Many researchers have focused their efforts on fatigue failures occurring on weld toes. In recent years, more and more fatigue failures occur on weld roots. Therefore, it is important to explore the behaviour of weld ...Many researchers have focused their efforts on fatigue failures occurring on weld toes. In recent years, more and more fatigue failures occur on weld roots. Therefore, it is important to explore the behaviour of weld root fatigues. This paper investigates numerically the Magnification factors （Mk） for types of semi-elliptical cracks on the weld root of a T-butt joint. The geometry of the joint is determined by four important parameters： crack depth ratio, crack shape ratio, weld leg ratio and weld angle. A singular element approach is used to generate the corresponding finite element meshes. For each set of given four parameters of the semi-elliptical root crack, the corresponding T-butt joint is numerically simulated and its Mk at the deepest point of the weld root crack is obtained for the respective tension and shear loads. The variation range of the four parameters covers 750 cases for each load, totaling 1500 simulations are completed. The numerical results obtained are then represented by the curve to explore the effects of four parameters on the Mk. To obtain an approximate equation representing Mk as a function of the four parameters for each load, a multiple regression method is adopted and the related regression analysis is performed. The error distributions of the two approximate equations are compared with the finite element data. It is confirmed that the obtained approximate functions fit very well to the database from which they are derived. Therefore, these two equations present a valuable reference for engineering applications in T-butt joint designs.展开更多
Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bra...Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root and subsequent peanut nodulation would facilitate improvement of biological nitrogen fixation in cultivated peanut. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of root hair in Bradyrhizobial invasion of peanut. Seedling roots of a nodulating peanut cultivar were observed for root hair emergence, its life span, and nodule formation at the base of the lateral roots with and without rhizobia inoculation for 14 days after germination (DAG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe rhizobia accumulation at lateral roots at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) before the emergence of root hair. Root hair emerged at 7 DAG with or without rhizobia inoculation. Two variations of rosette hair (RoH) were observed, the transient-thin RoH had life span of 3 days after root hair emergence and the thick and densely distributed RoH type stayed till the time of nodule emergence (9 days after inoculation). The lateral root devoid of root hair at the top 2 cm region was found to produce nodules. The SEM observation of seedling roots at 24 HAI showed that Bradyrhizobia invaded the roots at epidermis, protoplasm of cortical cell, and cortical cells of the main root near the newly emerged lateral root in the absence of RoH. The observations validated that root hair is not required in the Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root in the crack entry mode. Results from this study provided important morphological information for the hypothesis of close relationship between RoH and peanut nodulation for further genetic study of crack entry mechanism and signaling pathway of symbiosis between Bradyrhizobia and peanut.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2011CB711102)
文摘Many researchers have focused their efforts on fatigue failures occurring on weld toes. In recent years, more and more fatigue failures occur on weld roots. Therefore, it is important to explore the behaviour of weld root fatigues. This paper investigates numerically the Magnification factors （Mk） for types of semi-elliptical cracks on the weld root of a T-butt joint. The geometry of the joint is determined by four important parameters： crack depth ratio, crack shape ratio, weld leg ratio and weld angle. A singular element approach is used to generate the corresponding finite element meshes. For each set of given four parameters of the semi-elliptical root crack, the corresponding T-butt joint is numerically simulated and its Mk at the deepest point of the weld root crack is obtained for the respective tension and shear loads. The variation range of the four parameters covers 750 cases for each load, totaling 1500 simulations are completed. The numerical results obtained are then represented by the curve to explore the effects of four parameters on the Mk. To obtain an approximate equation representing Mk as a function of the four parameters for each load, a multiple regression method is adopted and the related regression analysis is performed. The error distributions of the two approximate equations are compared with the finite element data. It is confirmed that the obtained approximate functions fit very well to the database from which they are derived. Therefore, these two equations present a valuable reference for engineering applications in T-butt joint designs.
文摘Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root and subsequent peanut nodulation would facilitate improvement of biological nitrogen fixation in cultivated peanut. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of root hair in Bradyrhizobial invasion of peanut. Seedling roots of a nodulating peanut cultivar were observed for root hair emergence, its life span, and nodule formation at the base of the lateral roots with and without rhizobia inoculation for 14 days after germination (DAG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe rhizobia accumulation at lateral roots at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) before the emergence of root hair. Root hair emerged at 7 DAG with or without rhizobia inoculation. Two variations of rosette hair (RoH) were observed, the transient-thin RoH had life span of 3 days after root hair emergence and the thick and densely distributed RoH type stayed till the time of nodule emergence (9 days after inoculation). The lateral root devoid of root hair at the top 2 cm region was found to produce nodules. The SEM observation of seedling roots at 24 HAI showed that Bradyrhizobia invaded the roots at epidermis, protoplasm of cortical cell, and cortical cells of the main root near the newly emerged lateral root in the absence of RoH. The observations validated that root hair is not required in the Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root in the crack entry mode. Results from this study provided important morphological information for the hypothesis of close relationship between RoH and peanut nodulation for further genetic study of crack entry mechanism and signaling pathway of symbiosis between Bradyrhizobia and peanut.
