Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the...Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the corresponding industrial structure are unbalanced. We constructed a System Dynamic Model for mutual optimization based on the mechanism of their interaction. This model is applied to the Heihe River Basin where the share of limited water resources among ecosystem, production and human living is optimized. Results show that, by mutual optimization, the water utilization structure and the industrial structures fit in with each other. And the relationships between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin can be harmonized. Mutual benefits of ecology, society and economy can be reached, and a sustainable ecology-production-living system can be obtained. This study gives a new insight and method for the sustainable utilization of water resources in arid inland river basins.展开更多
Due to the high elevation, complex terrain, severe weather, and inaccessibility, direct meteorological observations do not exist over large portions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the western part of it. Satellite...Due to the high elevation, complex terrain, severe weather, and inaccessibility, direct meteorological observations do not exist over large portions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the western part of it. Satellite rainfall estimates have been very important sources for precipitation information, particularly in rain gauge-sparse regions. In this study, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA） products 3B42, RTV5V6, and RTV7 were evaluated for their applicability to the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the capability of the TMPA products to simulate streamflow was also investigated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity （VIC） semi-distributed hydrological model. Results show that 3B42 performs better than RTVSV6 and RTV7, based on verification of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） observational precipitation data. RTVSV6 can roughly capture the spatial precipitation pattern but overestimation exists throughout the entire study region. The anticipated improvements of RTV7 relative to RTVSV6 have not been realized in this study. Our results suggest that RTV7 significantly overestimates the precipitation over the two river basins, though it can capture the seasonal cycle features of precipitation. 3B42 shows the best performance in streamflow simulation of the abovementioned satellite products. Although involved in gauge adjustment at a monthly scale, 3B42 is capable of daily streamflow simulation. RTV5V6 and RTV7 have no capability to simulate streamflow in the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins.展开更多
Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity.Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes.Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas i...Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity.Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes.Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas is one of the effective measures for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation.In this study,we first applied the automatic location workflow(named LOCFLOW)to process 14-day continuous waveform data from several reservoir areas in different river basins of Guizhou province.Compared with the manual seismic catalog,the recall rate of seismic event detection using the workflow was 83.9%.Of the detected earthquakes,88.9%had an onset time difference below 1 s,81.8%has a deviation in epicenter location within 5 km,and 77.8%had a focal depth difference of less than 5 km,indicating that the workflow has good generalization capacity in reservoir areas.We further applied the workflow to retrospectively process continuous waveform data recorded from 2020 to the first half of 2021 in reservoir areas in multiple river basins of western Guizhou province and identified five times the number of seismic events obtained through manual processing.Compared with manual processing of seismic catalog,the completeness magnitude had decreased from 1.3 to 0.8,and a b-value of 1.25 was calculated for seismicity in western Guizhou province,consistent with the b-values obtained for the reservoir area in previous studies.Our results show that seismicity levels were relatively low around large reservoirs that were impounded over 15 years ago,and there is no significant correlation between the seismicity in these areas and reservoir impoundment.Seismicity patterns were notably different around two large reservoirs that were only impounded about 12 years ago,which may be explained by differences in reservoir storage capacity,the geologic and tectonic settings,hydrogeological characteristics,and active fault the reservoir areas.Prominent seismicity persisted around two large reservoirs that have been impounded for less than 10 years.These events were clustered and had relatively shallow focal depths.The impoundment of the Jiayan Reservoir had not officially begun during this study period,but earthquake location results suggested a high seismicity level in this reservoir area.Therefore,any seismicity in this reservoir area after the official impoundment deserves special attention.展开更多
