋b） from the test 5 breeds decreased with the enhancement of drought stress,and there were significant differences between them and the control under the severe stress; the activities of SOD,POD and CAT from the 5 breeds increased as the drought stress strengthened; the content of soluble protein declined while that of GSH,MDA and O-·2 rose because of the drought stress. [Conclusion] This research provided a good reference to choose the breeds of citrus rootstocks in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
A study was conducted in attempting to identify the cold-resistant apple rootstocks and to establish a comprehensive evaluation system. In this study, 10 elite apple dwarfing rootstocks(GM256, JM7, M26, M7, SC1, SH1, ...A study was conducted in attempting to identify the cold-resistant apple rootstocks and to establish a comprehensive evaluation system. In this study, 10 elite apple dwarfing rootstocks(GM256, JM7, M26, M7, SC1, SH1, SH38, SH6, M9, and T337) were employed for the experiment and the following parameters were investigated under different low temperature stress conditions(0, –15, –20, –25, –30, and –35°C): the changes of the relative electrical conductivity(REC), anthocyanin content, protein content, soluble sugar content, soluble starch content, proline content, malondialdehyde(MDA) content, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, and peroxidase(POD) activity of the dormant branches. The inflection temperature that could represent the plant tissue semi-lethal temperature(LT) was obtained by the measurements of REC. The LTwas used to evaluate eight other indices. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between LTand POD activity as well as between the soluble sugar, protein and proline contents at 0 and –15°C. Soluble starch content at 0 and –15°C and anthocyanin content at –15–(–30)°C were significantly but negatively correlated to the LT50 and the MDA content at 0–(–20)°C was significantly positively correlated to the LT. Statistical analysis based on principal component analysis and LT50 showed that cold resistant apple rootstocks in the decreasing order from high to low as GM256, SH6, SH38, SH1, SC1, M26, M7, JM7, T337, and M9.展开更多
Plants were regenerated from leaves of cherry rootstock Colt by two methods,the frequencies were 48 3% and 21 3%.Leaves were cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA 1 0mg/L,KT 3 0mg/L and ZT 0 25mg/L.After 5...Plants were regenerated from leaves of cherry rootstock Colt by two methods,the frequencies were 48 3% and 21 3%.Leaves were cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA 1 0mg/L,KT 3 0mg/L and ZT 0 25mg/L.After 5～7 days leaves dedifferentiated,and formed callus.About 25 days later,callus grew into greenish or pink compact ones,the induction frequency was 100%.The color and structural feature of callus depended on the medium,culture condition and physiology phase of leaves.To induce callus,NAA was the main factor.Leaves rooted in medium only with NAA.In order to inhibit rooting and make callus grow fast,KT and ZT were added to the medium.Leaves cultured without light could quickly form callus during the initial stage of dedifferentiation.Young leaves dedifferentiated more easily than old leaves.After had been cultured about 50 days,callus were transferred to MS medium supplemented with NAA 0 2mg/L,IAA 0 5mg/L,6 BA 0 5mg/L,KT 1 0 mg/L and GA 0 5mg/L,and redifferentiated at a frequency of 21 3%.The callus of Colt leaves were difficult to redifferentiate.GA was important in the redifferentiation of callus.The result showed that callus could redifferentiate in all the mediums with GA,and could not redifferentiate without GA.The ability of redifferentiation of big callus was higher than that of small ones.And the physiology character of callus was also important.High regeneration frequency was obtained from greenish or pink compact callus.The frequency of regeneration of petioles was higher than that of leaves.Leaf petioles' regeneration need high concentration of cytokinin(more than 5 0mg/L).Leaf petioles were cultured on MS medium supplement with 6 BA 6 0mg/L,NAA 1 0mg/L and GA 0 5mg/L,and regenerated at a frequency of 48 3%.展开更多
Alkaline soils have a great inlfuence on apple production in Northern China. Therefore, comprehensive evaluations of toler-ance to such stress are important when selecting the most suitable apple rootstocks. We used h...Alkaline soils have a great inlfuence on apple production in Northern China. Therefore, comprehensive evaluations of toler-ance to such stress are important when selecting the most suitable apple rootstocks. We used hydroponics culturing to test 17 genotypes of apple rootstocks after treatment with 1：1Na2CO3and NaHCO3. When compared with the normaly grown controls, stressed plants produced fewer new leaves, and had shorter roots and shoots and lower fresh and dry weights after 15 d of exposure to alkaline conditions. Their root/shoot ratios were also reduced, indicating that the roots had been severely damaged. For al stressed rootstocks, electrolyte leakage （EL） and the concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA） increased while levels of chlorophyl decreased. Changes in root activity （up or down）, as wel as the activities of peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and catalase （CAT） were rootstock-dependent, possibly relfecting their differences in alkali tolerance. Using alkali injury index （AI）, adversity resistance coefifcients （ARC）,cluster analysis, and evaluation of their physiological responses, we classiifed these 17 genotypes into three groups： （1） high tolerance： Hubeihaitang, Wushanbianyehaitang, Laoshanhaitang Ls2, Xiaojinbianyehaitang, and Fupingqiuzi; （2） moderate tolerance： Pingyitiancha, Laoshanhaitang Ls3, Hubeihaitang A1, Deqinhaitang, Balenghaitang, Maoshandingzi, Shandingzi, and Xinjiangyepingguo; or （3） low tolerance： Pingdinghaitang, Hongsanyehaitang, Xiaojinhaitang, and Sanyehaitang. These results wil signiifcantly contribute to the selection of the most suitable materials for rootstocks with desired levels of tolerance to alkali stress.展开更多
