Acorn production in oaks(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting.The effects of pollen sourced from trees within or outside the stand on acorn production were investigated in pedunculat...Acorn production in oaks(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting.The effects of pollen sourced from trees within or outside the stand on acorn production were investigated in pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)in an ancient mixed woodland during two moderate masting years.Comparisons were made between natural pollination,hand pollinations with out-of-stand pollen,in-stand pollen or a 1:1 combination of the two pollen sources,and for bagged flowers left unpollinated.After all treatments,>85%of the flowers or developing acorns were aborted between May and August of both years.When flowers were protected with pollen bags and no pollen added,no acorns were produced.In contrast,hand pollination with out-of-stand pollen produced the most acorns both years and significantly more than within-stand pollen or natural pollination in 2022.Hand pollination with out-of-stand or within-stand pollen provided significantly more acorns than natural pollination in 2023.In 2022,hand pollination with a 1:1 mixture of out-of-stand and within-stand pollen yielded an intermediate number of mature acorns between those for the out-of-stand and within-stand pollination treatments.The study provides clear evidence of maternal choice during acorn development in pedunculate oak and of the benefits of pollen supplementation.It also confirms that pedunculate oak is a fruit-maturation masting species;abortion of pollinated flowers and immature acorns determines a mast year(rather than the number of flowers produced)at this site.展开更多
Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commer...Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each year.Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced photosynthesis.To examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) concentrations.Inter-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in 2018.The numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting Q.robur at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature acorns.The number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient plots.Enrichment with CO_(2) also increased the number of oak knopper galls(Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf).We conclude that elevated CO_(2) increased the occurrence of acorns developing from flowers,but the putative benefit to mature acorn numbers may have been hidden by excessive pre-and/or post-dispersal predation.There was no evidence that elevated CO_(2) altered masting behaviour.展开更多
Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important...Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important issue.While there are many experimental and local studies that aim at disentangling the relationships between different environmental and silvicultural factors and the success of oak regeneration, systematic supra-regional studies at the greater landscape level are missing so far.Against this background, the first objective(a) of this study was to present an efficient and sufficiently accurate sampling scheme for supra-regional forest regrowth inventories, which we applied to young oaks stands. The second, and major, objective(b) was to identify the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration in northwest Germany.Results: Objective(a): Factors that have been identified as potentially crucial for the success or failure of oak regeneration were either included in a field inventory procedure or extracted from forest inventory databases. We found that the collected data were suitable to be analyzed in a three-step success model, which was aimed at identifying the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration.Objective(b): Our modeling procedure, which included a Bayesian estimation approach with spike-and-slab priors,revealed that competitive pressure from the secondary tree species was the most decisive success factor;no competition, or low competition by secondary tree species appeared to be particularly beneficial for the success of high-quality oak regeneration. Also fencing and the absence of competitive vegetation(weeds, grass, bracken)seemed to be beneficial factors for the success of oak regeneration.Conclusions: Trusting in biological automation was found to be mostly useless regarding economically viable oak forest regeneration. To efficiently organize oak regeneration planning and silvicultural decision-making within a forest enterprise, it is strongly recommended to initially evaluate the annual financial and personnel capacities for carrying out young growth tending or pre-commercial thinning and only then to decide on the extent of regenerated oak stands. Careful and adaptive regeneration planning is also indispensable to secure the long-term ecological continuity in oak forests. Oak regeneration should therefore preferably take place within the close vicinity of old oak stands or directly in them. The retention of habitat trees is urgently advised.展开更多
The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geo...The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geographically informative nuclear SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)loci developed using Double Digest Restriction Site Associated DNA(ddRAD),a new generation DNA sequencing technology.The study area is located in the basins of the Volga River and its two main tributaries,Kama and Belaya.Despite the strong reduction and fragmentation of pedunculate oak forests over the last several centuries and comparatively small sizes of present stands,a relatively similar genetic diversity of seven populations was observed(on average,allelic diversity v_(a)=1.472-1.603,observed heterozygosity H_(O)=0.305-0.358,expected heterozygosity H_(E)=0.272-0.343).The genetic distances between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).We have identified the absence of a spatial genetic structure and the existence of genetically peculiar populations in the territory studied.The genetic distances of Gregorius between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).Genetic differentiation among populations was statistically significant with a mean of the fixation index FST of 0.075.Populations from the Privolzhye Upplands and from northern parts of the study area make the most contribution to overall inter-population differentiation(d_(0)=0.137).No significant differences exist among the samples at lowlands along the Volga river(d_(0)=0.110).It was concluded that the multiplicity and different ages of local populations and the complexity of migration routes of the pedunculate oak from Pleistocene refugia and secondary Holocene shelters can cause this phenomenon.展开更多
