The standard cultivation system in the North China Plain is double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize. The main effects of this cultivation system on root development and yield are decreases in soil nutrient co...The standard cultivation system in the North China Plain is double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize. The main effects of this cultivation system on root development and yield are decreases in soil nutrient content and depth of the plow layer under either long-term no-tillage or rotary tillage before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of tillage practices before winter wheat and summer maize sowing on soil properties and root growth and distribution in summer maize. Zhengdan 958(ZD958) was used as experimental material, with three tillage treatments: rotary tillage before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing(RTW + NTM), moldboard plowing before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing(MPW + NTM), and moldboard plowing before winter wheat sowing and rotary tillage before summer maize sowing(MPW + RTM).Tillage practice showed a significant(P < 0.05) effect on grain yield of summer maize. Grain yields under MPW + RTM and MPW + NTM were 30.6% and 24.0% higher, respectively, than that under RTW + NTM. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance decreased among tillage systems in the order RTW + NTM > MPW + NTM > MPW + RTM. Soil bulk densities were 3.3% and 515% lower in MPW + NTM and MPW + RTM, respectively, than that in RTW + NTM, and soil penetration resistances were respectively 17.8% and 20.4% lower,across growth stages and soil depths. Root dry matter and root length density were highest under MPW + RTM, with the resulting increased root activity leading to a yield increase of summer maize. Thus the marked effects of moldboard plowing before winter-wheat sowing on root length density, soil penetration resistance, and soil bulk density may contribute to higher yield.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the eco-geochemical characteristics and geochemistry conditions of root soil in muskmelon planting area, evaluate the soil environment quality in Hetao irrigation area and provide s...[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the eco-geochemical characteristics and geochemistry conditions of root soil in muskmelon planting area, evaluate the soil environment quality in Hetao irrigation area and provide scientific basis for the musmelon planting in this area. [Method] Root system soil sample and plow pan sample were collected from the main muskmelon planting area in Hetao irrigation area, so as to analyze the contents of heavy metal elements. By comparing with the Soft Environmental Quality Standard （GB15618-1995）, the research explored whether the heavy metal elements in root system met the national standard. [Result] Heavy metal elements in root system soil had the maximum content in recession area of Yellow River, followed by saline soils. The content of heavy metal elements in chestnut-brown soil was the minimum. Harmful elements As, Cd, Hg, F and Pb in anthropogenic-alluvial soil of Hetao irrigation area showed enrichment characteristics in earth surface, with zonality vertically. Trace elements Cu and Zn, and beneficial elements P, K20, CaO, MgO and Se showed depletion. In anthropogenic-aUuvial soil of Ulansuhai of the Yellow River, harmful elements As and Cd showed significant enrichment in root system soil, while other elements showed depletion or was close to background value. In soil of plow pan, both beneficial component and harmful component showed enrichment characteristics. [Conclusion] Hetao irrigation area has the ideal geochemical conditions and heavy metal elements in muskmelon area meet the national standards.展开更多
Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tiller...Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tillers per unit area,fertile tillers per unit area,shoot /leaf ratio and fresh /dry matter weight ratio,and the distribution characteristics of their root systems in 0- 100 cm soil layers with 10 cm interval were studied. Results showed that the average aboveground fresh biomass(4 a and 5 a) of four forage legumes species successively were L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. The average plant heights in two years successively were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus. Tillers per unit area of four forage legume species in two years successively were M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. Fertile tillers per unit area in two years were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 G. officinalis. Average shoot /leaf ratio in two years were G. officinalis 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 L. corniculatus. Average moisture contents of four forage legume species in two years successively were G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa = O. viciifolia. The distribution characteristics of root systems of four forage legumes species in 0- 100 cm soil layers were as follows: the root weights of M. sativa in 0- 40 cm soil layers accounted for about 98. 3% of total root weight,that of O. viciifolia in 0- 30 cm soil layers was 85. 8%,that of L. corniculatus in 0- 10 cm soil layers was 80%,and that of G. officinalis in 0- 40 cm soil layers was 81. 4%. The results suggested that L. corniculatus was suited to plant in slighter degraded pasture to control water and soil erosion in early stage,G. officinalis with strong lateral roots was adapted to degraded grassland in the Loess Plateau where soil nutrient was poor,while O. viciifolia and M. sativa with potentially strong main root were fit for water and soil conservation in the losses plateau for long term.展开更多