Soil alkalinity is a major factor that restricts the growth of apple roots.To analyze the response of apple roots to alkali stress, the root structure and endogenous hormones of two apple rootstocks, Malus prunifolia ...Soil alkalinity is a major factor that restricts the growth of apple roots.To analyze the response of apple roots to alkali stress, the root structure and endogenous hormones of two apple rootstocks, Malus prunifolia (alkali-tolerant) and Malus hupehensis (alkali-sensitive), were compared. To understand alkali tolerance of M. prunifolia at the molecular level, transcriptome analysis was performed. When plants were cultured in alkaline conditions for 15 d, the root growth of M. hupehensis with weak alkali tolerance decreased significantly. Analysis of endogenous hormone levels showed that the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) in M. hupehensis under alkali stress were lower than those in the control. However, the trend for IAA and ZR in M. prunifolia was the opposite. The concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the roots of the two apple rootstocks under alkali stress increased, but the concentration of ABA in the roots of M. prunifolia was higher than that in M. hupehensis. The expression of IAA-related genes ARF5, GH3.6, SAUR36, and SAUR32 and the Cytokinin (CTK)-related gene IPT5 in M. prunifolia was higher than those in the control, but the expression of these genes in M. hupehensis was lower than those in the control. The expression of ABA-related genes CIPK1 and AHK1 increased in the two apple rootstocks under alkali stress, but the expression of CIPK1 and AHK1 in M. prunifolia was higher than in M. hupehensis. These results demonstrated that under alkali stress, the increase of IAA, ZR, and ABA in roots and the increase of the expression of related genes promoted the growth of roots and improved the alkali tolerance of apple rootstocks.展开更多
Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agricultur...Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple（Malus domestica Borkh） rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected,resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactiv...Objective:To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected,resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactive substances.Methods:The grape rootstocks,superior,superior/ freedom and freedom were reacted differently to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis according to rootstock progenitor.Two weeks after inoculation,two commercial products of humic acid were applied at the rate of(2,4 mL or grams/plant) as soil drench.After 4 months,nematode soil populations were extracted and counted.A subsample of roots from each plant was stained and gall numbers,embedded stages per root were calculated,final population, nematode build up(Pf/Pi),average of eggs/eggmass were estimated.Subsamples of fresh root of each treatment were chemically analyzed.Results:Freedom reduced significantly the nematode criteria and build up.Humic acid granules appeared to be more suppressive to nematode build up on superior and the higher dose on superior/freedom than liquid treatments.On freedom,all treatments reduced significantly the nematode build up regardless to the material nature.The higher dose was more effective than the lower one.As a result of humic acid applications,the malondialdehyde(MDA) and H_2O_2 contents were significandy reduced after humic acid treatments while the antioxidant compounds glutathione(GSH),ascorbic acid(ASA) and total phenol contents were significandy increased when compared with check.Antioxidant defense enzymes ascorbate peroxidase(AFX),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) showed significant increase in their specific activities in treated plants compared with nematode treated check.Conclnsions:Humic acid treatments improve we yield of grape by increasing the contents of antioxidant compounds and the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes.展开更多
In this thesis, 10 species of kiwifruit rootstocks were treated with hydroponics hypoxia to study their root zone hypoxia tolerance. The results were as follows: growth of all kiwifruit seedlings was inhibited. The ma...In this thesis, 10 species of kiwifruit rootstocks were treated with hydroponics hypoxia to study their root zone hypoxia tolerance. The results were as follows: growth of all kiwifruit seedlings was inhibited. The max length of new root, plant height, plant biomass, root activity, relative growth rate of leaves, and content of chlorophyll in leaves under root zone hypoxia stress obviously declined comparing with control. MDA content, relative conductance in the leaves and roots all increased in 10 kinds of kiwifruit seedlings. The sensitivities of 10 kinds’ kiwifruit seedlings to hypoxia stress were obviously different. With the method of subordinate function and cluster analysis, the adversity resistance coefficient of 10 kinds’ kiwifruit seedlings, were comprehensively evaluated in order to appraise their hypoxia-tolerance abilities. According to the results, “Hayward”, “Qinmei”, “Jinxiang”, “Kuoye”, “Huayou” kiwifruit seedlings held higher tolerance to root zone hypoxia stress, while “Hongyang” kiwifruit seedlings were sensitive to root zone hypoxia stress. The others, including “Xixuan”, “Maohua”, “Jinhua”, “Shanli” kiwifruit seedlings kept moderate resistant intensity to root zone hypoxia stress. The kiwifruit seedlings’ resistance order from strong to weak was: “Hayward” > “Qinmei” > “Jinxiang” > “Kuoye” > “Huayou” > “Xixuan” > “Maohua” > “Jinhua” > “Shanli” > “Hongyang”.展开更多