The potential to cryopreserve embryonic axes of desiccation-sensitive（recalcitrant） seeds is limited by damage during the desiccation necessary for low temperature survival,but the basis of this injury and how to re...The potential to cryopreserve embryonic axes of desiccation-sensitive（recalcitrant） seeds is limited by damage during the desiccation necessary for low temperature survival,but the basis of this injury and how to reduce it is not well understood.The effects of drying rate on the viability,respiratory metabolism and free radical-mediated processes were therefore investigated during dehydration of Quercus robur L embryonic axes.Viability,assessed by evidence of germination and tetrazolium staining,showed a sharp decline at 0.27 and 0.8 g/g during rapid（〈12 h） or slow（3d） dehydration,respectively.Rapid dehydration therefore lowered the critical water content for survival.At any given water content rapid dehydration was associated with higher activities of the free radical processing enzymes,superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione reductase and lower levels of hydroperoxide and membrane damage.Rapid dehydration was also associated with lower malate dehydrogenase activity,and a reduced decline in phosphofructokinase activity and in levels of the oxidized form of nicotinamide dinucleotide.Ageing may have contributed to increased damage during slow dehydration,since viability declined even in hydrated storage after 3 d.The results presented are consistent with rapid dehydration reducing the accumulation of damage resulting from desiccation induced aqueous-based deleterious reactions.展开更多
The objective was to examine the effects of optimal leaf nitrogen levels>2.0%and suboptimal levels<2.0%,nitrogen nutrition on net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment,height growth increment and acorn ma...The objective was to examine the effects of optimal leaf nitrogen levels>2.0%and suboptimal levels<2.0%,nitrogen nutrition on net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment,height growth increment and acorn mass of pedunculate oak during 2010 in the absence of drought stress and during 2011 under the impact of moderate drought stress.According to the results,moderate drought stress significantly reduced net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment and height growth increment,while acorn mass was not affected.Suboptimal nitrogen nutrition significantly reduced the net photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment only in the wet year,acorn mass in both wet and dry years,while height growth increment was not significantly reduced by suboptimal nitrogen nutrition in either year.The results indicate that optimal nitrogen levels can stimulate photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment of pedunculate oak only in the absence of moderate drought stress.Moreover,the results show that moderate drought stress is a more dominant stressor for photosynthesis and growth of pedunculate oak than suboptimal nitrogen nutrition,while for acorn development,it is the more dominant stressor.展开更多
We collected acorns from selected Quercus robur and Quercus petraea mother trees growing at sta- tions with different depths to the water table. We produced pairs of micro-cuttings from these single acorns. The obtain...We collected acorns from selected Quercus robur and Quercus petraea mother trees growing at sta- tions with different depths to the water table. We produced pairs of micro-cuttings from these single acorns. The obtained pairs of cuttings represented phenotypes of high similarity according to photosynthetic parameters. These pairs of cuttings were used to test the plasticity of response to contrasting water regimes. For each pair, one cutting was submitted to drought and the other was submitted to waterlogging. Drought response was recorded according to gas exchange traits （stomatal closure and water use effi- ciency）. The response to waterlogging was recorded according to the capacity to form hypertrophied lenticels and to maintain the CO2 assimilation rate. Intermediary phenotypes presenting both high water use efficiency and the capacity to develop hypertrophied lenticels were expected.展开更多
基金supported by Future Trees TrustThe Patsy Wood Trust+2 种基金Scottish Forestry TrustAitchinson Tait TrustAction Oak
文摘Acorn production in oaks(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting.The effects of pollen sourced from trees within or outside the stand on acorn production were investigated in pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)in an ancient mixed woodland during two moderate masting years.Comparisons were made between natural pollination,hand pollinations with out-of-stand pollen,in-stand pollen or a 1:1 combination of the two pollen sources,and for bagged flowers left unpollinated.After all treatments,>85%of the flowers or developing acorns were aborted between May and August of both years.When flowers were protected with pollen bags and no pollen added,no acorns were produced.In contrast,hand pollination with out-of-stand pollen produced the most acorns both years and significantly more than within-stand pollen or natural pollination in 2022.Hand pollination with out-of-stand or within-stand pollen provided significantly more acorns than natural pollination in 2023.In 2022,hand pollination with a 1:1 mixture of out-of-stand and within-stand pollen yielded an intermediate number of mature acorns between those for the out-of-stand and within-stand pollination treatments.The study provides clear evidence of maternal choice during acorn development in pedunculate oak and of the benefits of pollen supplementation.It also confirms that pedunculate oak is a fruit-maturation masting species;abortion of pollinated flowers and immature acorns determines a mast year(rather than the number of flowers produced)at this site.
