The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for lit...The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for literature that brought the observed aspects to the structuring of the technical sheets, i.e., literature that contains data related to composition, active ingredients, interaction (when described in the consulted literature), health condition in which they may be useful in helath care by various health professionals and anyone who may be of interest. The data obtained shows that there is a need for a careful evaluation of the foods (that contain roots, rhizomes, or tubers) used by polymedicated people due to possible interactions and incompatibilities that may exist.展开更多
Root resorption is a significant complication in orthodontic treatment,with thin roots and reciprocal movement being recognized as high-risk factors.This paper reports a case of a 19-year-old female patient who underw...Root resorption is a significant complication in orthodontic treatment,with thin roots and reciprocal movement being recognized as high-risk factors.This paper reports a case of a 19-year-old female patient who underwent orthodontic treatment for dental irregularity.The patient had thin roots in the maxillary lateral incisors 12 and 22.During treatment,tooth 22 experienced reciprocal movement of labial expansion followed by retraction,while tooth 12 adopted passive ligation to reduce reciprocal movement.After 23 months of straight-wire extraction treatment,good occlusal relationships were achieved,but significant root resorption occurred in teeth 12 and 22,with tooth 22 showing more severe resorption.This case confirms the synergistic effect between thin roots and reciprocal movement,demonstrating that thin roots are more sensitive to reciprocal movement stimulation,producing a synergistic amplification effect.Additionally,standardized nursing guidance and patient compliance management play important roles in reducing resorption risk.This case emphasizes the importance of pretreatment risk assessment,individualized treatment strategy formulation,and comprehensive nursing intervention throughout treatment,providing reference for clinical prevention of root resorption.展开更多
Two decades ago,an important development philosophy emerged that would redefine prosperity:“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”Known as the“Two Mountains”theory,it challenged the conventional t...Two decades ago,an important development philosophy emerged that would redefine prosperity:“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”Known as the“Two Mountains”theory,it challenged the conventional trade-off between development and the environment by arguing that they are inseparable.展开更多
BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for t...BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient,with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth.Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots.Under local anesthesia,the extraction socket was carefully expanded,and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps.The procedure was uneventful,with no root fractures,postoperative bleeding,or sensory abnormality observed.CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.展开更多
The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in t...The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.展开更多
[Objective] In this study,the secretion of organic acids from plant roots under soil nutrient and water stress and the effects of organic acids on ecological adaptability of plants were investigated,which provided the...[Objective] In this study,the secretion of organic acids from plant roots under soil nutrient and water stress and the effects of organic acids on ecological adaptability of plants were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for improving the adaptability of plants to a variety of stress conditions.The results showed that,under nutrient and water stress,the content of organic acids secreted from plant roots increased significantly as a common active adaptive response.Organic acids could improve the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes,contents of osmotic regulatory substances,contents of chlorophyll and photosynthesis levels,promote nutrient absorption and transportation in plants,and ultimately contribute to plant growth and biomass accumulation,reduce the toxicity of stress conditions to plants and improve the stress resistance and adaptability of plants.展开更多
To provide an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis, differential display of mRNA was used to analyze the difference of gene expression between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) heterotic hybrid A, nonheterotic hyb...To provide an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis, differential display of mRNA was used to analyze the difference of gene expression between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) heterotic hybrid A, nonheterotic hybrid B and their parental inbreds in the primary roots. By using 5′ end random primers in combination with three one-base-anchored primers, it was found that 22.5% and 22.9% of 877 total displayed cDNAs were differentially expressed between hybrid A, B and their parents, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression between hybrids and their parental inbreds were obvious, indicating that the patterns of gene expression in hybrids alter significantly as compared to their corresponding parents. On the other hand, by using MADS-box gene specific 5′ end primer for DDRT-PCR, we found that nearly all of the displayed cDNA fragments were polymorphic between hybrids and their parents, and major difference occurred in qualitative level, in which hybrid specific-expressed and silenced genes are the major two patterns, suggesting that MADS-box gene may be important for manifestation of differential gene expression and wheat heterosis. In comparison with our previous results by using seedling leaves, it is indicated that differential gene expression between hybrids and parents is dependent on the tissues tested, and more differentially expressed genes were observed in the primary roots than in the seedling leaves. Therefore, it is concluded that the expressions of both randomly displayed cDNAs and transcription factor genes, such as MADS-box, alter significantly between hybrids and their parents, which might be responsible for the observed heterosis.展开更多
