In Arabidopsis thaliana,canonical auxin-dependent gene regulation is mediated by 23 transcription factors from the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR(ARF)family that interact with auxin/indole acetic acid repressors(Aux/IAAs),whic...In Arabidopsis thaliana,canonical auxin-dependent gene regulation is mediated by 23 transcription factors from the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR(ARF)family that interact with auxin/indole acetic acid repressors(Aux/IAAs),which themselves form co-receptor complexes with one of six TRANSPORT INHIBITOR*!/AUXIN-SIGNALLING F-BOX(TIR1/AFB)proteins.Different combinations of co-receptors drive specific sensing outputs,allowing auxin to control a myriad of processes.ARF6 and ARF8 are positive regulators of adventitious root initiation upstream of jasmonate,but the exact auxin co-receptor complexes controlling the transcriptional activity of these proteins has remained unknown.Here,using loss-of-function mutants we show that three Aux/IAA genes,IAA6,IAA9,and IAA17,act additively in the control of adventitious root(AR)initiation.These three IAA proteins interact with ARF6 and/or ARF8 and likely repress their activity in AR development.We show that TIR1 and AFB2 are positive regulators of AR formation and TIR1 plays a dual role in the control of jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and conjugation,as several JA biosynthesis genes are up-regulated in the tir1-1 mutant.These results lead us to propose that in the presence of auxin,TIR1 and AFB2 form specific sensing complexes with IAA6,IAA9,and/or IAA17 to modulate JA homeostasis and control AR initiation.展开更多
A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)syn...A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.展开更多
Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene express...Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.展开更多
Objective To determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1） on the expression of preprotachykinin （PPT） mRNA encoding substance P （SP） and calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） mRNA in cultured...Objective To determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1） on the expression of preprotachykinin （PPT） mRNA encoding substance P （SP） and calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） mRNA in cultured dorsal root ganglion （DRG） neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate （Glu）. Methods DRGs were dissected from embryonic day 15 Wistar rats. DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured for 48 h and then exposed to Glu （0.2 mmol/L） or Glu （0.2 mmol/L） plus IGF- 1 （5 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L and 20 nmol/L） for 12 h. The DRG neurons in control group were exposed to only growth media throughout the experiment. After that, the living DRG neurons were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope and microphotographs were taken. The expression levels of PPT and CGRP mRNAs were detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results IGF-1 could inhibit Glu-induced shortening of neurite. Besides, IGF-1 could significantly increase the levels ofPPT mRNA and CGRP mRNA in primary cultured DRG neurons with Glu-induced excitotoxicity, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion IGF-1 may exert neuroprotective effects on DRG neurons against Glu-induced excitotoxicity, probably through regulating the expression levels of PPT and CGRP mRNAs.展开更多
BACKGROUND：It has been shown that interleukin-1 （IL-1） may cause inflammatory reactions, which stimulate the nerve root of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion and leads to pain. Whether the clinical...BACKGROUND：It has been shown that interleukin-1 （IL-1） may cause inflammatory reactions, which stimulate the nerve root of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion and leads to pain. Whether the clinical curative effects of acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and leg pain are linked to an inhibition of local IL-1 secretion is unknown. OBJECTIVE： To assess the influence of acupuncture on IL-1, this study was designed to verify the effects of acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji （Extra）＂ point on the nerve root in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression, compared with administration of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, molecular biology experiment, performed at the Experimental Center, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University between September 2005 and April 2006. MATERIALS： Forty healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were included in this study. The rats were randomly and evenly divided into the following four groups： normal control, model, acupuncture and meloxicam groups. Lumbar nerve root compression was induced in rats in the model, acupuncture, and meloxicam groups by inserting a specially made silicon rubber slice at the juncture of the L5 nerve root and the dural sac. The acupuncture needle （pattern number N3030, 30#, 1.5 inch） was purchased from Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, China. IL-1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA. METHODS： The acupuncture group was acupunctured at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point, which is lateral to the compressed L5-6 nerve root, with an acupuncture depth of 0.5 cm. There were two treatment courses, each of involved seven 20-minute acupuncture sessions, one session a day. The meloxicam group was administered intragastrically 3.75 mg/kg meloxicam （5 mg meloxicam /10 mL physiological saline）. Rats in the normal control group and model group received an intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg physiological saline. All administrations were performed once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At day 14 post-surgery, the IL-1 level in the compressed nerve root was determined by a streptavidin-peroxidase （S-P） immunohistochemical method, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the compressed nerve root was simultaneously detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： The expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA in the L5 nerve root were significantly higher in the model group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. However, the expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly lower in the acupuncture and meloxicam groups than in the model group （P 〈 0.05–0.01）. Expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly higher in the acupuncture group than in the meloxicam group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point decreases the IL-1 level by inhibiting IL-1β mRNA expression to a greater extent than meloxicam administration.展开更多
The fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots （ARs）, which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. Current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying AR development...The fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots （ARs）, which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. Current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying AR development is still limited. We report here the isolation of four rice （Oryza sativa L.） mutants, from different genetic backgrounds, all of which were defective in AR formation. These mutants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots （LRs） and partial loss of gravitropism. The mutants also displayed enhanced sensitivity to N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport （PAT）, indicating that the mutations affected auxin transport. Positional cloning using one of the four mutants revealed that it was caused by loss-of-function of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP- ribosylation factor （OsGNOM1）. RT-PCR and analysis of promoter：：GUS transgenic plants showed that OsGNOM1 is expressed in AR primordia, vascular tissues, LRs, root tips, leaves, anthers and lemma veins, with a distribution pattern similar to that of auxin. In addition, the expressions of OsPIN2, OsPIN5b and OsPIN9 were altered in the mutants. Taken together, these findings indicate that OsGNOM1 affects the formation of ARs through regulating PAT.展开更多
Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance...Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance water and nutrient uptake.This study investigates the growth and yield of rice with both SUB1A and DRO1 in the background of IR64,under early-season flooding,and mid-season drought.The study used a randomized complete design with two factors:soil moisture treatments(submergence,drought,and their combination)and genotypes.The genotypes included IR64,and three near-isogenic lines(NILs):NIL-SUB1DRO1,NIL-SUB1,and NIL-DRO1.Complete submergence was imposed for 7 days on 14-day-old seedlings,while drought was imposed on control and submerged plants following a 21-day recovery period from submergence,using 42-day-old plants.Variables were measured before and after treatments(submergence and drought),and at harvest or grain maturity.The stresses negatively affected the genotypes.At harvest,IR64 and NIL-SUB1DRO1 under both stresses showed a significant reduction in tiller numbers,shoot dry weights,and yields compared to their control plants.IR64 exhibited a significant delay in reaching flowering under all stresses.The rice introgression lines showed significant improvements in tolerance to the stresses.The study showed no negative consequences of combining drought and submergence tolerance in rice.展开更多
Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1（NMDAR1） plays an important role in t...Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1（NMDAR1） plays an important role in the production and maintenance of hyperalgesia and allodynia.The present study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between estrogen and NMDAR1 in peripheral nerve pain.A chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury model of chronic neuropathic pain was established in rats.These rats were then subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol,the NMDAR1 antagonist D（-）-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid（AP-5）,or both once daily for 15 days.Compared with injured drug na？ve rats,rats with chronic sciatic nerve injury that were administered estradiol showed a lower paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and a shorter paw withdrawal thermal latency,indicating increased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal pain.Estrogen administration was also associated with increased expression of NMDAR1 immunoreactivity（as assessed by immunohistochemistry） and protein（as determined by western blot assay） in spinal dorsal root ganglia.This 17β-estradiol-induced increase in NMDAR1 expression was blocked by co-administration with AP-5,whereas AP-5 alone did not affect NMDAR1 expression.These results suggest that 17β-estradiol administration significantly reduced mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in rats with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve,and that the mechanism for this increased sensitivity may be related to the upregulation of NMDAR1 expression in dorsal root ganglia.展开更多
