Plant root systems,a crucial component of biogeotechnics,have been recognized as a promising and sustainable strategy to address novel challenges in geotechnical engineering,i.e.,climate change(Ng et al.,2022).Root-so...Plant root systems,a crucial component of biogeotechnics,have been recognized as a promising and sustainable strategy to address novel challenges in geotechnical engineering,i.e.,climate change(Ng et al.,2022).Root-soil composite and root-reinforced slopes have re-ceived widespread attention in recent decades,due to the ability of root to regulate soil properties through mechanical reinforcement and hy-draulic transpiration(Li&Duan,2023;Ni et al.,2024).Fig.1 provides a co-occurrence network plot of plant root-based soil reinforcement strategies published over the last decade,where three clusters are identified with different colors.On the left of the network map,clusters in red and blue are primarily driven by geotechnical investigations of vegetated slopes(i.e.,plant root reinforced slopes)and root-soil com-posite/root-permeated soils,as denoted by the terms like"model","test","slope","strength"and"vegetation",while the green cluster on the right side demonstrates botany-related domains,for instance,"plant growth",Indeed,the reinforcement of vegetated soil strength is com-plex and varies significantly with an abundance of factors,both me-chanically and hydraulically.Particularly,the impact of root mor-phology and architecture cannot be negligible,including keywords"root area ratio"root distribution""root morphology"root diame-ter"root density"in Fig.1 with the root size and root depth ranking foremost.展开更多
Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate a...Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate anatomy of the root canal system,instrument-related factors,and instrumentation techniques.Instrument separation can hinder thorough cleaning,shaping,and obturation of the root canal,posing challenges to successful treatment outcomes.Although retrieval of separated instrument is often feasible,it carries risks including perforation,excessive removal of tooth structure and root fractures.Effective management of separated instruments requires a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors,meticulous preoperative assessment,and precise evaluation of the retrieval difficulty.The application of appropriate retrieval techniques is essential to minimize complications and optimize clinical outcomes.The current manuscript provides a framework for understanding the causes,risk factors,and clinical management principles of instrument separation.By integrating effective strategies,endodontists can enhance decision-making,improve endodontic treatment success and ensure the preservation of natural dentition.展开更多
Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology...Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.展开更多
Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Rea...Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Reaumuria soongorica in the Alxa steppe desert,Northwest China.Plant samples were collected during May-September 2019.Using excavation methods,in situ measurements,and root scanning techniques,we analyzed the root distribution,topology,and branching patterns of R.soongorica across an age sequence of 7-51 a.Additionally,we investigated the allometric relationships of root collar diameter with total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.The results showed that the roots of R.soongorica were predominantly concentrated in shallow soil layers(10-50 cm),with lateral root branching and biomass allocation increasing with shrub age.The root topology exhibited a herringbone-like structure,with average topological and modified topological indices of 0.89 and 0.96,respectively,both of which adjusted with shrub age.The root system displayed a self-similar branching pattern,maintaining a constant cross-sectional area ratio of 1.13 before and after branching,deviating from the area-preserving rule.These adaptive traits allow R.soongorica to efficiently expand its nutrient acquisition zone,minimize internal competition,and optimize resource uptake from the upper soil layers.Furthermore,significant linear relationships were observed between log10-transformed root collar diameter and log10-transformed total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.These findings advance non-destructive approaches for studying root characteristics and contribute to the development of root-related models.Besides,this study provides new insights into the adaptive strategies of R.soongorica under extreme drought conditions,offering valuable guidance for species selection and cultivation in desert restoration efforts.展开更多
The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in t...The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.展开更多
BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and te...BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.展开更多