[ Objective ] The aim was to research the antimicrobial effect of the extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots with different solvents on the common plant microbes. [ Method] The bacteria cake method was used to study th...[ Objective ] The aim was to research the antimicrobial effect of the extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots with different solvents on the common plant microbes. [ Method] The bacteria cake method was used to study the antimicrobial capability of Clerodendron bungei roots. [ Result ] The extracts have anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani and Setosphaeria turcica, especially the extract from distilled water has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven and Fusarium graminearum, the extract from ether has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Fusarium graminearum, the MIC all were 10 mg/ml. The extracts had different antimicrobial effect when pH value was from 5 to 8[ Conclusion] The extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots could inhibit the 4 pathogenic microorganism, and the antibacterial activity was affected by pH value greatly.展开更多
Objective] This study almed to investigate the effects of uniconazoIe on physioIogical and biochemical properties of roots of different sweetpotato cuItivars at seedIing stage. [Method] Under hydroponic conditions in ...Objective] This study almed to investigate the effects of uniconazoIe on physioIogical and biochemical properties of roots of different sweetpotato cuItivars at seedIing stage. [Method] Under hydroponic conditions in a greenhouse, the effects of exogenous uniconazoIe on physioIogical and biochemical properties of roots of different sweetpotato cuItivars at seedIing stage were analyzed under continuous drought stress simuIated by PEG-6000. [Result] Compared with normal water suppIy treatment （N）, drought treatment （D） decreased significantIy root Iength, root surface area, average root diameter and root voIume of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1; to be specif-ic, compared with Jishu 21, root Iength, root surface area and average root diame-ter of Jihei 1 decreased greatIy, but root voIume of Jihei 1 decreased sIightIy. SOD, POD, APX activities and MDA content of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1 increased, and root vitality of two sweetpotato cuItivars was reduced; to be specific, compared with Jihei 1, Jishu 21 exhibited significantIy improved SOD, POD, APX activities, sIightIy im-proved MDA content and remarkabIy reduced root vitality. IAA, GAs and ZR con-tents of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1 decIined at seedIing stage; ABA content of two sweetpotato cuItivars was improved; to be specific, compared with Jihei 1, IAA, GAs and ZR contents of Jishu 21 were reduced sIightIy, whiIe ABA content of Jishu 21 was improved sIightIy. Under stress conditions, uniconazoIe treatment increased sig-nificantIy root Iength and root surface area of Jihei 1 and increased sIightIy root voIume of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21; uniconazoIe treatment increased signifi-cantIy SOD, POD and APX activities and root vitality of Jihei 1 and decIined re-markabIy MDA content of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21; uniconazoIe treatment in-creased significantIy IAA, ZR and ABA contents of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21. [Conclusion] Drought-toIerant sweetpotato cuItivar Jishu 21 exhibits high pIasma membrane integrity and root vitality by increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress and malntalning high contents of IAA, ZR and ABA. Unicona-zoIe exerts greater reguIatory effects on physioIogical and biochemical properties of drought-sensitive sweetpotato cuItivar Jihei 1 under drought stress.展开更多
[Objective] In order to study plant adaptation mechanism under different landforms in drought regions.[Method] Observe soil moisture dynamic of Salix psammophila sample areas on the dune and depression with neutron mo...[Objective] In order to study plant adaptation mechanism under different landforms in drought regions.[Method] Observe soil moisture dynamic of Salix psammophila sample areas on the dune and depression with neutron moisture gauge and research the roots distribution of Salix psammophila sample areas on the dune and depression respectively by digging method.[Result] The quantity of Salix psammophila roots on the dune exponentially decreases while that on the depression decreases by power function in horizontal direction.In vertical direction,Salix psammophila roots on the dune are mainly distributed in 0-30 and 80-120 cm layers as 72% of all,while Salix psammophila roots on the depression are mainly distributed in 0-40 cm layers as 54% of all.[Conclusion] Salix psammophila roots on the dune not only use surface soil water but also use middle-layer groundwater.Salix psammophila roots on the depression primarily use surface soil water.展开更多
To study the function and adaptive mechanism of tonoplast H + ATPase under salt stress, pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were treated with different concentrations of salt (100-250 mmol/L NaCl) and with 100 mmol...To study the function and adaptive mechanism of tonoplast H + ATPase under salt stress, pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were treated with different concentrations of salt (100-250 mmol/L NaCl) and with 100 mmol/L NaCl for different days (1-3 d). The ATP hydrolytic activity and the proton transport activity and the changes of the amount of tonoplast H + ATPase (subunit A) were measured. ATP hydrolytic activity of H + ATPase prepared from plants treated with 250 mmol/L NaCl was reduced by about 25% compared to that of control plants, but that of stressed plants treated with 100 mmol/L and 200 mmol/L NaCl was unchanged. The activity from plants treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl for up to 3 d was lower than that of control plants by 20%. But the proton transport activity was increased under the same salt stresses as above. These results showed that the changes of the hydrolytic activity and the proton transport activity were not in proportion and salt stress may cause the change of the coupling ratio of H + transport activity to ATP hydrolysis. The protein amount kept unchanged and reduced a little only when pea was treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl for 3 d. These results indicated that salinity stimulated the increase of the pump efficiency of the V_ATPase from pea roots, which was due to the change of the coupling ratio, but not due to the increase of ATP hydrolysis and the amount of V_ATPase.展开更多