Vegetable grafting has become an important method for developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and increasing potential yield in agronomic practice.To determine the effects of grafting on tomato taste,we e...Vegetable grafting has become an important method for developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and increasing potential yield in agronomic practice.To determine the effects of grafting on tomato taste,we examined the cultivated tomato‘Moneymaker’and the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium,which have different fruit weights and qualities,to investigate the effect of grafting on sugars,acids,and volatiles in single-head and double-head grafted plants using GC-MS and LC-MS.We observed that the contents of sugars,acids and volatiles in heterografted tomato pericarps are influenced by rootstocks.Different metabolites exhibit distinct responses to the rootstock and might be associated with rootstock-scion interactions.Comparison of the metabolites in the heterogeneous fruit of the single-and double-head grafted plants indicates that the grafting method also influences the metabolic changes in grafted plants.Moreover,we also identified numerous mobile transcripts and determined that the mobile mRNAs are associated with metabolic processes in tomato leaves.Our work helps to elucidate the effect of genotype and graft method on fruit quality and may provide a basis for future research on rootstock breeding and selection in plants.展开更多
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of heat stress on physiological features, together with endogenous hormones and the transcription level of related genes, to estimate the heat resistance ability and...The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of heat stress on physiological features, together with endogenous hormones and the transcription level of related genes, to estimate the heat resistance ability and stress injury mechanism of different dwarfing apple rootstocks. Among the six rootstocks, the rootstocks of native Shao series（SH series） showed better heat stress resistance than those of Budagovski 9（B9）, Cornell-Geneva 24（CG24）, and Malling 26（M26） from abroad. Among SH series rootstocks, SH1 and SH6 showed higher heat stress resistance than SH40. M26 demonstrated the lowest adaption ability to heat stress, showing higher leaf conductivity and lower liquid water content（LWC） with the increase in temperature. Heat stress also resulted in the suppression of photosynthesis, which showed no significant restoration after 7-day recovery. It should be noted that although a higher temperature led to a lower LWC and photosynthetic efficiency（P_n） of CG24, there was no significant increase in leaf conductivity, and 7 days after the treatment, the P_n of CG24 recovered. The extremely high temperature tolerance of SH series rootstocks could be related to the greater osmotic adjustment（OA）, which was reflected by smaller reductions in leaf relative water content（RWC） and higher turgor potentials and leaf gas exchange compared with the other rootstocks. Determination of hormones indicated multivariate regulation, and it is presumed that a relatively stable expression levels of functional genes under high-temperature stress is necessary for heat stress resistance of rootstocks.展开更多
Adventitious root formation is a bottleneck during vegetative proliferation.Potassium(K^(+))is an essential macronutrient for plants.K^(+)accumulation from the soil and its distribution to the different plant organs i...Adventitious root formation is a bottleneck during vegetative proliferation.Potassium(K^(+))is an essential macronutrient for plants.K^(+)accumulation from the soil and its distribution to the different plant organs is mediated by K^(+)transporters named K^(+)transporter(KT),K^(+)uptake(KUP),or high-affinity K^(+)(HAK).This study aimed to identify members of the HAK gene family in apples and to characterize the effects of K^(+)supply on adventitious root formation and on the expression of HAK genes and the genes that putatively control auxin transport,signaling,and cell fate during adventitious root formation.In this study,34 HAK genes(MdHAKs)were identified in the apple(Malus×domestica‘Golden Delicious’)genome.A phylogenetic analysis divided MdHAKs into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),comprising 16,1,4,and 13 genes,respectively.The syntenic relationships revealed that 62.5%of the total MdHAK genes arise from genomic duplication events.Chromosome location,domain structure,motif analysis,and physico-chemical characteristics were subsequently investigated.Furthermore,the application of K^(+)indicated the emergence of adventitious roots at 8 d and produced more adventitious roots at 16 d than the K^(+)-free control(CK)treatment.In addition,various MdHAKs showed root-specific expression in B9 apple rootstock stem cuttings and enhanced expression during the initiation and emergence stages of adventitious root formation in response to K^(+)treatment.Additionally,K^(+)treatment enhanced the expression levels of MdPIN1,MdPIN2,and MdAUX1.Further data indicated that a higher expression of MdWOX11,MdLBD16,and MdLBD29 and of cell cycle-related genes contributed to the auxin-stimulated adventitious root formation in response to K^(+).展开更多