Maize root system plays a crucial role in the development of the aboveground plant and determines the yield through the uptake of water and nutrients in the field.However,the genetic architecture of the maize root sys...Maize root system plays a crucial role in the development of the aboveground plant and determines the yield through the uptake of water and nutrients in the field.However,the genetic architecture of the maize root system is largely unknown mainly due to its complexity and the interactions between genotype and environment.Using a high-throughput semi-automatic hydroponic platform with stable conditions,we comprehensively characterized the root system in a core population of 518 diverse inbred lines of maize.Population structure analysis revealed that the panel has stratification and a linkage disequilibrium decay distance of less than 50 kb.Based on genotyping with the high-density 600 K SNPs,we conducted a genome wide association analysis(GWAS)and identified nine SNPs and seven candidate genes significantly associated with 24 traits.One candidate gene,GRMZM2G400533,is located at the upstream 5 kb region from the leading SNP(AX-91771718)and was significantly associated with primary root length and preferentially expressed in the primary root and crown root.Expression of GRMZM2G400533 increased as the primary root developed but was negatively correlated with primary root elongation.An analysis of candidate gene GRMZM2G400533 identified three functional variants and eight allelic haplotypes.This study will broaden our understanding of maize root development and provide a theoretical basis for maize improvement through optimization of the root system.展开更多
The reproduction of grapevine genotypes,one of the most important species in the world,while preserving their genetic characteristics,is practically done by rooting cuttings.Adventive rooting of cutting studies for se...The reproduction of grapevine genotypes,one of the most important species in the world,while preserving their genetic characteristics,is practically done by rooting cuttings.Adventive rooting of cutting studies for seedling production in nursery conditions often remain below the expected productivity level due to biotic and abiotic stress-related reasons.Studies to increase nursery yields are still on the agenda of grapevine researchers.In this study,the effects of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)produced by the green synthesis method using grape seed extract and AgNO3 on rooting and vegetative growth of the standard(TS 4027)cuttings taken during the dormancy period of Vitis vinifera L.cvs Ekşi Kara and GökÜzüm were investigated under greenhouse conditions.Cuttings treated by keeping in 0.1,0.2 g·L^(−1)AgNPs,0.1,0.2 g·L^(−1)IBA aqueous solutions for 24 h were planted in black,1 L volume seedling bags filled with 1:1 peat:perlite in the greenhouse,while the control was kept in pure water for 24 h and planted.Changes in sprouting rate,plant transformation rate,shoot length,shoot diameter,number of nodes,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,photosynthetic efficiency,leaf fresh and dry weight,SPAD,root number,root length,root fresh and root weight were examined in developing seedlings.In evaluating the effects of AgNPs and Indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)treatments on cutting rooting and vegetative development,ANOVA,post hoc analysis with the Tukey test,and Principal Component Analyses(PCAs)were used to better understand and depict the correlations between the examined variables.This analysis method was performed using ggplot2 in the R Studio program.The heatmap generated by the pheatmap package was used to visualize the correlation and variation.As a result of this study,AgNPs applications were found to be more effective than IBA treatments in the rooting of grapevine cuttings and the vegetative development of young plants.In conclusion,0.1 g·L^(−1)AgNPs can be tested as a support and/or economical alternative to IBA for the promotion of rooting of cuttings and vegetative development of young plants for subsequent clonal propagation.展开更多
Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims ...Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims to investigate the influence of plant roots on the tensile strength of soil.For this investigation,Amorpha fruticose was selected due to its large root diameter and the ease of root extraction.Indoor tensile tests were conducted on individual roots and root-soil complexes under three varying factors.The results indicate a power law relationship between root diameter and tensile strength.Increased root content and dry density notably enhance the tensile strength of the root-soil complex while roots mitigate damage associated with soil brittleness.When root content increases from 0 to 10,the maximum enhancement in tensile strength of the root-soil complex reaches 42.3 kPa.The tensile strength of the root-soil complex at a dry density of 1.7 g/cm^(3)is four to five times greater than that of the complex at a dry density of 1.4 g/cm^(3).Moreover,as moisture content increases,the tensile strength of the root-soil complex initially rises before declining,with an increase range of 7.7-35.8 kPa.These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the role of vegetation roots in soil tensile strength and for guiding slope reinforcement strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for t...BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient,with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth.Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots.Under local anesthesia,the extraction socket was carefully expanded,and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps.The procedure was uneventful,with no root fractures,postoperative bleeding,or sensory abnormality observed.CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.展开更多
With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared...With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared at the seedling stage.P-efficient cultivars showed root morphological adaptation,high P uptake activity,and greater phospholipid degradation under low P stress.Improving root morphological adaptation and reducing lipid-P allocation could allow increasing PUE in rapeseed seedlings.展开更多
A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)syn...A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.展开更多
Long-term straw return with appropriate nitrogen(N)fertilization increases seedcotton yield and fiber quality,and the root system plays an important role in cotton production.However,under straw return and N fertiliza...Long-term straw return with appropriate nitrogen(N)fertilization increases seedcotton yield and fiber quality,and the root system plays an important role in cotton production.However,under straw return and N fertilization,the relationship between the cotton boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield remains unclear.In this study,a ten years of long-term field experiment was conducted in a wheat-cotton rotation system.The effects of straw treatments(straw return and straw removal)and N rates(N0,N75,N150 and N300 representing 0,75,150 and 300 kg N ha^(-1),respectively)on cotton root activity,boll-loading capacity of the root system and their relationship to seedcotton yield from 2019 to 2022 were quantified.The results showed that straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass,the rate and components of root-bleeding sap,as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield,but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass.Furthermore,the root-bleeding sap rate reached the maximum at 30 d post anthesis(DPA)during the peak boll setting stage.However,the contents of nitrate-N,free amino acids and soluble sugar in root-bleeding sap decreased from 10 DPA.Notably,in 2021 and at 30 DPA,the highest contents of nitrate-N(4.8μg mL^(-1))and free amino acids(8.3μg mL^(-1)),as well as soluble sugar(3.4μg mL^(-1))were observed at N150 under straw return.The increase in seedcotton yield is positively correlated to the soluble sugar content.Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the root system,which first increased but then decreased with the increase in N fertilization.Under straw return with N150,the maximum seecotton yield(3455-4544 kg ha^(-1))was recorded,and the largest boll loading(49-54 boll 100 g^(-1))and boll capacity(242-292 g 100 g^(-1))of root system at the boll opening stage were observed.Therefore,straw return with appropriate N fertilization improved root activity and the boll-loading capacity of the root system,thereby increasing seedcotton yield.This study provides new insights into improving seedcotton yield from the perspective of coordinating cotton growth.展开更多
The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use e...The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.展开更多
Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antib...Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antibiotic resistance,leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes.Thus,it is challenging to remove the organic biofilms from root canals.In recent years,light-responsive therapy,with deeper tissue penetration than traditional treatments,has emerged as an effective RCT modality.Herein,this review summarizes the recent development of light-responsive nanomaterials for biofilm removal in RCT.The light-responsive nanomaterials and the corresponding therapeutic methods in RCT,including photodynamic therapy(PDT),photothermal therapy(PTT),and laser-activated therapy,are highlighted.Finally,the challenges that light-responsive nanomaterials and treatment modalities will encounter to conquer the biofilm in future RCT are discussed.This review is believed to significantly accelerate the future development of light-responsive nanomaterials for RCT from bench to bedside.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced live...Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.展开更多