Bisphenol compounds(BPs)have various industrial uses and can enter the environment through various sources.To evaluate the ecotoxicity of BPs and identify potential gene candidates involved in the plant toxicity,Arabi...Bisphenol compounds(BPs)have various industrial uses and can enter the environment through various sources.To evaluate the ecotoxicity of BPs and identify potential gene candidates involved in the plant toxicity,Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to bisphenol A(BPA),BPB,BPE,BPF,and BPS at 1,3,10 mg/L for a duration of 14 days,and their growth status were monitored.At day 14,roots and leaves were collected for internal BPs exposure concentration detection,RNA-seq(only roots),and morphological observations.As shown in the results,exposure to BPs significantly disturbed root elongation,exhibiting a trend of stimulation at low concentration and inhibition at high concentration.Additionally,BPs exhibited pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species,while none of the pollutants caused significant changes in root morphology.Internal exposure concentration analysis indicated that BPs tended to accumulate in the roots,with BPS exhibiting the highest level of accumulation.The results of RNA-seq indicated that the shared 211 differently expressed genes(DEGs)of these 5 exposure groups were enriched in defense response,generation of precursormetabolites,response to organic substance,response to oxygen-containing,response to hormone,oxidation-reduction process and so on.Regarding unique DEGs in each group,BPS wasmainly associated with the redox pathway,BPB primarily influenced seed germination,and BPA,BPE and BPF were primarily involved in metabolic signaling pathways.Our results provide newinsights for BPs induced adverse effects on Arabidopsis thaliana and suggest that the ecological risks associated with BPA alternatives cannot be ignored.展开更多
Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environmen...Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.展开更多
Background:The root of Desmodium gangeticum,a key component of“Dashamoola,”is a significant Ayurveda remedy for inflammatory conditions.Due to the less availability of D.gangeticum in Sri Lanka,indigenous physicians...Background:The root of Desmodium gangeticum,a key component of“Dashamoola,”is a significant Ayurveda remedy for inflammatory conditions.Due to the less availability of D.gangeticum in Sri Lanka,indigenous physicians often substitute Alysicarpus vaginalis root without scientific validation.Further,no comparative study has been conducted on the whole plants of these species.This research is focused on comparing the aqueous extracts of roots and whole plants of A.vaginalis and D.gangeticum for anti-inflammatory activity,acute toxicity,and to quantify major phytochemicals.Methods:Freeze-dried aqueous extracts were prepared and assessed for anti-inflammatory potency using the egg albumin denaturation assay,heat-induced red blood cell membrane stabilization assay,and nitric oxide assay.Acute toxicity was evaluated using the zebrafish embryo assay,and major phytochemicals,were quantitatively screened.Results:In egg albumin denaturation assay,D.gangeticum whole plant(IC_(50)107.89±0.71μg/mL)and root(IC_(50)210.37±0.39μg/mL)exhibited superior anti-inflammatory potency compared to diclofenac sodium(IC_(50)826.04±0.27μg/mL)and A.vaginalis(whole plant IC_(50)1,336μg/mL,root IC_(50)3,162.28μg/mL).In red blood cell membrane stabilization assay,D.gangeticum(whole plant IC_(50)47.86±0.52μg/mL,root IC_(50)331.13±0.83μg/mL)showed the highest activity.Quercetin(IC_(50)285.01μg/mL)was the most potent,with D.gangeticum(IC_(50)2,080.03μg/mL)and A.vaginalis(IC_(50)7,183.87μg/mL)showing weaker inhibition in the nitric oxide assay.Regarding toxicity,lower toxicity showed for D.gangeticum(LC502,570.39μg/mL)compared to A.vaginalis(LC501,348.96μg/mL).In phytochemical analysis,phenols,flavonoids,tannins,alkaloids and saponins were quantified.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between effects of all extracts and reference drugs(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comparative analysis revealed,D.gangeticum has higher anti-inflammatory activity and lower toxicity than A.vaginalis,suggesting its suitability over A.vaginalis in Sri Lankan practices.展开更多
This study aimed to screen chicken-derived Bacillus strains suitable for fermentation of Pseudostellaria heterophylla fibrous roots.Bacillus strains were isolated from cecal chyme samples of healthy chicken and fermen...This study aimed to screen chicken-derived Bacillus strains suitable for fermentation of Pseudostellaria heterophylla fibrous roots.Bacillus strains were isolated from cecal chyme samples of healthy chicken and fermented with P.heterophylla fibrous roots for re-screening.Biological characterization,safety evaluation,and identification based on morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical properties,and molecular biological identification were carried out for the strains screened out.The results showed that five Bacillus strains X1-X5 were isolated from the cecal chyme samples in primary screening,and two elite strains X1 and X4 were obtained by re-screening.Both strains X1 and X4 had the ability to produce amylase and protease,adapt to pH value of 6-8,and tolerate bile salt of 0.1%-0.3%and simulated gastric and intestinal fluid environments.The safety evaluation results showed that the strains had no hemolytic activity,which indicated good biological safety.Strains X1 and X4 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis,respectively,based on the morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical properties,and molecular biological identification.In summary,strains X1 and X4 with strong stress resistance,probiotic properties,and safety can be used as candidate probiotic strains for the fermentation of P.heterophylla fibrous roots.展开更多
Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic...Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic basis of nitrogen fixation in mucilage and its evolution from teosinte(Zea mays ssp.mexicana)to modern maize,we developed a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population from teosinte and cultivated it under low-nitrogen conditions.Large-scale,multi-year,and multi-environment analyses of RIL-Teo,Doubled Haploid-A(DH-A),Doubled Haploid-B(DH-B),and association populations led to the identification of 15 quantitative trait loci(QTL),68 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTN),and 59 candidate genes linked to mucilage secretion from aerial roots.Functional verification of the candidate gene ZmAco3,which is associated with mucilage secretion in aerial roots,demonstrated that deletion of this gene resulted in a reduction in mucilage secretion in aerial roots.In addition,most maize inbred lines exhibited stronger mucilage secretion from aerial roots under low-nitrogen conditions than under normal-nitrogen conditions.We categorized mucilage secretion into constitutive and low-nitrogen-inducible types.Through genotype-by-environment interaction studies,8 QTL,16 QTN,and 19 candidate genes were identified,revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying mucilage secretion under low-nitrogen conditions.These findings provide a comprehensive genetic analysis of the mucilage-secreting ability of maize aerial roots,contributing to our understanding of nitrogen fixation and offering potential avenues for enhancing nitrogen fixation in modern maize lines.This research advances knowledge of plant nutrient acquisition strategies and has implications for sustainable agricultural practices.展开更多
How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increa...How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increases its growing area with sprouting roots and the elongation of horizontal roots at a soil depth of 10 cm.Therefore,a method to regulate the development of horizontal roots could be eff ective in slowing the invasiveness of black locust.In this study,root barrier panels were tested to inhibit the growth of horizontal roots.Since it is labor intensive to observe the growth of roots in the fi eld,it was investigated in a nursery setting.The decrease in secondary fl ush,an increase in yellowed leafl ets,and the height in the seedlings were measured.Installing root barrier panels to a depth of 30 cm eff ectively inhibit the growth of horizontal roots of young black locust.展开更多
Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fiber that plays an integral role in producing functional dairy products with improved health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: extract and purify inulin f...Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fiber that plays an integral role in producing functional dairy products with improved health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: extract and purify inulin from chicory roots and globe artichoke roots;evaluate the physicochemical, functional properties and functional groups of the purified inulin;determine the functional properties of chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin and globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and compare it with that of the commercial inulin;examine the impact of various inulin on physiochemical, microstructural, textural, sensory characteristics and as prebiotic dietary fiber on probiotic bacteria’s viability of stirred bio-yogurt. The characteristics of the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy to detect the functional group. The resulting inulin exhibited a high yield and purity along with enhanced functional properties. Stirred bio-yogurt fortified with chicory roots inulin or globe artichoke roots inulin showed enhanced physicochemical, microstructural, microbiological, and overall sensorial acceptability followed by chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin or globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and the commercial inulin as compared to the control. Stirred bio-yogurt samples can offer various health benefits and wide applications as supplement of prebiotic dietary fiber in dairy industry.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrient and water stress on the secretion of organic acids from roots of two-year-old Larix olgensis. [Method] Different nutrient and water stress conditions...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrient and water stress on the secretion of organic acids from roots of two-year-old Larix olgensis. [Method] Different nutrient and water stress conditions were designed to investi- gate the types and quantities of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. [Result] Under nutrient and water stress, the types of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis increased, which varied with different stress levels. In addition, nutrient and water stress also increased the secretory vol- ume of organic acids from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. The increment in total amount of organic acids reached the maximum under Level 1 （high stress）. Among different types of organic acids, the increment in secretory volume of citric acid reached the maximum, followed by malic acid, while oxalic acid presented relatively small increment. Furthermore, the increment in secretory volume of these three organic acids all reached the maximum under Level 1. [Conclusion] The proportion of the secretory volume of each organic acid accounting for the total amount of organic acids varied slightly, but the overall order was unchanged.展开更多
文摘The article contains a list of 14 structured technical sheets on roots, rhizomes or tubers that will serve as guidance in improving the quality of health of people. The used method was through an active search for literature that brought the observed aspects to the structuring of the technical sheets, i.e., literature that contains data related to composition, active ingredients, interaction (when described in the consulted literature), health condition in which they may be useful in helath care by various health professionals and anyone who may be of interest. The data obtained shows that there is a need for a careful evaluation of the foods (that contain roots, rhizomes, or tubers) used by polymedicated people due to possible interactions and incompatibilities that may exist.