Selection of rootstock is very important for citrus production. Besides its major role on resistance, the rootstock also can affect fruit production and quality. Currently, the main concerns on selection of rootstock ...Selection of rootstock is very important for citrus production. Besides its major role on resistance, the rootstock also can affect fruit production and quality. Currently, the main concerns on selection of rootstock for citrus production are compatibility and resistance, due to less information on the impacts of rootstock to the performance of scion varieties. This study aims to provide information on performances of navel orange varieties on different rootstocks. Three late-ripening navel orange varieties(Citrus sinensis var. Powell, Chislett and Banfield) grafted on seven rootstocks(Swingle citrumelo(C. paradisi× P. trifoliata), Carrizo citrange(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), X639(C. reticulata×P. trifoliata), MXT(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), Hongju(C. reticulata), Ziyang Xiangcheng(C. junos) and trifoliate orange(P. trifoliata)) were used as plant materials for comprehensive comparison of the performances on tree growth, fruit yield and quality in 21 scion–stock combinations. Investigation was carried out in these combinations in field nine years after planting. Vigorous growth of all the three late-ripening navel orange varieties was observed on Carrizo citrange with the largest canopy volume at 33.34 m3 and the highest yield at 29.43 kg per tree, but a low yield efficiency at 2.87 kg m–3. On the contrary, those on trifoliate orange had the smallest canopy volume at 10.79 m3 and the lowest fruit yield at 12.51 kg per tree, but the highest yield efficiency at 3.95 kg m–3. Rootstocks did not show significant effects on fruit size, fruit shape index, peel thickness and the edible rate of the fruits, but fruit quality was significantly affected by the rootstocks. Fruits from the trees grafted on trifoliate orange presented the best quality with significantly higher total soluble solids(TSS) content than those on Ziyang Xiangcheng and Hongju, and also the highest ratio of TSS/titratable acidity(TA). The TA content was observed from the fruits on X639 at 0.59 g 100 mL–1. Vitamin C(Vc) content of fruits on Hongju was the highest at 49.25 mg 100 mL–1. Growth vigor of the trees was positively correlated with fruit yield at an extremely significant level. The canopy volume was negatively correlated with yield efficiency, but positively correlated with compatibility index. Results of this study indicated that the rootstock has great impacts on the growth vigor of the tree, yield efficiency and quality of the fruit. In order to achieve good quality and yield efficiency for navel orange production, less growth vigor rootstock such as trifoliate orange is highly recommended.展开更多
An experiment was undertaken to study the effects of two grafting times (1st of June and end of September) as well as kind of rootstock on growth and rooting of rose stentlings. Two Rosa species i.e. R. canina and R. ...An experiment was undertaken to study the effects of two grafting times (1st of June and end of September) as well as kind of rootstock on growth and rooting of rose stentlings. Two Rosa species i.e. R. canina and R. manetti were selected as rootstock and three different hybrid tea rose cultivars namely Avalanch, Peach Avalanch and Dolcevita were grafted on them as scion through omega and splice techniques. The growth parameters were collected 57 days after grafting. The highest average of rooting, healing percentage, numbers of root, shoot and leaves were seen in September grafted plants. In overall Rosa canina was the best rootstock for Avalanch cultivar. Other observations did not lead to any prominent result as it varied with time of grafting, scion and rootstock cultivars.展开更多
To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were...To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were investigated. Biological effects of 1/2 divided root irrigation on three combinations, i.e., Malvasia/420A, Malvasia/3309C, and Malvasia/110R, were studied by wood-boxed plants. All the plants were separated into three groups for different irrigation strategies. Mass growth of new root in alternate-irrigated plants was remarkably promoted by about 7.8-22.2% higher than the well- watered ones. However, new shoot growth, especially the internode was reduced by alternate irrigation. The average root-shoot ratio of all the three combinations was increased from 1.1 to 1.46. New root growth and internode length were decreased by fixed partial rootzone irrigation （FI） at different amount, M/3309C at 37.9 and 36.9%, M/110R at 18.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Total biomass of all the three combinations under FI decreased at the rate of 19.2-34.3% compared with well-watered ones. Water stress adaptation of grapevine mainly depends on rootstock. 110R is more efficient than 3309C and 420A in water stress adaptation. PRD-AI benefited root growth, thus improved the drought-resistant ability of grapevine.展开更多
文摘[Objectives]To select the virus-free Citrus reticulata Hongmeiren as test material to select rootstocks suitable for local cultivation,and to carry out demonstration and popularization of suitable rootstocks for planting C.reticulata Hongmeiren in the south bank of Hangzhou Bay.[Methods]The effects of different rootstocks on the survival rate,biological characteristics and fruit quality were analyzed by grafting onto three kinds of rootstocks,namely,C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari,S.mandarin cv.Miyagawa wase and C.trifoliata L.[Results]The grafting survival rate for C.trifoliata L.was the highest;from the index of scion growth,the scion diameter,new shoot length,new shoot thickness and leaf area of C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari were the largest,and the tree height of S.mandarin cv.Miyagawa wase was the highest;from the fruit quality index,the fruit quality of C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari was the best.[Conclusions]C.unshiu Marc.cv.Owari is suitable as the preferred rootstock for virus-free C.reticulata Hongmeiren on the south bank of Hangzhou Bay,and can be demonstrated and promoted.
基金Supported by National Apple Industry Programs of Ministry of Agriculture(CARS-28)~~
文摘[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.