Desert phreatophytes are greatly dependent on groundwater, but how their root systems adapt to different groundwater depths is poorly understood. In the present study, shoot and root growths of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap...Desert phreatophytes are greatly dependent on groundwater, but how their root systems adapt to different groundwater depths is poorly understood. In the present study, shoot and root growths of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings were studied across a gradient of groundwater depths. Leaves, stems and roots of different orders were measured after 120 days of different groundwater treatments. Results indicated that the depth of soil wetting front and the vertical distribution of soil water contents were highly controlled by groundwater depths. The shoot growth and biomass of A. sparsifolia decreased, but the root growth and rooting depth increased under deeper groundwater conditions. The higher ratios of root biomass, root/shoot and root length/leaf area under deeper groundwater conditions implied that seedlings of A. sparsifolia economized carbon cost on their shoot growths. The roots of A. sparsifolia distributed evenly around the soil wetting fronts under deeper groundwater conditions. Root diameters and root lengths of all orders were correlated with soil water availabilities both within and among treatments. Seedlings of A. sparsifolia produced finer first- and second-order roots but larger third- and fourth-order roots in dry soils. The results demonstrated that the root systems of desert phreatophytes can be optimized to acquire groundwater resources and maximize seedling growth by balancing the costs of carbon gain.展开更多
The pot experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratories to determine the relativeimportance of mass flow and diffusion in supplying Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn to wheat, soybean and maize plantsgrowing in loes...The pot experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratories to determine the relativeimportance of mass flow and diffusion in supplying Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn to wheat, soybean and maize plantsgrowing in loessal soil and lou soil. It was found that the calculated relative contribution of mass flow ofiron, manganese, copper and zinc to plant uptake varied from 5% to more than 100%,depending on the cropspecies and soil types as well as plant growth stage, soil moisture, atmosphere humidity, etc. The results alsoshowed that the major transportation mechanisms of these micronutrients in soil-root system varied with thecrop and its growth, climate and soil, significantly. In general, mass flow was more important for Cu andZn and diffusion was more significant for Fe and Mn at the seedling stage.展开更多
针对目前缺乏水稻钵苗多株根系交织于基质形成独立钵体复合体基础模型研究的问题,同时为后续开展水稻钵苗移栽机构栽植过程探究机械-钵体互作规律提供理论基础,本文依据水稻钵苗根系物理机械特性与生长规律,提出了一种基于Matlab根系数...针对目前缺乏水稻钵苗多株根系交织于基质形成独立钵体复合体基础模型研究的问题,同时为后续开展水稻钵苗移栽机构栽植过程探究机械-钵体互作规律提供理论基础,本文依据水稻钵苗根系物理机械特性与生长规律,提出了一种基于Matlab根系数值模拟生长的水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型建立方法。通过破坏性检测对移栽期水稻钵苗根系的几何形态与根系拓扑关系及基质相关参数进行测量与分析,结合钵盘边界因素及根-根、根-钵盘间交互生长特性,建立水稻根系生长规律相关特性函数,并通过Matlab程序设计获取水稻钵苗根系生长拓扑轨迹。利用分割排序法求解完整粒子中心坐标,依托EDEM软件平台分别将所建立的水稻钵苗根-基质离散元几何模型与EdinBurgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion with Bonding接触力学模型结合,实现水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型的建立。开展水稻钵苗钵体压缩和剪切试验对比研究,结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果趋向保持一致,误差满足相关要求,验证了水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型的可行性。展开更多
基金funded by China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-18)National Basic Research Program of China(2015CB150404)+1 种基金Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology InnovationFunds of Shandong "Double Tops" Program(SYL2017YSTD02)
文摘The standard cultivation system in the North China Plain is double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize. The main effects of this cultivation system on root development and yield are decreases in soil nutrient content and depth of the plow layer under either long-term no-tillage or rotary tillage before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of tillage practices before winter wheat and summer maize sowing on soil properties and root growth and distribution in summer maize. Zhengdan 958(ZD958) was used as experimental material, with three tillage treatments: rotary tillage before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing(RTW + NTM), moldboard plowing before winter wheat sowing and no tillage before summer maize sowing(MPW + NTM), and moldboard plowing before winter wheat sowing and rotary tillage before summer maize sowing(MPW + RTM).Tillage practice showed a significant(P < 0.05) effect on grain yield of summer maize. Grain yields under MPW + RTM and MPW + NTM were 30.6% and 24.0% higher, respectively, than that under RTW + NTM. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance decreased among tillage systems in the order RTW + NTM > MPW + NTM > MPW + RTM. Soil bulk densities were 3.3% and 515% lower in MPW + NTM and MPW + RTM, respectively, than that in RTW + NTM, and soil penetration resistances were respectively 17.8% and 20.4% lower,across growth stages and soil depths. Root dry matter and root length density were highest under MPW + RTM, with the resulting increased root activity leading to a yield increase of summer maize. Thus the marked effects of moldboard plowing before winter-wheat sowing on root length density, soil penetration resistance, and soil bulk density may contribute to higher yield.