文摘Root resorption is a significant complication in orthodontic treatment,with thin roots and reciprocal movement being recognized as high-risk factors.This paper reports a case of a 19-year-old female patient who underwent orthodontic treatment for dental irregularity.The patient had thin roots in the maxillary lateral incisors 12 and 22.During treatment,tooth 22 experienced reciprocal movement of labial expansion followed by retraction,while tooth 12 adopted passive ligation to reduce reciprocal movement.After 23 months of straight-wire extraction treatment,good occlusal relationships were achieved,but significant root resorption occurred in teeth 12 and 22,with tooth 22 showing more severe resorption.This case confirms the synergistic effect between thin roots and reciprocal movement,demonstrating that thin roots are more sensitive to reciprocal movement stimulation,producing a synergistic amplification effect.Additionally,standardized nursing guidance and patient compliance management play important roles in reducing resorption risk.This case emphasizes the importance of pretreatment risk assessment,individualized treatment strategy formulation,and comprehensive nursing intervention throughout treatment,providing reference for clinical prevention of root resorption.
文摘Two decades ago,an important development philosophy emerged that would redefine prosperity:“Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”Known as the“Two Mountains”theory,it challenged the conventional trade-off between development and the environment by arguing that they are inseparable.
文摘BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient,with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth.Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots.Under local anesthesia,the extraction socket was carefully expanded,and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps.The procedure was uneventful,with no root fractures,postoperative bleeding,or sensory abnormality observed.CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.
基金supported by the Qinghai Science and Technology Department Project(2025-QY-225)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42267024)the Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation and Research Project of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(2019QZKK0905).
文摘The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370613)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program)(2011CB403202)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DL12CA01)~~
文摘[Objective] In this study,the secretion of organic acids from plant roots under soil nutrient and water stress and the effects of organic acids on ecological adaptability of plants were investigated,which provided theoretical basis for improving the adaptability of plants to a variety of stress conditions.The results showed that,under nutrient and water stress,the content of organic acids secreted from plant roots increased significantly as a common active adaptive response.Organic acids could improve the activities of a variety of antioxidant enzymes,contents of osmotic regulatory substances,contents of chlorophyll and photosynthesis levels,promote nutrient absorption and transportation in plants,and ultimately contribute to plant growth and biomass accumulation,reduce the toxicity of stress conditions to plants and improve the stress resistance and adaptability of plants.
文摘To provide an insight into the molecular basis of heterosis, differential display of mRNA was used to analyze the difference of gene expression between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) heterotic hybrid A, nonheterotic hybrid B and their parental inbreds in the primary roots. By using 5′ end random primers in combination with three one-base-anchored primers, it was found that 22.5% and 22.9% of 877 total displayed cDNAs were differentially expressed between hybrid A, B and their parents, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative differences in gene expression between hybrids and their parental inbreds were obvious, indicating that the patterns of gene expression in hybrids alter significantly as compared to their corresponding parents. On the other hand, by using MADS-box gene specific 5′ end primer for DDRT-PCR, we found that nearly all of the displayed cDNA fragments were polymorphic between hybrids and their parents, and major difference occurred in qualitative level, in which hybrid specific-expressed and silenced genes are the major two patterns, suggesting that MADS-box gene may be important for manifestation of differential gene expression and wheat heterosis. In comparison with our previous results by using seedling leaves, it is indicated that differential gene expression between hybrids and parents is dependent on the tissues tested, and more differentially expressed genes were observed in the primary roots than in the seedling leaves. Therefore, it is concluded that the expressions of both randomly displayed cDNAs and transcription factor genes, such as MADS-box, alter significantly between hybrids and their parents, which might be responsible for the observed heterosis.
基金Supported by Youth Foundation of Yibin University(QJ05-22)Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Yibin University(2005B02)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The aim was to research the antimicrobial effect of the extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots with different solvents on the common plant microbes. [ Method] The bacteria cake method was used to study the antimicrobial capability of Clerodendron bungei roots. [ Result ] The extracts have anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven, Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani and Setosphaeria turcica, especially the extract from distilled water has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Rhixoctonia cerealis V. Hoeven and Fusarium graminearum, the extract from ether has the strongest anti-bacterial action on Fusarium graminearum, the MIC all were 10 mg/ml. The extracts had different antimicrobial effect when pH value was from 5 to 8[ Conclusion] The extracts of Clerodendron bungei roots could inhibit the 4 pathogenic microorganism, and the antibacterial activity was affected by pH value greatly.