The paper evaluates sensitivity of various spaceborne digital elevation models （DEMs）, viz., Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER）, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission （SRTM...The paper evaluates sensitivity of various spaceborne digital elevation models （DEMs）, viz., Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER）, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission （SRTM） and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 （GMTED）, in comparison with the DEM （TOPO） derived from contour data of 20 m interval of Survey of India topographic sheets of 1 ： 50,000 scale. Several topographic attributes, such as elevation （above mean sea level）, relative relief, slope, aspect, curvature, slope-length and -steepness （LS） factor, terrain ruggedness index （TRI）, topo- graphic wetness index （TWI）, hypsometric integral （lhyp） and drainage network attributes （stream number and stream length） of two tropical mountain river basins, viz. Muthirapuzha River Basin and Pambar River Basin are compared to evaluate the variations. Though the basins are comparable in extent, they differ in respect of terrain characteristics and climate. The result.,; suggest that ASTER and SRTM provide equally reliable representation of topography portrayed by TOP（） and the topographic attributes extracted from the spaceborne DEMs are in agreement with those derived from TOPO. Despite the coarser resolution, SRTM shows relatively higher vertical accuracy （RMSE -- 23 and 20 m respectively in MRB and PRB） compared to ASTER （RMSE - 33 and 24 m） and GMTED （RMSE - 59 and 48 m）. Vertical accuracy of all the spaceborne DEMs is influenced by relief of the terrain as well as type of vegetation. Further, GMTED shows significant deviation for most of the attributes, indicating its inability for mountain-river-basin-scale studies.展开更多
A new available dataset of daily observational precipitation is used to study the temporal and spatial variability of extreme precipitation events for 1956-2008 in the ten large river basins of China. The maximum dail...A new available dataset of daily observational precipitation is used to study the temporal and spatial variability of extreme precipitation events for 1956-2008 in the ten large river basins of China. The maximum daily rainfall and heavy precipitation days （≥50 mm d^-1） are analyzed for the basins of the Songhua River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Northwest China Rivers, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Pearl River, Southeast China Rivers, and Southwest China Rivers. The results indicate that the maximum daily rainfall was increasing in southern river basins, while it was decreasing in northern river basins, which leads to no discernible increasing or decreasing trend in the maximum daily rainfall of whole China,especially 2001. The national averaged heavy precipitation days shows an insignificant increase. However, a rise in heavy precipitation days of southern river basins and a decline of northern river basins are observed.展开更多
The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1...The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1(IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model(DEM).The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats,was inferred through hypsometric analysis.Several parameters like Hypsometric integral(HI),maximum concavity(Eh),coordinates of slope inflection point(I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve(h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses.From the hypsometric curves,the landform evolution processes were inferred.Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood.Basins with lesser area(<100 km^2) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area,whereas for large basins no such correlation exists.Based on the study,river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.展开更多
The simulations were performed using a modified mesoscale model, the Polar MM5, which was adapted for use within polar regions. The objective of the study was to illustrate the skill of the Polar MM5 in simulating atm...The simulations were performed using a modified mesoscale model, the Polar MM5, which was adapted for use within polar regions. The objective of the study was to illustrate the skill of the Polar MM5 in simulating atmospheric behavior over the Arctic river basins. Automatic weather station data, global atmospheric analyses, as well as near-surface and upper-air observations were used to verify the simulation. Parallel simulations of the Polar MM5 and the original MM5 within the period 19-29 April 1997 simulations revealed that Polar MM5 reproduced better near-surface variables forecasts than the original MM5 for the region located over the North American Arctic regions. The well predicted near-surface temperature and mixing ratio by the Polar MM5 confirmed the modified physical parameterization schemes that were used in this model are appropriate for the Arctic river regions. Then the extended evaluations of the Polar MM5 simulations over both the North American and Eurasian domains during 15 December 2002 to 15 May 2003 were then carried out. The time series plots and statistical analyses from the observations and the Polar MM5 simulations at 16 stations for the near-surface and vertical profiles at 850 hPa and 500 hPa variables were analyzed. The model was found to reproduce the observed atmospheric state both at magnitude and variability with a high degree of accuracy, especially for temperature and near-surface winds, although there was a slight cold bias that existed near the surface.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to present through information collected via qualitative analysis in order to provide an alternative perspective to classify critical factors and their correlations in the processes of degrada...The aim of this paper is to present through information collected via qualitative analysis in order to provide an alternative perspective to classify critical factors and their correlations in the processes of degradation of river basins in countries in development in an ordered way.This study was started with a bibliographical review for gathering relevant information about the main factors,which was submitted to specialists and related professionals via survey developed in a format of answers on Likert scale,with the analyses of data from the respondents as well as their contribution within sample assembly exploratory factorial analysis and the charge factor item from the questionnaire with usage of polychoric correlation matrix with which it is proposed to establish the ordering of the factors relevance as well as their correlations through parametric statistical analysis with the usage of a generalized model of partial credit which belongs to the family of the models for polyatomic gradual answers to the item response theory(IRT)and the applying of cluster analysis(ICLUST)with the usage of both alpha and omega coefficient for the estimation of the variables group,with the R tool.As a result,the present study aims to establish a comprehension of the main factors for the ordering of the actions and attention of public and private sectors towards the preservation of urban river basins.展开更多