基金supported by Future Trees Trust,The Patsy Wood Trust,Scottish Forestry Trust,Aitchinson Tait Trust,and Action Oak for fundingsupport from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/S015833/1 (QUINTUS))+1 种基金support from the JABBS Trust,Norbury Park Estate,The John Horseman Trust,Ecological Continuity Trust,and the University of BirminghamAccess to BIFoR Core Data was funded by Royal Society University Research Fellowship URFR1191326
文摘Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each year.Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced photosynthesis.To examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) concentrations.Inter-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in 2018.The numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting Q.robur at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature acorns.The number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient plots.Enrichment with CO_(2) also increased the number of oak knopper galls(Andricus quercuscalicis Burgsdorf).We conclude that elevated CO_(2) increased the occurrence of acorns developing from flowers,but the putative benefit to mature acorn numbers may have been hidden by excessive pre-and/or post-dispersal predation.There was no evidence that elevated CO_(2) altered masting behaviour.
基金the funding of the project “Quer Con–Longterm conservation of ecological continuity in oak forests”(Grant number32694)by the German Federal Environmental Foundation(DBU)
文摘Background: Within the framework of close-to-nature forestry, oak forest(Quercus robur, Q. petraea) regeneration techniques that consider both silvicultural and nature conservation demands have become a very important issue.While there are many experimental and local studies that aim at disentangling the relationships between different environmental and silvicultural factors and the success of oak regeneration, systematic supra-regional studies at the greater landscape level are missing so far.Against this background, the first objective(a) of this study was to present an efficient and sufficiently accurate sampling scheme for supra-regional forest regrowth inventories, which we applied to young oaks stands. The second, and major, objective(b) was to identify the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration in northwest Germany.Results: Objective(a): Factors that have been identified as potentially crucial for the success or failure of oak regeneration were either included in a field inventory procedure or extracted from forest inventory databases. We found that the collected data were suitable to be analyzed in a three-step success model, which was aimed at identifying the crucial success factors for high-quality oak forest regeneration.Objective(b): Our modeling procedure, which included a Bayesian estimation approach with spike-and-slab priors,revealed that competitive pressure from the secondary tree species was the most decisive success factor;no competition, or low competition by secondary tree species appeared to be particularly beneficial for the success of high-quality oak regeneration. Also fencing and the absence of competitive vegetation(weeds, grass, bracken)seemed to be beneficial factors for the success of oak regeneration.Conclusions: Trusting in biological automation was found to be mostly useless regarding economically viable oak forest regeneration. To efficiently organize oak regeneration planning and silvicultural decision-making within a forest enterprise, it is strongly recommended to initially evaluate the annual financial and personnel capacities for carrying out young growth tending or pre-commercial thinning and only then to decide on the extent of regenerated oak stands. Careful and adaptive regeneration planning is also indispensable to secure the long-term ecological continuity in oak forests. Oak regeneration should therefore preferably take place within the close vicinity of old oak stands or directly in them. The retention of habitat trees is urgently advised.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation No.19-16-00084。
文摘The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variability and differentiation among populations of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur)at the eastern margin of the species distribution range.We applied new set of 95 geographically informative nuclear SNP(single nucleotide polymorphism)loci developed using Double Digest Restriction Site Associated DNA(ddRAD),a new generation DNA sequencing technology.The study area is located in the basins of the Volga River and its two main tributaries,Kama and Belaya.Despite the strong reduction and fragmentation of pedunculate oak forests over the last several centuries and comparatively small sizes of present stands,a relatively similar genetic diversity of seven populations was observed(on average,allelic diversity v_(a)=1.472-1.603,observed heterozygosity H_(O)=0.305-0.358,expected heterozygosity H_(E)=0.272-0.343).The genetic distances between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).We have identified the absence of a spatial genetic structure and the existence of genetically peculiar populations in the territory studied.The genetic distances of Gregorius between populations vary between 0.102 and 0.170(on average,d_(0)=0.128).Genetic differentiation among populations was statistically significant with a mean of the fixation index FST of 0.075.Populations from the Privolzhye Upplands and from northern parts of the study area make the most contribution to overall inter-population differentiation(d_(0)=0.137).No significant differences exist among the samples at lowlands along the Volga river(d_(0)=0.110).It was concluded that the multiplicity and different ages of local populations and the complexity of migration routes of the pedunculate oak from Pleistocene refugia and secondary Holocene shelters can cause this phenomenon.