基金Supported by National Land and Resources Investigation Program(200414200005)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to evaluate the eco-geochemical characteristics and geochemistry conditions of root soil in muskmelon planting area, evaluate the soil environment quality in Hetao irrigation area and provide scientific basis for the musmelon planting in this area. [Method] Root system soil sample and plow pan sample were collected from the main muskmelon planting area in Hetao irrigation area, so as to analyze the contents of heavy metal elements. By comparing with the Soft Environmental Quality Standard （GB15618-1995）, the research explored whether the heavy metal elements in root system met the national standard. [Result] Heavy metal elements in root system soil had the maximum content in recession area of Yellow River, followed by saline soils. The content of heavy metal elements in chestnut-brown soil was the minimum. Harmful elements As, Cd, Hg, F and Pb in anthropogenic-alluvial soil of Hetao irrigation area showed enrichment characteristics in earth surface, with zonality vertically. Trace elements Cu and Zn, and beneficial elements P, K20, CaO, MgO and Se showed depletion. In anthropogenic-aUuvial soil of Ulansuhai of the Yellow River, harmful elements As and Cd showed significant enrichment in root system soil, while other elements showed depletion or was close to background value. In soil of plow pan, both beneficial component and harmful component showed enrichment characteristics. [Conclusion] Hetao irrigation area has the ideal geochemical conditions and heavy metal elements in muskmelon area meet the national standards.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program(2014CB138704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31302023)
文摘Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tillers per unit area,fertile tillers per unit area,shoot /leaf ratio and fresh /dry matter weight ratio,and the distribution characteristics of their root systems in 0- 100 cm soil layers with 10 cm interval were studied. Results showed that the average aboveground fresh biomass(4 a and 5 a) of four forage legumes species successively were L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. The average plant heights in two years successively were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus. Tillers per unit area of four forage legume species in two years successively were M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. Fertile tillers per unit area in two years were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 G. officinalis. Average shoot /leaf ratio in two years were G. officinalis 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 L. corniculatus. Average moisture contents of four forage legume species in two years successively were G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa = O. viciifolia. The distribution characteristics of root systems of four forage legumes species in 0- 100 cm soil layers were as follows: the root weights of M. sativa in 0- 40 cm soil layers accounted for about 98. 3% of total root weight,that of O. viciifolia in 0- 30 cm soil layers was 85. 8%,that of L. corniculatus in 0- 10 cm soil layers was 80%,and that of G. officinalis in 0- 40 cm soil layers was 81. 4%. The results suggested that L. corniculatus was suited to plant in slighter degraded pasture to control water and soil erosion in early stage,G. officinalis with strong lateral roots was adapted to degraded grassland in the Loess Plateau where soil nutrient was poor,while O. viciifolia and M. sativa with potentially strong main root were fit for water and soil conservation in the losses plateau for long term.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1203201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41371516, 31100144)
文摘Desert phreatophytes are greatly dependent on groundwater, but how their root systems adapt to different groundwater depths is poorly understood. In the present study, shoot and root growths of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings were studied across a gradient of groundwater depths. Leaves, stems and roots of different orders were measured after 120 days of different groundwater treatments. Results indicated that the depth of soil wetting front and the vertical distribution of soil water contents were highly controlled by groundwater depths. The shoot growth and biomass of A. sparsifolia decreased, but the root growth and rooting depth increased under deeper groundwater conditions. The higher ratios of root biomass, root/shoot and root length/leaf area under deeper groundwater conditions implied that seedlings of A. sparsifolia economized carbon cost on their shoot growths. The roots of A. sparsifolia distributed evenly around the soil wetting fronts under deeper groundwater conditions. Root diameters and root lengths of all orders were correlated with soil water availabilities both within and among treatments. Seedlings of A. sparsifolia produced finer first- and second-order roots but larger third- and fourth-order roots in dry soils. The results demonstrated that the root systems of desert phreatophytes can be optimized to acquire groundwater resources and maximize seedling growth by balancing the costs of carbon gain.
文摘The pot experiments were conducted in the artificial climate laboratories to determine the relativeimportance of mass flow and diffusion in supplying Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn to wheat, soybean and maize plantsgrowing in loessal soil and lou soil. It was found that the calculated relative contribution of mass flow ofiron, manganese, copper and zinc to plant uptake varied from 5% to more than 100%,depending on the cropspecies and soil types as well as plant growth stage, soil moisture, atmosphere humidity, etc. The results alsoshowed that the major transportation mechanisms of these micronutrients in soil-root system varied with thecrop and its growth, climate and soil, significantly. In general, mass flow was more important for Cu andZn and diffusion was more significant for Fe and Mn at the seedling stage.
文摘针对目前缺乏水稻钵苗多株根系交织于基质形成独立钵体复合体基础模型研究的问题,同时为后续开展水稻钵苗移栽机构栽植过程探究机械-钵体互作规律提供理论基础,本文依据水稻钵苗根系物理机械特性与生长规律,提出了一种基于Matlab根系数值模拟生长的水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型建立方法。通过破坏性检测对移栽期水稻钵苗根系的几何形态与根系拓扑关系及基质相关参数进行测量与分析,结合钵盘边界因素及根-根、根-钵盘间交互生长特性,建立水稻根系生长规律相关特性函数,并通过Matlab程序设计获取水稻钵苗根系生长拓扑轨迹。利用分割排序法求解完整粒子中心坐标,依托EDEM软件平台分别将所建立的水稻钵苗根-基质离散元几何模型与EdinBurgh Elasto-Plastic Adhesion with Bonding接触力学模型结合,实现水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型的建立。开展水稻钵苗钵体压缩和剪切试验对比研究,结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果趋向保持一致,误差满足相关要求,验证了水稻钵苗钵体复合体离散元模型的可行性。