[Objective]The research aimed to analyze formation reason of the strong squall weather in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins on June 3,2009.[Method]Using American NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data,observ...[Objective]The research aimed to analyze formation reason of the strong squall weather in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins on June 3,2009.[Method]Using American NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data,observation data at automatic weather station,conventional meteorological data,FY-2C satellite cloud image and Doppler weather radar data in Shangqiu,circulation background situation of a strong squall line case on June 3,2009 in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins was conducted diagnostic analysis.Then,formation reason of the squall weather was discussed.[Result]Increasing convective instable stratification was the favorable situation.Translot in the rear of northeast cold vortex leaded cold air to go south.The rising airflow created by ground meso-scale convergence was as trigger mechanism of the convection.Water vapor from the south continuously supplied.Finally,squall line was formed,and developed.It was a high incidence zone of the thunderstorm and squall line near dry line.[Conclusion]The research provided reference for the future similar weather forecast.展开更多
Rock weathering plays an important role in studying the long-term carbon cycles and global climatic change. According to the statistics analysis, the Huanghe (Yellow) River water chemistry was mainly controlled by eva...Rock weathering plays an important role in studying the long-term carbon cycles and global climatic change. According to the statistics analysis, the Huanghe (Yellow) River water chemistry was mainly controlled by evaporite and carbonate weathering, which were responsible for over 90% of total dissolved ions. As compared with the Huanghe River basin, dissolved load of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River was mainly originated from the carbonate dissolution. The chemical weathering rates were estimated to be 39.29t/(km(2).a) and 61.58t/(km(2).a) by deducting the HCO3- derived from atmosphere in the Huanghe River and Changjiang River watersheds, respectively. The CO2 consumption rates by rock weathering were calculated to be 120.84 x 10(3)mol/km(2) and 452.46 x 10(3)mol/km(2) annually in the two basins, respectively. The total CO2 consumption of the two basins amounted to 918.51 x 10(9)mol/a, accounting for 3.83% of the world gross. In contrast to other world watersheds, the stronger evaporite reaction and infirm silicate weathering can explain such feature that CO2 consumption rates were lower than a global average, suggesting that the sequential weathering may be go on in the two Chinese drainage basins.展开更多
The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the ...The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.展开更多
A long-term simulation for the period 1990–2010 is conducted with the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics＇ Regional Climate Model（RegCM4）, driven by ERA-Interim boundary conditions a...A long-term simulation for the period 1990–2010 is conducted with the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics＇ Regional Climate Model（RegCM4）, driven by ERA-Interim boundary conditions at a grid spacing of 25 km. The Community Land Model（CLM） is used to describe land surface processes, with updates in the surface parameters,including the land cover and surface emissivity. The simulation is compared against observations to evaluate the model performance in reproducing the present day climatology and interannual variability over the 10 main river basins in China,with focus on surface air temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation from the ERA-Interim reanalysis are also considered in the model assessment. Results show that the model reproduces the present day climatology over China and its main river basins, with better performances in June–July–August compared to December–January–February（DJF）.In DJF, we find a warm bias at high latitudes, underestimated precipitation in the south, and overestimated precipitation in the north. The model in general captures the observed interannual variability, with greater skill for temperature. We also find an underestimation of heavy precipitation events in eastern China, and an underestimation of consecutive dry days in northern China and the Tibetan Plateau. Similar biases for both mean climatology and extremes are found in the ERA-Interim reanalysis, indicating the difficulties for climate models in simulating extreme monsoon climate events over East Asia.展开更多