基金Supported by the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-11-B-11)~~
文摘Objective] This study almed to investigate the effects of uniconazoIe on physioIogical and biochemical properties of roots of different sweetpotato cuItivars at seedIing stage. [Method] Under hydroponic conditions in a greenhouse, the effects of exogenous uniconazoIe on physioIogical and biochemical properties of roots of different sweetpotato cuItivars at seedIing stage were analyzed under continuous drought stress simuIated by PEG-6000. [Result] Compared with normal water suppIy treatment （N）, drought treatment （D） decreased significantIy root Iength, root surface area, average root diameter and root voIume of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1; to be specif-ic, compared with Jishu 21, root Iength, root surface area and average root diame-ter of Jihei 1 decreased greatIy, but root voIume of Jihei 1 decreased sIightIy. SOD, POD, APX activities and MDA content of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1 increased, and root vitality of two sweetpotato cuItivars was reduced; to be specific, compared with Jihei 1, Jishu 21 exhibited significantIy improved SOD, POD, APX activities, sIightIy im-proved MDA content and remarkabIy reduced root vitality. IAA, GAs and ZR con-tents of Jishu 21 and Jihei 1 decIined at seedIing stage; ABA content of two sweetpotato cuItivars was improved; to be specific, compared with Jihei 1, IAA, GAs and ZR contents of Jishu 21 were reduced sIightIy, whiIe ABA content of Jishu 21 was improved sIightIy. Under stress conditions, uniconazoIe treatment increased sig-nificantIy root Iength and root surface area of Jihei 1 and increased sIightIy root voIume of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21; uniconazoIe treatment increased signifi-cantIy SOD, POD and APX activities and root vitality of Jihei 1 and decIined re-markabIy MDA content of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21; uniconazoIe treatment in-creased significantIy IAA, ZR and ABA contents of Jihei 1 compared with Jishu 21. [Conclusion] Drought-toIerant sweetpotato cuItivar Jishu 21 exhibits high pIasma membrane integrity and root vitality by increasing activities of antioxidant enzymes under drought stress and malntalning high contents of IAA, ZR and ABA. Unicona-zoIe exerts greater reguIatory effects on physioIogical and biochemical properties of drought-sensitive sweetpotato cuItivar Jihei 1 under drought stress.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Research Major Project ofthe Ministry of Education (308021)Publicly-Traded Research Pro-ject of the Ministry of Land and Resources (200911004)~~
文摘[Objective] In order to study plant adaptation mechanism under different landforms in drought regions.[Method] Observe soil moisture dynamic of Salix psammophila sample areas on the dune and depression with neutron moisture gauge and research the roots distribution of Salix psammophila sample areas on the dune and depression respectively by digging method.[Result] The quantity of Salix psammophila roots on the dune exponentially decreases while that on the depression decreases by power function in horizontal direction.In vertical direction,Salix psammophila roots on the dune are mainly distributed in 0-30 and 80-120 cm layers as 72% of all,while Salix psammophila roots on the depression are mainly distributed in 0-40 cm layers as 54% of all.[Conclusion] Salix psammophila roots on the dune not only use surface soil water but also use middle-layer groundwater.Salix psammophila roots on the depression primarily use surface soil water.
文摘To study the function and adaptive mechanism of tonoplast H + ATPase under salt stress, pea ( Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were treated with different concentrations of salt (100-250 mmol/L NaCl) and with 100 mmol/L NaCl for different days (1-3 d). The ATP hydrolytic activity and the proton transport activity and the changes of the amount of tonoplast H + ATPase (subunit A) were measured. ATP hydrolytic activity of H + ATPase prepared from plants treated with 250 mmol/L NaCl was reduced by about 25% compared to that of control plants, but that of stressed plants treated with 100 mmol/L and 200 mmol/L NaCl was unchanged. The activity from plants treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl for up to 3 d was lower than that of control plants by 20%. But the proton transport activity was increased under the same salt stresses as above. These results showed that the changes of the hydrolytic activity and the proton transport activity were not in proportion and salt stress may cause the change of the coupling ratio of H + transport activity to ATP hydrolysis. The protein amount kept unchanged and reduced a little only when pea was treated with 100 mmol/L NaCl for 3 d. These results indicated that salinity stimulated the increase of the pump efficiency of the V_ATPase from pea roots, which was due to the change of the coupling ratio, but not due to the increase of ATP hydrolysis and the amount of V_ATPase.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No.22106098)the Youth Science and Technology Research Foundation of Shanxi Province (No.20210302124298)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (Nos.2020L0174,and 2020L0025)the Startup Foundation for Doctors of Shanxi Province (No.SD1917)the Startup Foundation for Doctors of Shanxi Medical University (No.XD1917).