文摘The study considers the morphological and physiological behaviour of self-rooted sweet cherry CV （Cultivar） ＇Hedelfinger＇ wild type （H） and somaclonal （HS） grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ rootstock. The somaclonal showed reduced vegetative vigour without any variation of the natural tree＇s architecture. The rootstock ＇Gisela 6＇ caused change in genotype habitus inducing a spreading shape, while ＇Colt＇ increased trunk diameter and height. Fruit quality and size were not affected by genotype nor rootstock. ＇Gisela 6＇, from these preliminary data, had proved the most suitable rootstock for both genotypes since it reduced the tree size and vigor and induced early bearing and the production of a greater number of fruiting spurs.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation in Guangxi Province(0728040)~~
文摘[Objective] The paper aims to study the effects of drought stress on antioxidation system of different Citrus rootstock leaves. [Method] Potted plant experiments were carried out to control the water content of soil in pots,in order to investigate the effects of drought stress on antioxidation system activity （SOD,POD and CAT） and the content of protein,GSH,MDA and O-·2 from the leaves of Shandong Zhike,Ningminju,Yangshuojinbaosuanju,Huapijinju and Guizhi No.1. [Result] The content of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and chlorophyll （a＋b） from the test 5 breeds decreased with the enhancement of drought stress,and there were significant differences between them and the control under the severe stress; the activities of SOD,POD and CAT from the 5 breeds increased as the drought stress strengthened; the content of soluble protein declined while that of GSH,MDA and O-·2 rose because of the drought stress. [Conclusion] This research provided a good reference to choose the breeds of citrus rootstocks in arid and semi-arid areas.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Gansu Province,China(035-041051)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(145RJZA167)
文摘A study was conducted in attempting to identify the cold-resistant apple rootstocks and to establish a comprehensive evaluation system. In this study, 10 elite apple dwarfing rootstocks(GM256, JM7, M26, M7, SC1, SH1, SH38, SH6, M9, and T337) were employed for the experiment and the following parameters were investigated under different low temperature stress conditions(0, –15, –20, –25, –30, and –35°C): the changes of the relative electrical conductivity(REC), anthocyanin content, protein content, soluble sugar content, soluble starch content, proline content, malondialdehyde(MDA) content, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity, and peroxidase(POD) activity of the dormant branches. The inflection temperature that could represent the plant tissue semi-lethal temperature(LT) was obtained by the measurements of REC. The LTwas used to evaluate eight other indices. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between LTand POD activity as well as between the soluble sugar, protein and proline contents at 0 and –15°C. Soluble starch content at 0 and –15°C and anthocyanin content at –15–(–30)°C were significantly but negatively correlated to the LT50 and the MDA content at 0–(–20)°C was significantly positively correlated to the LT. Statistical analysis based on principal component analysis and LT50 showed that cold resistant apple rootstocks in the decreasing order from high to low as GM256, SH6, SH38, SH1, SC1, M26, M7, JM7, T337, and M9.
基金TheprojectwassupportedbytheLocalKeyProjectofChinainLiaoningProvince (No .97-2 1 -0 4)
文摘Plants were regenerated from leaves of cherry rootstock Colt by two methods,the frequencies were 48 3% and 21 3%.Leaves were cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA 1 0mg/L,KT 3 0mg/L and ZT 0 25mg/L.After 5～7 days leaves dedifferentiated,and formed callus.About 25 days later,callus grew into greenish or pink compact ones,the induction frequency was 100%.The color and structural feature of callus depended on the medium,culture condition and physiology phase of leaves.To induce callus,NAA was the main factor.Leaves rooted in medium only with NAA.In order to inhibit rooting and make callus grow fast,KT and ZT were added to the medium.Leaves cultured without light could quickly form callus during the initial stage of dedifferentiation.Young leaves dedifferentiated more easily than old leaves.After had been cultured about 50 days,callus were transferred to MS medium supplemented with NAA 0 2mg/L,IAA 0 5mg/L,6 BA 0 5mg/L,KT 1 0 mg/L and GA 0 5mg/L,and redifferentiated at a frequency of 21 3%.The callus of Colt leaves were difficult to redifferentiate.GA was important in the redifferentiation of callus.The result showed that callus could redifferentiate in all the mediums with GA,and could not redifferentiate without GA.The ability of redifferentiation of big callus was higher than that of small ones.And the physiology character of callus was also important.High regeneration frequency was obtained from greenish or pink compact callus.The frequency of regeneration of petioles was higher than that of leaves.Leaf petioles' regeneration need high concentration of cytokinin(more than 5 0mg/L).Leaf petioles were cultured on MS medium supplement with 6 BA 6 0mg/L,NAA 1 0mg/L and GA 0 5mg/L,and regenerated at a frequency of 48 3%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31401830)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (QN2011006)the Talent Special Fund of Northwest A&F University, China (Z111020904)