It is generally agreed that El Nino can be classified into East Pacific(EP)and Central Pacific(CP)types.Nevertheless,little is known about the relationship between these two types of El Ni?o and land surface climate e...It is generally agreed that El Nino can be classified into East Pacific(EP)and Central Pacific(CP)types.Nevertheless,little is known about the relationship between these two types of El Ni?o and land surface climate elements.This study investigates the linkage between EP/CP El Ni?o and summer streamflow over the Yellow and Yangtze River basins and their possible mechanisms.Over the Yellow River basin,the anomalous streamflow always manifests as positive(negative)in EP(CP)years,with a correlation coefficient of 0.39(-0.37);while over the Yangtze River basin,the anomalous streamflow shows as positive in both EP and CP years,with correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.48,respectively.Analyses of the surface hydrological cycle indicate that the streamflow is more influenced by local evapotranspiration(ET)than precipitation over the Yellow River basin,while it is dominantly affected by precipitation over the Yangtze River basin.The different features over these two river basins can be explained by the anomalous atmospheric circulation,which is cyclonic(anticyclonic)north(south)of 30°N over East Asia.EP years are dominated by two anticyclones,which bring strong water vapor convergence and induce more precipitation but less ET,and subsequently increase streamflow and flooding risks.In CP years,especially over the Yellow River basin,two cyclones dominate and lead to water vapor divergence and reduce moisture arriving.Meanwhile,the ET enhances mainly due to local high surface air temperature,which further evaporates water from the soil.As a result,the streamflow decreases,which will then increase the drought risk.展开更多
In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes...In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes of terrestrial water storage （TWS） in major river basins of China, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES）： A1B, A2, and B1. The historic simula- tion revealed that the variations of TWS, which are dominated by precipitation in the basins, rely highly on their climatic features. Compared with the historic simu- lation, the changes of TWS in the scenario simulations showed strong regional differences. However, for all sce- narios, TWS was found to increase most in Northeast China and surrounding mountains around the Tibetan Plateau, and decrease most in eastern regions of China. Unlike the low seasonal variations of TWS in arid areas, the TWS showed strong seasonal variations in eastern monsoon areas, with the maximum changes usually oc- curring in summer, when TWS increases most in a year. Among the three scenario simulations, TWS increased most in Songhua River Basin of B1 scenario, and de- creased most in Pearl River Basin of A2 scenario and Hal River Basin of A1B scenario, accompanied by different annual trends and seasonal variations.展开更多
In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model （SWIM） and evaluated th...In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model （SWIM） and evaluated the parameter sensitivity using partial correlation coefficient. We calibrated and validated our simulation results based on the daily runoff data from Yi＇an hydrological station at the outlet of the river basin and the evaporation data re- corded by various weather stations from 1961 to 1997. Following evaluation of the modeling data against the observed data, we present the applicability of SWIM in the river basin of the black soil region, and discuss the resulting errors and their probable causes. Results show that in the periods of calibration and validation, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency （NSE） coeffi- cients of the monthly and daily runoffs were not less than 0.71 and 0.55, and the relative er- rors were less than 6.0%. Compared to daily runoffs, the simulation result of monthly runoffs was better. Additionally, the NSE coefficients of the potential monthly evaporation were not less than 0.81. Together, the results suggest that the calibrated SWIM can be utilized in various simulation analyses of runoffs on a monthly scale in the black soil region of Northeast China. On the contrary, the model had some limitations in simulating runoffs from snowmelt and frozen soil. Meanwhile, the stimulation data deviated from the measured data largely when applied to the years with spring and summer floods. The simulated annual runoffs were considerably higher than the measured data in the years with abrupt increases in annual precipitation. However, the model is capable of reproducing the changes in runoffs during flood seasons. In summary, this model can provide fundamental hydrological information for comprehensive management of the Wuyuer River basin water environment, and its applica- tion can be potentially extended to other river basins in the black soil region.展开更多
To improve the capability of numerical modeling of climate-groundwater interactions, a groundwater component and new surface/subsurface runoff schemes were incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM3, renamed ...To improve the capability of numerical modeling of climate-groundwater interactions, a groundwater component and new surface/subsurface runoff schemes were incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM3, renamed RegCM3_Hydro. 20-year simulations from both models were used to investigate the effects of groundwater dynamics and surface/subsurface runoff parameterizations on regional climate over seven river basins in China. A comparison of results shows that RegCM3_Hydro reduced the positive biases of annual and summer （June, July, August） precipitation over six river basins, while it slightly increased the bias over the Huaihe River Basin in eastern China. RegCM3_Hydro also reduced the cold bias of surface air temperature from RegCM3 across years, especially for the Haihe and the Huaihe river basins, with significant bias reductions of 0.80~C and 0.88~C, respectively. The spatial distribution and seasonal variations of water table depth were also well captured. With the new surface and subsurface runoff schemes, RegCM3_Hydro increased annual surface runoff by 0.11 0.62 mm d 1 over the seven basins. Though previous studies found that incorporating a groundwater component tends to increase soil moisture due to the consideration of upward groundwater recharge, our present work shows that the modified runoff schemes cause less infiltration, which outweigh the recharge from groundwater and result in drier soil, and consequently cause less latent heat and more sensible heat over most of the basins.展开更多