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herb...Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.展开更多
目的:探讨iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术与根管治疗术治疗乳磨牙深龋患儿的疗效及对预后的影响。方法:选取2019年10月-2022年10月在笔者医院确诊的108例乳磨牙深龋患儿为研究对象,根据患者的入院时间分为观察组(n=54)和对照组(n=54)。对照组...目的:探讨iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术与根管治疗术治疗乳磨牙深龋患儿的疗效及对预后的影响。方法:选取2019年10月-2022年10月在笔者医院确诊的108例乳磨牙深龋患儿为研究对象,根据患者的入院时间分为观察组(n=54)和对照组(n=54)。对照组采用根管治疗术,观察组采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术,分别于术前、术后1个月比较两组患儿的血清炎症因子水平及患儿生活质量,术后1个月比较两组患儿的临床疗效,术后6个月比较两组患儿的牙根吸收程度。结果:观察组患儿术后的总有效率98.15%,高于对照组的87.04%(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿的血清超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-a水平均低于术前,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿生活质量评分均高于术前,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);术后6个月,观察组的牙根吸收程度优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术可降低乳磨牙深龋患儿术后的炎症反应,提高术后疗效、牙根吸收程度及患儿生活质量。展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0001)High-end Foreign Expert Introduction program(No.G2022165004L)+1 种基金High-end Foreign Expert Introduction program(No.DL2021165001L)The fi-nancial supports are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Plant root systems,a crucial component of biogeotechnics,have been recognized as a promising and sustainable strategy to address novel challenges in geotechnical engineering,i.e.,climate change(Ng et al.,2022).Root-soil composite and root-reinforced slopes have re-ceived widespread attention in recent decades,due to the ability of root to regulate soil properties through mechanical reinforcement and hy-draulic transpiration(Li&Duan,2023;Ni et al.,2024).Fig.1 provides a co-occurrence network plot of plant root-based soil reinforcement strategies published over the last decade,where three clusters are identified with different colors.On the left of the network map,clusters in red and blue are primarily driven by geotechnical investigations of vegetated slopes(i.e.,plant root reinforced slopes)and root-soil com-posite/root-permeated soils,as denoted by the terms like"model","test","slope","strength"and"vegetation",while the green cluster on the right side demonstrates botany-related domains,for instance,"plant growth",Indeed,the reinforcement of vegetated soil strength is com-plex and varies significantly with an abundance of factors,both me-chanically and hydraulically.Particularly,the impact of root mor-phology and architecture cannot be negligible,including keywords"root area ratio"root distribution""root morphology"root diame-ter"root density"in Fig.1 with the root size and root depth ranking foremost.
文摘Instrument separation is a critical complication during root canal therapy,impacting treatment success and long-term tooth preservation.The etiology of instrument separation is multifactorial,involving the intricate anatomy of the root canal system,instrument-related factors,and instrumentation techniques.Instrument separation can hinder thorough cleaning,shaping,and obturation of the root canal,posing challenges to successful treatment outcomes.Although retrieval of separated instrument is often feasible,it carries risks including perforation,excessive removal of tooth structure and root fractures.Effective management of separated instruments requires a comprehensive understanding of the contributing factors,meticulous preoperative assessment,and precise evaluation of the retrieval difficulty.The application of appropriate retrieval techniques is essential to minimize complications and optimize clinical outcomes.The current manuscript provides a framework for understanding the causes,risk factors,and clinical management principles of instrument separation.By integrating effective strategies,endodontists can enhance decision-making,improve endodontic treatment success and ensure the preservation of natural dentition.
文摘Overview of root system architecture.The plant root system is a highly dynamic and multifunctional organ system composed of primary roots,lateral roots,adventitious roots,and root hairs.Based on topological morphology,root systems can be classified as taproot systems or fibrous root systems.Root system architecture(RSA)refers to the spatial distribution and extension patterns of roots within soil,encompassing characteristics such as root length,branching angle,density,and spatial arrangement.RSA not only determines the plant’s capacity to acquire water and nutrients but also influences other root functions,playing a decisive role in overall plant health.
基金funded by the Guangxi Science and Technology Plan Project(Guike AD22080050)the Basic Research Ability Improvement Project of Young and Middle-aged Teachers of Universities in Guangxi(2022KY0386)+1 种基金the Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf,Ministry of Education,Nanning Normal University(NNNU-KLOP-K2202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42471055).