文摘Bisphenol compounds(BPs)have various industrial uses and can enter the environment through various sources.To evaluate the ecotoxicity of BPs and identify potential gene candidates involved in the plant toxicity,Arabidopsis thaliana was exposed to bisphenol A(BPA),BPB,BPE,BPF,and BPS at 1,3,10 mg/L for a duration of 14 days,and their growth status were monitored.At day 14,roots and leaves were collected for internal BPs exposure concentration detection,RNA-seq(only roots),and morphological observations.As shown in the results,exposure to BPs significantly disturbed root elongation,exhibiting a trend of stimulation at low concentration and inhibition at high concentration.Additionally,BPs exhibited pronounced generation of reactive oxygen species,while none of the pollutants caused significant changes in root morphology.Internal exposure concentration analysis indicated that BPs tended to accumulate in the roots,with BPS exhibiting the highest level of accumulation.The results of RNA-seq indicated that the shared 211 differently expressed genes(DEGs)of these 5 exposure groups were enriched in defense response,generation of precursormetabolites,response to organic substance,response to oxygen-containing,response to hormone,oxidation-reduction process and so on.Regarding unique DEGs in each group,BPS wasmainly associated with the redox pathway,BPB primarily influenced seed germination,and BPA,BPE and BPF were primarily involved in metabolic signaling pathways.Our results provide newinsights for BPs induced adverse effects on Arabidopsis thaliana and suggest that the ecological risks associated with BPA alternatives cannot be ignored.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271611)Functional traits of plant communities at different elevation gradients in the Taibai Mountain of Qinling Mountains financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFC0500202)245 Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station in 2022 financed by Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Root anatomical traits play an important role in understanding the link between root physiological function and ecological process. To determine how plants change root anatomical traits to adapt to distinct environments, we measured four key root anatomical traits-stele diameter(SD), cortex thickness(CT), root diameter(RD), and the stele to root diameter ratio(SDRD)-of first-order roots of 82species collected from different vegetation zones along a 2000 m altitudinal gradient on the northern slope of Taibai Mountain. Compared with other altitudes, plants located in temperate birch and fir forests had thinner SD, CT, RD, and SDRD. We found that elevational variation in root anatomical traits could largely be explained by phylogenetic taxonomy(clade). In addition, changes in SD were driven by soil bulk density, whereas variations in CT and RD were influenced by soil available nitrogen. When phylogenetic factors were removed from our analysis, allometric relationships between RD and root anatomical traits(SD and CT) were observed across different altitudes. Our study reveals the influence of phylogeny and environment on the elevational variation in root anatomical traits and further supports the allometric relationship between root anatomical traits(SD and CT) and RD. These findings enhance our understanding of the evolutionary and adaptive mechanisms of root anatomical structures, providing a basis for predicting how root anatomical traits respond to global changes.
基金funding agency in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘Background:The root of Desmodium gangeticum,a key component of“Dashamoola,”is a significant Ayurveda remedy for inflammatory conditions.Due to the less availability of D.gangeticum in Sri Lanka,indigenous physicians often substitute Alysicarpus vaginalis root without scientific validation.Further,no comparative study has been conducted on the whole plants of these species.This research is focused on comparing the aqueous extracts of roots and whole plants of A.vaginalis and D.gangeticum for anti-inflammatory activity,acute toxicity,and to quantify major phytochemicals.Methods:Freeze-dried aqueous extracts were prepared and assessed for anti-inflammatory potency using the egg albumin denaturation assay,heat-induced red blood cell membrane stabilization assay,and nitric oxide assay.Acute toxicity was evaluated using the zebrafish embryo assay,and major phytochemicals,were quantitatively screened.Results:In egg albumin denaturation assay,D.gangeticum whole plant(IC_(50)107.89±0.71μg/mL)and root(IC_(50)210.37±0.39μg/mL)exhibited superior anti-inflammatory potency compared to diclofenac sodium(IC_(50)826.04±0.27μg/mL)and A.vaginalis(whole plant IC_(50)1,336μg/mL,root IC_(50)3,162.28μg/mL).In red blood cell membrane stabilization assay,D.gangeticum(whole plant IC_(50)47.86±0.52μg/mL,root IC_(50)331.13±0.83μg/mL)showed the highest activity.Quercetin(IC_(50)285.01μg/mL)was the most potent,with D.gangeticum(IC_(50)2,080.03μg/mL)and A.vaginalis(IC_(50)7,183.87μg/mL)showing weaker inhibition in the nitric oxide assay.Regarding toxicity,lower toxicity showed for D.gangeticum(LC502,570.39μg/mL)compared to A.vaginalis(LC501,348.96μg/mL).In phytochemical analysis,phenols,flavonoids,tannins,alkaloids and saponins were quantified.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between effects of all extracts and reference drugs(P<0.05).Conclusion:Comparative analysis revealed,D.gangeticum has higher anti-inflammatory activity and lower toxicity than A.vaginalis,suggesting its suitability over A.vaginalis in Sri Lankan practices.
文摘This study aimed to screen chicken-derived Bacillus strains suitable for fermentation of Pseudostellaria heterophylla fibrous roots.Bacillus strains were isolated from cecal chyme samples of healthy chicken and fermented with P.heterophylla fibrous roots for re-screening.Biological characterization,safety evaluation,and identification based on morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical properties,and molecular biological identification were carried out for the strains screened out.The results showed that five Bacillus strains X1-X5 were isolated from the cecal chyme samples in primary screening,and two elite strains X1 and X4 were obtained by re-screening.Both strains X1 and X4 had the ability to produce amylase and protease,adapt to pH value of 6-8,and tolerate bile salt of 0.1%-0.3%and simulated gastric and intestinal fluid environments.The safety evaluation results showed that the strains had no hemolytic activity,which indicated good biological safety.Strains X1 and X4 were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis,respectively,based on the morphological characteristics,physiological and biochemical properties,and molecular biological identification.In summary,strains X1 and X4 with strong stress resistance,probiotic properties,and safety can be used as candidate probiotic strains for the fermentation of P.heterophylla fibrous roots.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401919)the Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(242102111126).