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 （TRPA1） is a key player in pain and neurogenic inflammation, and is localized in nociceptive primary sensory dorsal root ganglion （DRG） neurons. TRPA1 plays a major role in t...Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 （TRPA1） is a key player in pain and neurogenic inflammation, and is localized in nociceptive primary sensory dorsal root ganglion （DRG） neurons. TRPA1 plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive sensory signals. The generation of neurogenic inflammation appears to involve TRPAl-evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）. However, it remains unknown whether TRPA1 or CGRP expression is affected by TRPA 1 activation. Thus, in this study, we examined TRPA 1 and CGRP expression in DRG neurons in vitro after treatment with the TRPA1 activator tbrmaldehyde or the TRPA1 blocker menthol. In addition, we examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2） in this process. DRG neurons in culture were exposed to formaldehyde, menthol, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 ＋ formaldehyde, or PD98059 ＋ menthol. After treatment, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay and double immunofluorescence labeling were performed to evaluate TRPA1 and CGRP expression in DRG neurons. Formaldehyde elevated mRNA and protein levels of TRPA 1 and CGRP, as well as the proportion of TRPA1- and CGRP-positive neurons. In contrast, menthol reduced TRPA1 and CGRP expression. Furthermore, the effects of lbrmaldehyde, but not menthol, on CGRP expression were blocked by pretreatment with PD98059. PD98059 pretreatment did not affect TRPA1 expression in the presence of formaldehyde or menthol.展开更多
文摘In Arabidopsis thaliana,canonical auxin-dependent gene regulation is mediated by 23 transcription factors from the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR(ARF)family that interact with auxin/indole acetic acid repressors(Aux/IAAs),which themselves form co-receptor complexes with one of six TRANSPORT INHIBITOR*!/AUXIN-SIGNALLING F-BOX(TIR1/AFB)proteins.Different combinations of co-receptors drive specific sensing outputs,allowing auxin to control a myriad of processes.ARF6 and ARF8 are positive regulators of adventitious root initiation upstream of jasmonate,but the exact auxin co-receptor complexes controlling the transcriptional activity of these proteins has remained unknown.Here,using loss-of-function mutants we show that three Aux/IAA genes,IAA6,IAA9,and IAA17,act additively in the control of adventitious root(AR)initiation.These three IAA proteins interact with ARF6 and/or ARF8 and likely repress their activity in AR development.We show that TIR1 and AFB2 are positive regulators of AR formation and TIR1 plays a dual role in the control of jasmonic acid(JA)biosynthesis and conjugation,as several JA biosynthesis genes are up-regulated in the tir1-1 mutant.These results lead us to propose that in the presence of auxin,TIR1 and AFB2 form specific sensing complexes with IAA6,IAA9,and/or IAA17 to modulate JA homeostasis and control AR initiation.
文摘A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.
基金supported by Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.92368207Frontier Leading Technology BasicResearch Major Project of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20232023(both to XG).
文摘Dorsal root ganglia neurons gradually lose their axonal regeneration ability during development and aging.To explore molecules that enhance axonal regeneration,we screened growth factors with differential gene expression patterns in the dorsal root ganglias of young adult and aged animals following sciatic nerve injury.In young adult animals,two transforming growth factor beta-related factors,activin A and angiopoietin 2,were found to be upregulated post nerve injury.Treatment of isolated dorsal root ganglia explants and cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons of neonatal and young adult rats with recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein stimulated neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation.The administration of recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 protein to sciatic nerve crush-injured dorsal root ganglias also supported the growth of sensory neurons and facilitated nerve regeneration in both young adult and aged rats.Using RNA sequencing,we characterized genetic changes in dorsal root ganglia neurons following recombinant activin A or angiopoietin 2 treatment,revealing the unique mechanisms of these transforming growth factor beta-related factors.Recombinant activin A elicited changes in the gene expression of cytoskeleton-related Gper1 and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling,while angiopoietin 2 increased the expression of the transcription factor gene E2f2.Our identification of activin A and angiopoietin 2 as crucial promotional factors of axonal regeneration may guide future therapeutic strategies for the treatment of nerve injury.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Shandong Province, China(No. Z2006C06)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jinan Municipality of Shandong Province,China (No. 200705083, 200807046)
文摘Objective To determine the effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1） on the expression of preprotachykinin （PPT） mRNA encoding substance P （SP） and calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） mRNA in cultured dorsal root ganglion （DRG） neurons with excitotoxicity induced by glutamate （Glu）. Methods DRGs were dissected from embryonic day 15 Wistar rats. DRG neurons were dissociated and cultured for 48 h and then exposed to Glu （0.2 mmol/L） or Glu （0.2 mmol/L） plus IGF- 1 （5 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L and 20 nmol/L） for 12 h. The DRG neurons in control group were exposed to only growth media throughout the experiment. After that, the living DRG neurons were observed under inverted phase contrast microscope and microphotographs were taken. The expression levels of PPT and CGRP mRNAs were detected by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. Results IGF-1 could inhibit Glu-induced shortening of neurite. Besides, IGF-1 could significantly increase the levels ofPPT mRNA and CGRP mRNA in primary cultured DRG neurons with Glu-induced excitotoxicity, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion IGF-1 may exert neuroprotective effects on DRG neurons against Glu-induced excitotoxicity, probably through regulating the expression levels of PPT and CGRP mRNAs.