文摘Alkaline soils have a great inlfuence on apple production in Northern China. Therefore, comprehensive evaluations of toler-ance to such stress are important when selecting the most suitable apple rootstocks. We used hydroponics culturing to test 17 genotypes of apple rootstocks after treatment with 1：1Na2CO3and NaHCO3. When compared with the normaly grown controls, stressed plants produced fewer new leaves, and had shorter roots and shoots and lower fresh and dry weights after 15 d of exposure to alkaline conditions. Their root/shoot ratios were also reduced, indicating that the roots had been severely damaged. For al stressed rootstocks, electrolyte leakage （EL） and the concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA） increased while levels of chlorophyl decreased. Changes in root activity （up or down）, as wel as the activities of peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and catalase （CAT） were rootstock-dependent, possibly relfecting their differences in alkali tolerance. Using alkali injury index （AI）, adversity resistance coefifcients （ARC）,cluster analysis, and evaluation of their physiological responses, we classiifed these 17 genotypes into three groups： （1） high tolerance： Hubeihaitang, Wushanbianyehaitang, Laoshanhaitang Ls2, Xiaojinbianyehaitang, and Fupingqiuzi; （2） moderate tolerance： Pingyitiancha, Laoshanhaitang Ls3, Hubeihaitang A1, Deqinhaitang, Balenghaitang, Maoshandingzi, Shandingzi, and Xinjiangyepingguo; or （3） low tolerance： Pingdinghaitang, Hongsanyehaitang, Xiaojinhaitang, and Sanyehaitang. These results wil signiifcantly contribute to the selection of the most suitable materials for rootstocks with desired levels of tolerance to alkali stress.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27)
文摘Soil alkalinity is a major factor that restricts the growth of apple roots.To analyze the response of apple roots to alkali stress, the root structure and endogenous hormones of two apple rootstocks, Malus prunifolia (alkali-tolerant) and Malus hupehensis (alkali-sensitive), were compared. To understand alkali tolerance of M. prunifolia at the molecular level, transcriptome analysis was performed. When plants were cultured in alkaline conditions for 15 d, the root growth of M. hupehensis with weak alkali tolerance decreased significantly. Analysis of endogenous hormone levels showed that the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) in M. hupehensis under alkali stress were lower than those in the control. However, the trend for IAA and ZR in M. prunifolia was the opposite. The concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in the roots of the two apple rootstocks under alkali stress increased, but the concentration of ABA in the roots of M. prunifolia was higher than that in M. hupehensis. The expression of IAA-related genes ARF5, GH3.6, SAUR36, and SAUR32 and the Cytokinin (CTK)-related gene IPT5 in M. prunifolia was higher than those in the control, but the expression of these genes in M. hupehensis was lower than those in the control. The expression of ABA-related genes CIPK1 and AHK1 increased in the two apple rootstocks under alkali stress, but the expression of CIPK1 and AHK1 in M. prunifolia was higher than in M. hupehensis. These results demonstrated that under alkali stress, the increase of IAA, ZR, and ABA in roots and the increase of the expression of related genes promoted the growth of roots and improved the alkali tolerance of apple rootstocks.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,2011AA100201)the Earmarked Fund for the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)
文摘Plants that grow well while accumulating and transporting less potassium（K） perform better than more-sensitive plants when under deficiency conditions, which makes low-K-input and environmentally friendly agriculture possible. We conducted hydroponics and sand culture experiments to evaluate the efficiency of various apple（Malus domestica Borkh） rootstocks in their K uptake and utilization. Five genotypes were selected which are widely used in China- M. hupehensis Rehd, M. prunifolia Borkh, M. robusta Rehd, M. sieversii Roem, and M. rockii Rehd. Plant heights, root and shoot dry weights, and K concentrations were recorded. These genotypes differed markedly in dry weights, absolute and relative K concentrations, absolute and relative K accumulations, and their K efficiency ratio under deficient K conditions. The last parameter, expressed as relative shoot dry weight, was strongly and positively correlated with the other four parameters in each genotype. Therefore, we suggest that this parameter could serve as an index when selecting K-efficient genotypes. In this study, we have determined that M. sieversiiand M. rockii are K-inefficient genotypes; M. prunifolia is K-efficient genotype; M. hupehensis and M. robusta have moderate levels of potassium efficiency.
基金financially supported by Management of the Faculty of Agriculture and Cario Univerisity
文摘Objective:To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected,resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactive substances.Methods:The grape rootstocks,superior,superior/ freedom and freedom were reacted differently to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis according to rootstock progenitor.Two weeks after inoculation,two commercial products of humic acid were applied at the rate of(2,4 mL or grams/plant) as soil drench.After 4 months,nematode soil populations were extracted and counted.A subsample of roots from each plant was stained and gall numbers,embedded stages per root were calculated,final population, nematode build up(Pf/Pi),average of eggs/eggmass were estimated.Subsamples of fresh root of each treatment were chemically analyzed.Results:Freedom reduced significantly the nematode criteria and build up.Humic acid granules appeared to be more suppressive to nematode build up on superior and the higher dose on superior/freedom than liquid treatments.On freedom,all treatments reduced significantly the nematode build up regardless to the material nature.The higher dose was more effective than the lower one.As a result of humic acid applications,the malondialdehyde(MDA) and H_2O_2 contents were significandy reduced after humic acid treatments while the antioxidant compounds glutathione(GSH),ascorbic acid(ASA) and total phenol contents were significandy increased when compared with check.Antioxidant defense enzymes ascorbate peroxidase(AFX),superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) showed significant increase in their specific activities in treated plants compared with nematode treated check.Conclnsions:Humic acid treatments improve we yield of grape by increasing the contents of antioxidant compounds and the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes.