文摘Recent studies have shown that mucilage secretion from aerial roots is an essential feature of modern maize inbred lines,with some retaining the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of ancient landraces.To explore the genetic basis of nitrogen fixation in mucilage and its evolution from teosinte(Zea mays ssp.mexicana)to modern maize,we developed a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population from teosinte and cultivated it under low-nitrogen conditions.Large-scale,multi-year,and multi-environment analyses of RIL-Teo,Doubled Haploid-A(DH-A),Doubled Haploid-B(DH-B),and association populations led to the identification of 15 quantitative trait loci(QTL),68 quantitative trait nucleotides(QTN),and 59 candidate genes linked to mucilage secretion from aerial roots.Functional verification of the candidate gene ZmAco3,which is associated with mucilage secretion in aerial roots,demonstrated that deletion of this gene resulted in a reduction in mucilage secretion in aerial roots.In addition,most maize inbred lines exhibited stronger mucilage secretion from aerial roots under low-nitrogen conditions than under normal-nitrogen conditions.We categorized mucilage secretion into constitutive and low-nitrogen-inducible types.Through genotype-by-environment interaction studies,8 QTL,16 QTN,and 19 candidate genes were identified,revealing the genetic mechanisms underlying mucilage secretion under low-nitrogen conditions.These findings provide a comprehensive genetic analysis of the mucilage-secreting ability of maize aerial roots,contributing to our understanding of nitrogen fixation and offering potential avenues for enhancing nitrogen fixation in modern maize lines.This research advances knowledge of plant nutrient acquisition strategies and has implications for sustainable agricultural practices.
基金supported in part by the Research Faculty of Agriculture of Hokkaido University.
文摘How can we regulate an invasive alien species of high commercial value?Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)has a unique capacity for seed dispersal and high germination.Field surveys indicate that black locust increases its growing area with sprouting roots and the elongation of horizontal roots at a soil depth of 10 cm.Therefore,a method to regulate the development of horizontal roots could be eff ective in slowing the invasiveness of black locust.In this study,root barrier panels were tested to inhibit the growth of horizontal roots.Since it is labor intensive to observe the growth of roots in the fi eld,it was investigated in a nursery setting.The decrease in secondary fl ush,an increase in yellowed leafl ets,and the height in the seedlings were measured.Installing root barrier panels to a depth of 30 cm eff ectively inhibit the growth of horizontal roots of young black locust.
文摘Inulin is a prebiotic dietary fiber that plays an integral role in producing functional dairy products with improved health benefits. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: extract and purify inulin from chicory roots and globe artichoke roots;evaluate the physicochemical, functional properties and functional groups of the purified inulin;determine the functional properties of chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin and globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and compare it with that of the commercial inulin;examine the impact of various inulin on physiochemical, microstructural, textural, sensory characteristics and as prebiotic dietary fiber on probiotic bacteria’s viability of stirred bio-yogurt. The characteristics of the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy to detect the functional group. The resulting inulin exhibited a high yield and purity along with enhanced functional properties. Stirred bio-yogurt fortified with chicory roots inulin or globe artichoke roots inulin showed enhanced physicochemical, microstructural, microbiological, and overall sensorial acceptability followed by chicory roots inulin-maltodextrin or globe artichoke roots inulin-maltodextrin and the commercial inulin as compared to the control. Stirred bio-yogurt samples can offer various health benefits and wide applications as supplement of prebiotic dietary fiber in dairy industry.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31370613)Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(973 Program)(2011CB403202)+1 种基金Project of General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of China(2009IK177)Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(DL12CA01)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of nutrient and water stress on the secretion of organic acids from roots of two-year-old Larix olgensis. [Method] Different nutrient and water stress conditions were designed to investi- gate the types and quantities of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. [Result] Under nutrient and water stress, the types of organic acids secreted from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis increased, which varied with different stress levels. In addition, nutrient and water stress also increased the secretory vol- ume of organic acids from roots of two-year-old L. olgensis. The increment in total amount of organic acids reached the maximum under Level 1 （high stress）. Among different types of organic acids, the increment in secretory volume of citric acid reached the maximum, followed by malic acid, while oxalic acid presented relatively small increment. Furthermore, the increment in secretory volume of these three organic acids all reached the maximum under Level 1. [Conclusion] The proportion of the secretory volume of each organic acid accounting for the total amount of organic acids varied slightly, but the overall order was unchanged.