文摘BACKGROUND：It has been shown that interleukin-1 （IL-1） may cause inflammatory reactions, which stimulate the nerve root of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion and leads to pain. Whether the clinical curative effects of acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and leg pain are linked to an inhibition of local IL-1 secretion is unknown. OBJECTIVE： To assess the influence of acupuncture on IL-1, this study was designed to verify the effects of acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji （Extra）＂ point on the nerve root in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression, compared with administration of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, molecular biology experiment, performed at the Experimental Center, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University between September 2005 and April 2006. MATERIALS： Forty healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were included in this study. The rats were randomly and evenly divided into the following four groups： normal control, model, acupuncture and meloxicam groups. Lumbar nerve root compression was induced in rats in the model, acupuncture, and meloxicam groups by inserting a specially made silicon rubber slice at the juncture of the L5 nerve root and the dural sac. The acupuncture needle （pattern number N3030, 30#, 1.5 inch） was purchased from Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, China. IL-1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA. METHODS： The acupuncture group was acupunctured at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point, which is lateral to the compressed L5-6 nerve root, with an acupuncture depth of 0.5 cm. There were two treatment courses, each of involved seven 20-minute acupuncture sessions, one session a day. The meloxicam group was administered intragastrically 3.75 mg/kg meloxicam （5 mg meloxicam /10 mL physiological saline）. Rats in the normal control group and model group received an intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg physiological saline. All administrations were performed once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At day 14 post-surgery, the IL-1 level in the compressed nerve root was determined by a streptavidin-peroxidase （S-P） immunohistochemical method, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the compressed nerve root was simultaneously detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： The expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA in the L5 nerve root were significantly higher in the model group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. However, the expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly lower in the acupuncture and meloxicam groups than in the model group （P 〈 0.05–0.01）. Expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly higher in the acupuncture group than in the meloxicam group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point decreases the IL-1 level by inhibiting IL-1β mRNA expression to a greater extent than meloxicam administration.
基金Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China （2005CB20900）, the National High Technology Research and Development Program （2007AA021403, 2006AA10Z 175）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30471118 and 30770191） and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education （20070335081）.
文摘The fibrous root system in cereals comprises primarily adventitious roots （ARs）, which play important roles in nutrient and water uptake. Current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism underlying AR development is still limited. We report here the isolation of four rice （Oryza sativa L.） mutants, from different genetic backgrounds, all of which were defective in AR formation. These mutants exhibited reduced numbers of lateral roots （LRs） and partial loss of gravitropism. The mutants also displayed enhanced sensitivity to N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of polar auxin transport （PAT）, indicating that the mutations affected auxin transport. Positional cloning using one of the four mutants revealed that it was caused by loss-of-function of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for ADP- ribosylation factor （OsGNOM1）. RT-PCR and analysis of promoter：：GUS transgenic plants showed that OsGNOM1 is expressed in AR primordia, vascular tissues, LRs, root tips, leaves, anthers and lemma veins, with a distribution pattern similar to that of auxin. In addition, the expressions of OsPIN2, OsPIN5b and OsPIN9 were altered in the mutants. Taken together, these findings indicate that OsGNOM1 affects the formation of ARs through regulating PAT.