文摘Root system architecture has often been overlooked in plant research despite its critical role in plant adaptation to environmental conditions.This study focused on the root system architecture of the desert shrub Reaumuria soongorica in the Alxa steppe desert,Northwest China.Plant samples were collected during May-September 2019.Using excavation methods,in situ measurements,and root scanning techniques,we analyzed the root distribution,topology,and branching patterns of R.soongorica across an age sequence of 7-51 a.Additionally,we investigated the allometric relationships of root collar diameter with total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.The results showed that the roots of R.soongorica were predominantly concentrated in shallow soil layers(10-50 cm),with lateral root branching and biomass allocation increasing with shrub age.The root topology exhibited a herringbone-like structure,with average topological and modified topological indices of 0.89 and 0.96,respectively,both of which adjusted with shrub age.The root system displayed a self-similar branching pattern,maintaining a constant cross-sectional area ratio of 1.13 before and after branching,deviating from the area-preserving rule.These adaptive traits allow R.soongorica to efficiently expand its nutrient acquisition zone,minimize internal competition,and optimize resource uptake from the upper soil layers.Furthermore,significant linear relationships were observed between log10-transformed root collar diameter and log10-transformed total coarse root length,biomass,and topological parameters.These findings advance non-destructive approaches for studying root characteristics and contribute to the development of root-related models.Besides,this study provides new insights into the adaptive strategies of R.soongorica under extreme drought conditions,offering valuable guidance for species selection and cultivation in desert restoration efforts.
基金supported by the Qinghai Science and Technology Department Project(2025-QY-225)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42267024)the Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation and Research Project of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(2019QZKK0905).
文摘The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.
基金Supported by 2021 Disciplinary Construction Project in School of Dentistry,Anhui Medical University,No.2021kqxkFY05.
文摘BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160440)the Manas County National Hybrid Corn Seed Production Base Construction Project,China(MNSZZDX-2021-01)the National Key Research and Development Programs of China(2022YFF1003304)。
文摘Maize root system plays a crucial role in the development of the aboveground plant and determines the yield through the uptake of water and nutrients in the field.However,the genetic architecture of the maize root system is largely unknown mainly due to its complexity and the interactions between genotype and environment.Using a high-throughput semi-automatic hydroponic platform with stable conditions,we comprehensively characterized the root system in a core population of 518 diverse inbred lines of maize.Population structure analysis revealed that the panel has stratification and a linkage disequilibrium decay distance of less than 50 kb.Based on genotyping with the high-density 600 K SNPs,we conducted a genome wide association analysis(GWAS)and identified nine SNPs and seven candidate genes significantly associated with 24 traits.One candidate gene,GRMZM2G400533,is located at the upstream 5 kb region from the leading SNP(AX-91771718)and was significantly associated with primary root length and preferentially expressed in the primary root and crown root.Expression of GRMZM2G400533 increased as the primary root developed but was negatively correlated with primary root elongation.An analysis of candidate gene GRMZM2G400533 identified three functional variants and eight allelic haplotypes.This study will broaden our understanding of maize root development and provide a theoretical basis for maize improvement through optimization of the root system.