文摘In this thesis, 10 species of kiwifruit rootstocks were treated with hydroponics hypoxia to study their root zone hypoxia tolerance. The results were as follows: growth of all kiwifruit seedlings was inhibited. The max length of new root, plant height, plant biomass, root activity, relative growth rate of leaves, and content of chlorophyll in leaves under root zone hypoxia stress obviously declined comparing with control. MDA content, relative conductance in the leaves and roots all increased in 10 kinds of kiwifruit seedlings. The sensitivities of 10 kinds’ kiwifruit seedlings to hypoxia stress were obviously different. With the method of subordinate function and cluster analysis, the adversity resistance coefficient of 10 kinds’ kiwifruit seedlings, were comprehensively evaluated in order to appraise their hypoxia-tolerance abilities. According to the results, “Hayward”, “Qinmei”, “Jinxiang”, “Kuoye”, “Huayou” kiwifruit seedlings held higher tolerance to root zone hypoxia stress, while “Hongyang” kiwifruit seedlings were sensitive to root zone hypoxia stress. The others, including “Xixuan”, “Maohua”, “Jinhua”, “Shanli” kiwifruit seedlings kept moderate resistant intensity to root zone hypoxia stress. The kiwifruit seedlings’ resistance order from strong to weak was: “Hayward” > “Qinmei” > “Jinxiang” > “Kuoye” > “Huayou” > “Xixuan” > “Maohua” > “Jinhua” > “Shanli” > “Hongyang”.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFD1000801)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (Grant No. Y2020PT29)the Science Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
文摘Vegetable grafting has become an important method for developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and increasing potential yield in agronomic practice.To determine the effects of grafting on tomato taste,we examined the cultivated tomato‘Moneymaker’and the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium,which have different fruit weights and qualities,to investigate the effect of grafting on sugars,acids,and volatiles in single-head and double-head grafted plants using GC-MS and LC-MS.We observed that the contents of sugars,acids and volatiles in heterografted tomato pericarps are influenced by rootstocks.Different metabolites exhibit distinct responses to the rootstock and might be associated with rootstock-scion interactions.Comparison of the metabolites in the heterogeneous fruit of the single-and double-head grafted plants indicates that the grafting method also influences the metabolic changes in grafted plants.Moreover,we also identified numerous mobile transcripts and determined that the mobile mRNAs are associated with metabolic processes in tomato leaves.Our work helps to elucidate the effect of genotype and graft method on fruit quality and may provide a basis for future research on rootstock breeding and selection in plants.
基金support of the Special Fund for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-28)the Special Fund for the Construction of Scientific and Technological Innovation Capability, China (KJXC20140406)
文摘The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of heat stress on physiological features, together with endogenous hormones and the transcription level of related genes, to estimate the heat resistance ability and stress injury mechanism of different dwarfing apple rootstocks. Among the six rootstocks, the rootstocks of native Shao series（SH series） showed better heat stress resistance than those of Budagovski 9（B9）, Cornell-Geneva 24（CG24）, and Malling 26（M26） from abroad. Among SH series rootstocks, SH1 and SH6 showed higher heat stress resistance than SH40. M26 demonstrated the lowest adaption ability to heat stress, showing higher leaf conductivity and lower liquid water content（LWC） with the increase in temperature. Heat stress also resulted in the suppression of photosynthesis, which showed no significant restoration after 7-day recovery. It should be noted that although a higher temperature led to a lower LWC and photosynthetic efficiency（P_n） of CG24, there was no significant increase in leaf conductivity, and 7 days after the treatment, the P_n of CG24 recovered. The extremely high temperature tolerance of SH series rootstocks could be related to the greater osmotic adjustment（OA）, which was reflected by smaller reductions in leaf relative water content（RWC） and higher turgor potentials and leaf gas exchange compared with the other rootstocks. Determination of hormones indicated multivariate regulation, and it is presumed that a relatively stable expression levels of functional genes under high-temperature stress is necessary for heat stress resistance of rootstocks.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000101,2019YFD1000803)Shaanxi Apple Industry Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2020zdzx03-01-04)+1 种基金Tang Scholar by Cyrus Tang Foundation(Grant No.C200022002)The China Apple Research System(Grant No.CARS-27).
文摘Adventitious root formation is a bottleneck during vegetative proliferation.Potassium(K^(+))is an essential macronutrient for plants.K^(+)accumulation from the soil and its distribution to the different plant organs is mediated by K^(+)transporters named K^(+)transporter(KT),K^(+)uptake(KUP),or high-affinity K^(+)(HAK).This study aimed to identify members of the HAK gene family in apples and to characterize the effects of K^(+)supply on adventitious root formation and on the expression of HAK genes and the genes that putatively control auxin transport,signaling,and cell fate during adventitious root formation.In this study,34 HAK genes(MdHAKs)were identified in the apple(Malus×domestica‘Golden Delicious’)genome.A phylogenetic analysis divided MdHAKs into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),comprising 16,1,4,and 13 genes,respectively.The syntenic relationships revealed that 62.5%of the total MdHAK genes arise from genomic duplication events.Chromosome location,domain structure,motif analysis,and physico-chemical characteristics were subsequently investigated.Furthermore,the application of K^(+)indicated the emergence of adventitious roots at 8 d and produced more adventitious roots at 16 d than the K^(+)-free control(CK)treatment.In addition,various MdHAKs showed root-specific expression in B9 apple rootstock stem cuttings and enhanced expression during the initiation and emergence stages of adventitious root formation in response to K^(+)treatment.Additionally,K^(+)treatment enhanced the expression levels of MdPIN1,MdPIN2,and MdAUX1.Further data indicated that a higher expression of MdWOX11,MdLBD16,and MdLBD29 and of cell cycle-related genes contributed to the auxin-stimulated adventitious root formation in response to K^(+).