文摘Rice varieties tolerant to submergence regulate shoot elongation during short-term submergence by expressing the SUB1A gene.In contrast,the deep-rooted DRO1 is effectively expressed under drought conditions to enhance water and nutrient uptake.This study investigates the growth and yield of rice with both SUB1A and DRO1 in the background of IR64,under early-season flooding,and mid-season drought.The study used a randomized complete design with two factors:soil moisture treatments(submergence,drought,and their combination)and genotypes.The genotypes included IR64,and three near-isogenic lines(NILs):NIL-SUB1DRO1,NIL-SUB1,and NIL-DRO1.Complete submergence was imposed for 7 days on 14-day-old seedlings,while drought was imposed on control and submerged plants following a 21-day recovery period from submergence,using 42-day-old plants.Variables were measured before and after treatments(submergence and drought),and at harvest or grain maturity.The stresses negatively affected the genotypes.At harvest,IR64 and NIL-SUB1DRO1 under both stresses showed a significant reduction in tiller numbers,shoot dry weights,and yields compared to their control plants.IR64 exhibited a significant delay in reaching flowering under all stresses.The rice introgression lines showed significant improvements in tolerance to the stresses.The study showed no negative consequences of combining drought and submergence tolerance in rice.
基金supported by the Youth Shihezi University Applied Basic Research Project of China,No.2015ZRKYQ-LH19
文摘Estrogen affects the generation and transmission of neuropathic pain,but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor 1（NMDAR1） plays an important role in the production and maintenance of hyperalgesia and allodynia.The present study was conducted to determine whether a relationship exists between estrogen and NMDAR1 in peripheral nerve pain.A chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury model of chronic neuropathic pain was established in rats.These rats were then subcutaneously injected with 17β-estradiol,the NMDAR1 antagonist D（-）-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid（AP-5）,or both once daily for 15 days.Compared with injured drug na？ve rats,rats with chronic sciatic nerve injury that were administered estradiol showed a lower paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and a shorter paw withdrawal thermal latency,indicating increased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal pain.Estrogen administration was also associated with increased expression of NMDAR1 immunoreactivity（as assessed by immunohistochemistry） and protein（as determined by western blot assay） in spinal dorsal root ganglia.This 17β-estradiol-induced increase in NMDAR1 expression was blocked by co-administration with AP-5,whereas AP-5 alone did not affect NMDAR1 expression.These results suggest that 17β-estradiol administration significantly reduced mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in rats with chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve,and that the mechanism for this increased sensitivity may be related to the upregulation of NMDAR1 expression in dorsal root ganglia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81501935(to HL)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China,No.ZR2014HQ065(to HL)
文摘Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 （TRPA1） is a key player in pain and neurogenic inflammation, and is localized in nociceptive primary sensory dorsal root ganglion （DRG） neurons. TRPA1 plays a major role in the transmission of nociceptive sensory signals. The generation of neurogenic inflammation appears to involve TRPAl-evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）. However, it remains unknown whether TRPA1 or CGRP expression is affected by TRPA 1 activation. Thus, in this study, we examined TRPA 1 and CGRP expression in DRG neurons in vitro after treatment with the TRPA1 activator tbrmaldehyde or the TRPA1 blocker menthol. In addition, we examined the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 （ERK1/2） in this process. DRG neurons in culture were exposed to formaldehyde, menthol, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 ＋ formaldehyde, or PD98059 ＋ menthol. After treatment, real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay and double immunofluorescence labeling were performed to evaluate TRPA1 and CGRP expression in DRG neurons. Formaldehyde elevated mRNA and protein levels of TRPA 1 and CGRP, as well as the proportion of TRPA1- and CGRP-positive neurons. In contrast, menthol reduced TRPA1 and CGRP expression. Furthermore, the effects of lbrmaldehyde, but not menthol, on CGRP expression were blocked by pretreatment with PD98059. PD98059 pretreatment did not affect TRPA1 expression in the presence of formaldehyde or menthol.