文摘The reproduction of grapevine genotypes,one of the most important species in the world,while preserving their genetic characteristics,is practically done by rooting cuttings.Adventive rooting of cutting studies for seedling production in nursery conditions often remain below the expected productivity level due to biotic and abiotic stress-related reasons.Studies to increase nursery yields are still on the agenda of grapevine researchers.In this study,the effects of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)produced by the green synthesis method using grape seed extract and AgNO3 on rooting and vegetative growth of the standard(TS 4027)cuttings taken during the dormancy period of Vitis vinifera L.cvs Ekşi Kara and GökÜzüm were investigated under greenhouse conditions.Cuttings treated by keeping in 0.1,0.2 g·L^(−1)AgNPs,0.1,0.2 g·L^(−1)IBA aqueous solutions for 24 h were planted in black,1 L volume seedling bags filled with 1:1 peat:perlite in the greenhouse,while the control was kept in pure water for 24 h and planted.Changes in sprouting rate,plant transformation rate,shoot length,shoot diameter,number of nodes,stomatal conductance,leaf temperature,photosynthetic efficiency,leaf fresh and dry weight,SPAD,root number,root length,root fresh and root weight were examined in developing seedlings.In evaluating the effects of AgNPs and Indole-3-butyric acid(IBA)treatments on cutting rooting and vegetative development,ANOVA,post hoc analysis with the Tukey test,and Principal Component Analyses(PCAs)were used to better understand and depict the correlations between the examined variables.This analysis method was performed using ggplot2 in the R Studio program.The heatmap generated by the pheatmap package was used to visualize the correlation and variation.As a result of this study,AgNPs applications were found to be more effective than IBA treatments in the rooting of grapevine cuttings and the vegetative development of young plants.In conclusion,0.1 g·L^(−1)AgNPs can be tested as a support and/or economical alternative to IBA for the promotion of rooting of cuttings and vegetative development of young plants for subsequent clonal propagation.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the Joint Funds of the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20232)Supported by Open Project Funding of Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes,Ministry of Education(HGKFZ07)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978249)Innovation Research Team Project of the Hubei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(JCZRQT202500027)the International Collaborative Research Fund for Young Scholars in the Innovation Demonstration Base of Ecological Environment Geotechnical and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes.
文摘Plant root systems serve as a natural reinforcing material,significantly improving soil stability.Furthermore,the tensile strength of soil is crucial in mitigating the formation of cracks.Consequently,this study aims to investigate the influence of plant roots on the tensile strength of soil.For this investigation,Amorpha fruticose was selected due to its large root diameter and the ease of root extraction.Indoor tensile tests were conducted on individual roots and root-soil complexes under three varying factors.The results indicate a power law relationship between root diameter and tensile strength.Increased root content and dry density notably enhance the tensile strength of the root-soil complex while roots mitigate damage associated with soil brittleness.When root content increases from 0 to 10,the maximum enhancement in tensile strength of the root-soil complex reaches 42.3 kPa.The tensile strength of the root-soil complex at a dry density of 1.7 g/cm^(3)is four to five times greater than that of the complex at a dry density of 1.4 g/cm^(3).Moreover,as moisture content increases,the tensile strength of the root-soil complex initially rises before declining,with an increase range of 7.7-35.8 kPa.These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding the role of vegetation roots in soil tensile strength and for guiding slope reinforcement strategies.
文摘BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient,with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth.Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots.Under local anesthesia,the extraction socket was carefully expanded,and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps.The procedure was uneventful,with no root fractures,postoperative bleeding,or sensory abnormality observed.CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2301200)National Nature Science Foundation of China(32172662).
文摘With the objective of investigating the basis of phosphorus(P)utilization efficiency(PUE),physiological and morphological traits,two P-efficient and two P-inefficient rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)cultivars were compared at the seedling stage.P-efficient cultivars showed root morphological adaptation,high P uptake activity,and greater phospholipid degradation under low P stress.Improving root morphological adaptation and reducing lipid-P allocation could allow increasing PUE in rapeseed seedlings.
文摘A hair tonic containing 1.0%Arctium lappa root extract(ALRE)was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability in Chinese consumers.ALRE was selected based on its ability to promote Collagen Type XVII Alpha 1(COL17A1)synthesis,along with other active ingredients targeting scalp health and follicular regeneration.In vitro assays confirmed that ALRE significantly enhanced COL17A1 expression.A 28-day clinical trial involving Chinese participants demonstrated that the tonic reduced hair loss by 37.61%and increased local hair density by 26.63%,with no reported adverse effects.These findings validate the product’s effectiveness in a distinct consumer population and highlight the importance of integrating mechanistic insights with clinical validation.Further research should explore long-term efficacy and demographic-specific responses to optimize its application.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(22)2015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(XUEKEN2022008)+1 种基金the Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Cosponsored by Province and Ministry(CIC-MCP)the Cotton Industry Technology Research System of Shandong Province(SDAIT-03).