文摘The potential to cryopreserve embryonic axes of desiccation-sensitive（recalcitrant） seeds is limited by damage during the desiccation necessary for low temperature survival,but the basis of this injury and how to reduce it is not well understood.The effects of drying rate on the viability,respiratory metabolism and free radical-mediated processes were therefore investigated during dehydration of Quercus robur L embryonic axes.Viability,assessed by evidence of germination and tetrazolium staining,showed a sharp decline at 0.27 and 0.8 g/g during rapid（〈12 h） or slow（3d） dehydration,respectively.Rapid dehydration therefore lowered the critical water content for survival.At any given water content rapid dehydration was associated with higher activities of the free radical processing enzymes,superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione reductase and lower levels of hydroperoxide and membrane damage.Rapid dehydration was also associated with lower malate dehydrogenase activity,and a reduced decline in phosphofructokinase activity and in levels of the oxidized form of nicotinamide dinucleotide.Ageing may have contributed to increased damage during slow dehydration,since viability declined even in hydrated storage after 3 d.The results presented are consistent with rapid dehydration reducing the accumulation of damage resulting from desiccation induced aqueous-based deleterious reactions.
基金conducted as part of the research project“Reproductive physiology of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)in Spa?va”fully supported and funded by“Croatian Forests Ltd”。
文摘The objective was to examine the effects of optimal leaf nitrogen levels>2.0%and suboptimal levels<2.0%,nitrogen nutrition on net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment,height growth increment and acorn mass of pedunculate oak during 2010 in the absence of drought stress and during 2011 under the impact of moderate drought stress.According to the results,moderate drought stress significantly reduced net photo synthetic rate,stem diameter increment and height growth increment,while acorn mass was not affected.Suboptimal nitrogen nutrition significantly reduced the net photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment only in the wet year,acorn mass in both wet and dry years,while height growth increment was not significantly reduced by suboptimal nitrogen nutrition in either year.The results indicate that optimal nitrogen levels can stimulate photo synthetic rate and stem diameter increment of pedunculate oak only in the absence of moderate drought stress.Moreover,the results show that moderate drought stress is a more dominant stressor for photosynthesis and growth of pedunculate oak than suboptimal nitrogen nutrition,while for acorn development,it is the more dominant stressor.
基金supported by the National Centre for Scientific Research,the University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté and the Regional Council of Franche-Comté
文摘We collected acorns from selected Quercus robur and Quercus petraea mother trees growing at sta- tions with different depths to the water table. We produced pairs of micro-cuttings from these single acorns. The obtained pairs of cuttings represented phenotypes of high similarity according to photosynthetic parameters. These pairs of cuttings were used to test the plasticity of response to contrasting water regimes. For each pair, one cutting was submitted to drought and the other was submitted to waterlogging. Drought response was recorded according to gas exchange traits （stomatal closure and water use effi- ciency）. The response to waterlogging was recorded according to the capacity to form hypertrophied lenticels and to maintain the CO2 assimilation rate. Intermediary phenotypes presenting both high water use efficiency and the capacity to develop hypertrophied lenticels were expected.