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD1000101 and2018YFD0201503)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-26)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(XDJK2016B024)the National Citrus Engineering Research Center,China (NCERC)the earmarked fund for Chongqing Special&Economic Agriculture Research System on Late Maturation Citrus,Chinathe Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Projects in Chongqing,China(cstc2018jcyjAX0400)。
文摘Selection of rootstock is very important for citrus production. Besides its major role on resistance, the rootstock also can affect fruit production and quality. Currently, the main concerns on selection of rootstock for citrus production are compatibility and resistance, due to less information on the impacts of rootstock to the performance of scion varieties. This study aims to provide information on performances of navel orange varieties on different rootstocks. Three late-ripening navel orange varieties(Citrus sinensis var. Powell, Chislett and Banfield) grafted on seven rootstocks(Swingle citrumelo(C. paradisi× P. trifoliata), Carrizo citrange(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), X639(C. reticulata×P. trifoliata), MXT(C. sinensis×P. trifoliata), Hongju(C. reticulata), Ziyang Xiangcheng(C. junos) and trifoliate orange(P. trifoliata)) were used as plant materials for comprehensive comparison of the performances on tree growth, fruit yield and quality in 21 scion–stock combinations. Investigation was carried out in these combinations in field nine years after planting. Vigorous growth of all the three late-ripening navel orange varieties was observed on Carrizo citrange with the largest canopy volume at 33.34 m3 and the highest yield at 29.43 kg per tree, but a low yield efficiency at 2.87 kg m–3. On the contrary, those on trifoliate orange had the smallest canopy volume at 10.79 m3 and the lowest fruit yield at 12.51 kg per tree, but the highest yield efficiency at 3.95 kg m–3. Rootstocks did not show significant effects on fruit size, fruit shape index, peel thickness and the edible rate of the fruits, but fruit quality was significantly affected by the rootstocks. Fruits from the trees grafted on trifoliate orange presented the best quality with significantly higher total soluble solids(TSS) content than those on Ziyang Xiangcheng and Hongju, and also the highest ratio of TSS/titratable acidity(TA). The TA content was observed from the fruits on X639 at 0.59 g 100 mL–1. Vitamin C(Vc) content of fruits on Hongju was the highest at 49.25 mg 100 mL–1. Growth vigor of the trees was positively correlated with fruit yield at an extremely significant level. The canopy volume was negatively correlated with yield efficiency, but positively correlated with compatibility index. Results of this study indicated that the rootstock has great impacts on the growth vigor of the tree, yield efficiency and quality of the fruit. In order to achieve good quality and yield efficiency for navel orange production, less growth vigor rootstock such as trifoliate orange is highly recommended.
文摘An experiment was undertaken to study the effects of two grafting times (1st of June and end of September) as well as kind of rootstock on growth and rooting of rose stentlings. Two Rosa species i.e. R. canina and R. manetti were selected as rootstock and three different hybrid tea rose cultivars namely Avalanch, Peach Avalanch and Dolcevita were grafted on them as scion through omega and splice techniques. The growth parameters were collected 57 days after grafting. The highest average of rooting, healing percentage, numbers of root, shoot and leaves were seen in September grafted plants. In overall Rosa canina was the best rootstock for Avalanch cultivar. Other observations did not lead to any prominent result as it varied with time of grafting, scion and rootstock cultivars.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30471197).
文摘To lay a biological foundation for rootstocks and alternate irrigation （AI） popularization, the effects of partial rootzone drying （PRD） on the growth of the grapevine Malvasia grafted on different rootstocks were investigated. Biological effects of 1/2 divided root irrigation on three combinations, i.e., Malvasia/420A, Malvasia/3309C, and Malvasia/110R, were studied by wood-boxed plants. All the plants were separated into three groups for different irrigation strategies. Mass growth of new root in alternate-irrigated plants was remarkably promoted by about 7.8-22.2% higher than the well- watered ones. However, new shoot growth, especially the internode was reduced by alternate irrigation. The average root-shoot ratio of all the three combinations was increased from 1.1 to 1.46. New root growth and internode length were decreased by fixed partial rootzone irrigation （FI） at different amount, M/3309C at 37.9 and 36.9%, M/110R at 18.4 and 22.5%, respectively. Total biomass of all the three combinations under FI decreased at the rate of 19.2-34.3% compared with well-watered ones. Water stress adaptation of grapevine mainly depends on rootstock. 110R is more efficient than 3309C and 420A in water stress adaptation. PRD-AI benefited root growth, thus improved the drought-resistant ability of grapevine.