文摘Long-term straw return with appropriate nitrogen(N)fertilization increases seedcotton yield and fiber quality,and the root system plays an important role in cotton production.However,under straw return and N fertilization,the relationship between the cotton boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield remains unclear.In this study,a ten years of long-term field experiment was conducted in a wheat-cotton rotation system.The effects of straw treatments(straw return and straw removal)and N rates(N0,N75,N150 and N300 representing 0,75,150 and 300 kg N ha^(-1),respectively)on cotton root activity,boll-loading capacity of the root system and their relationship to seedcotton yield from 2019 to 2022 were quantified.The results showed that straw return with an appropriate N fertilization of N150 increased root biomass,the rate and components of root-bleeding sap,as well as boll-loading capacity of the root system and seedcotton yield,but decreased the ratio of root to shoot biomass.Furthermore,the root-bleeding sap rate reached the maximum at 30 d post anthesis(DPA)during the peak boll setting stage.However,the contents of nitrate-N,free amino acids and soluble sugar in root-bleeding sap decreased from 10 DPA.Notably,in 2021 and at 30 DPA,the highest contents of nitrate-N(4.8μg mL^(-1))and free amino acids(8.3μg mL^(-1)),as well as soluble sugar(3.4μg mL^(-1))were observed at N150 under straw return.The increase in seedcotton yield is positively correlated to the soluble sugar content.Straw return significantly increased the boll-loading capacity of the root system,which first increased but then decreased with the increase in N fertilization.Under straw return with N150,the maximum seecotton yield(3455-4544 kg ha^(-1))was recorded,and the largest boll loading(49-54 boll 100 g^(-1))and boll capacity(242-292 g 100 g^(-1))of root system at the boll opening stage were observed.Therefore,straw return with appropriate N fertilization improved root activity and the boll-loading capacity of the root system,thereby increasing seedcotton yield.This study provides new insights into improving seedcotton yield from the perspective of coordinating cotton growth.
基金supported by the Natural Science Fund of China(31771724)the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024NC-ZDCYL-01-10).
文摘The increase in soil temperature associated with climate change has introduced considerable challenges to crop production.Split nitrogen application(SN)represents a potential strategy for improving crop nitrogen use efficiency and enhancing crop stress resistance.Nevertheless,the precise interaction between soil warming(SW)and SN remains unclear.In order to ascertain the impact of SW on maize growth and whether SN can improve the tolerance of maize to SW,a two-year field experiment was conducted(2022-2023).The aim was to examine the influence of two SW ranges(MT,warming 1.40℃;HT,warming 2.75℃)and two nitrogen application methods(N1,one-time basal application of nitrogen fertilizer;N2,one third of base nitrogen fertilizer+two thirds of jointing stage supplemental nitrogen fertilizer)on maize root growth,photosynthetic characteristics,nitrogen use efficiency,and yield.The results demonstrated that SW impeded root growth and precipitated the premature aging of maize leaves following anthesis,particularly in the HT,which led to a notable reduction in maize yield.In comparison to N1,SN has been shown to increase root length density by 8.54%,root bleeding rate by 8.57%,and enhance root distribution ratio in the middle soil layers(20-60 cm).The interaction between SW and SN had a notable impact on maize growth and yield.The SN improved the absorption and utilization efficiency of nitrogen by promoting root development and downward canopy growth,thus improving the tolerance of maize to SW at the later stage of growth.In particular,the N2HT resulted in a 14.51%increase in the photosynthetic rate,a 18.58%increase in nitrogen absorption efficiency,and a 18.32%increase in maize yield compared with N1HT.It can be posited that the SN represents a viable nitrogen management measure with the potential to enhance maize tolerance to soil high-temperature stress.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200092)。
文摘Various chemical irrigants and drugs have been employed for intra-canal disinfection in root canal therapy(RCT).However,due to the complexity of root canal anatomy,many drugs still exhibit poor penetrability and antibiotic resistance,leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes.Thus,it is challenging to remove the organic biofilms from root canals.In recent years,light-responsive therapy,with deeper tissue penetration than traditional treatments,has emerged as an effective RCT modality.Herein,this review summarizes the recent development of light-responsive nanomaterials for biofilm removal in RCT.The light-responsive nanomaterials and the corresponding therapeutic methods in RCT,including photodynamic therapy(PDT),photothermal therapy(PTT),and laser-activated therapy,are highlighted.Finally,the challenges that light-responsive nanomaterials and treatment modalities will encounter to conquer the biofilm in future RCT are discussed.This review is believed to significantly accelerate the future development of light-responsive nanomaterials for RCT from bench to bedside.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82004027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP11961).
文摘Objective:To investigate the protective effects of the combined concentrated liquid extract of Pueraria lobata(Willd.)Ohwi root(P.lobata,Ge Gen)and Hovenia dulcis Thunb.(H.dulcis,Zhi Ju Zi)against ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro,using a human hepatoma cell line G2(HepG2)cell model.Methods:HepG2 cells were cultured in medium containing 4%ethanol to establish a model of alcoholic liver damage.The cells were then treated with the combined extract obtained via cryogenic extraction.Biochemical assays and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the levels of oxidative stress markers,antioxidant enzymes,and inflammatory cytokines.In addition,activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway was examined to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of the extract.Results:Treatment with the extract contributed to a significant reduction in the release of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells;promoted the elevated expression of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione,indicating enhanced antioxidant defenses;and showed strong free radical-scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.In addition,by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway,treatment promoted increases in the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and its downstream targets,subsequently inhibiting apoptosis.Moreover.inflammatory responses were mitigated,as indicated by reductions in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6,and we detected reduction in the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase,thereby indicating hepatoprotective effects.Conclusion:The combined P.lobata root and H.dulcis extract was established to have notable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties,effectively alleviating ethanol-induced liver damage in vitro.These findings highlight the potential applicability of this extract as a candidate for treating alcoholic liver disease.
基金funded by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2022B0202070002)the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(Grant No.GuikeAA23023007-2)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction Project(2024CXTD19)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515010303)。
文摘Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been widely adopted for plant genetic engineering and the study of gene function(Krenek et al.,2015).This method is prevalent in the genetic transformation of herbaceous plants,with notable applications in species such as Arabidopsis(Yin et al.,2024),soybean(Zhang et al.,2024),rice(Zhang et al.,2020),and Chinese cabbage(Li et al.,2021).However,its application in fruit trees is limited.This is primarily due to their long growth cycles and lack of rapid,efficient,and stable transgenic systems,which severely hinders foundational research involving plant genetic transformation(Mei et al.,2024).Furthermore,for subtropical fruit trees,the presence of recalcitrant seeds adds an extra layer of difficulty to genetic transformation(Umarani et al.,2015),as most methods rely on seed germination as a basis for transformation.
文摘目的:探讨iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术与根管治疗术治疗乳磨牙深龋患儿的疗效及对预后的影响。方法:选取2019年10月-2022年10月在笔者医院确诊的108例乳磨牙深龋患儿为研究对象,根据患者的入院时间分为观察组(n=54)和对照组(n=54)。对照组采用根管治疗术,观察组采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术,分别于术前、术后1个月比较两组患儿的血清炎症因子水平及患儿生活质量,术后1个月比较两组患儿的临床疗效,术后6个月比较两组患儿的牙根吸收程度。结果:观察组患儿术后的总有效率98.15%,高于对照组的87.04%(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿的血清超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-a水平均低于术前,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿生活质量评分均高于术前,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);术后6个月,观察组的牙根吸收程度优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术可降低乳磨牙深龋患儿术后的炎症反应,提高术后疗效、牙根吸收程度及患儿生活质量。