Since 2001, the French and Chinese researchers have done a cooperative research on the comparison of integrated development of large fiver basins. The Yangtze River was chosen as a crux of this research and linked wit...Since 2001, the French and Chinese researchers have done a cooperative research on the comparison of integrated development of large fiver basins. The Yangtze River was chosen as a crux of this research and linked with other older river experiments like the Rhone, the Nile and the Mississippi. This research includes not only the environmental issues but also economic and social issues. One special issue journal has been published in French for our research results. Other two collective and comparative books in French and Chinese will be finished at the end of this year. In the future, the comparison should be widened to Italy （the Po）, Egypt （the Nile development planning） and the United States （the Mississippi Basin） and we would like to enlarge our research group and want to link up different teams and research projects, in order to get a global understanding of large fiver regions phenomenon.展开更多
Groundwater movement beneath watershed divide is one component of the hydrological cycle that is typically ignored due to difficulty in analysis. Numerical ground-water models, like TAGSAC, have been used extensively ...Groundwater movement beneath watershed divide is one component of the hydrological cycle that is typically ignored due to difficulty in analysis. Numerical ground-water models, like TAGSAC, have been used extensively for predicting aquifer responses to external stresses. In this paper TAGSAC code was developed to identify the inter-basin groundwater transfer (IBGWT) between upper Awash River basin (UARB) and upper rift valley lakes basin (URVLB) of Ethiopia. For the identification three steady state groundwater models (for UARB, URVLB and for the two combined basins) were first created and calibrated for the 926 inventoried wells. The first two models are conceptualized by considering the watershed divide between the two basins as no-flow. The third model avoids the surface water divide which justifies IBGWT. The calibration of these three models was made by changing the recharge and hydrogeologic parameters of the basins. The goodness of fit indicators (GoFIs) obtained was better for the combined model than the model that describes the URVLB. Furthermore, the hydraulic head distribution obtained from the combined model clearly indicates that there is a groundwater flow that doesn’t respect the surface water divide. The most obvious effect of IBGWT observed in these two basins is that it diminishes surface water discharge from URVLB, and enhances discharge in the UARB. Moreover, the result of this study indicates potential for internal and cross contamination of the two adjacent groundwater.展开更多
With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the ...With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the state and society. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development and the further advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the current historical and cultural environment and ecological environment are increasingly eroded and destroyed. From the perspective of cultural ecology, based on exploring the cultural ecological characteristics of Sanggan River Basin, this paper classified and analyzed the historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in the basin according to three levels: natural ecological elements, historical functions of towns and historical function forms of villages, and further explored their overall protection methods, hoping to provide some reference for the protection of other famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in China.展开更多
Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecologic...Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecological products and transforming green mountains into gold mountains is the precise assessment of ecosystem products in specific geographic units(VEP)within farmland ecosystems,which elucidates regional agricultural resource endowments and spatial distribution.However,agricultural ecological products face challenges in valuation,trading,and monetization,and research on pathways for their value transformation remains limited.This study uses Zhangye City in inland river basins as an example to construct a catalog of farmland ecosystem ecological products and explores VEP accounting methods based on multi-source data,including statistical,remote sensing,and monitoring data,at the city and county scales,and analyzes differentiated value transformation pathways according to the attributes of various agricultural ecological products.The results show that material supply value ranks highest among the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins,followed by regulatory services,while recreational agriculture value ranks lowest.The ranking of VEP varies from the ranking of farmland ecosystem area,with available agricultural water being a major constraint on the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins.Regional climate,geographic position,and transportation are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within material supply products.Precipitation,soil structure,and cropping patterns are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within regulatory services.The local cultural resources and tourism infrastructure are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within cultural services.Regarding the pathways for achieving the value of agricultural ecological products,market-oriented strategies dominate the mainstay of material supply products,government-led mechanisms are pivotal for regulatory service products,and a combination of government and market strategies is essential for cultural service products.展开更多
基金Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40335049 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40471059
文摘Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the corresponding industrial structure are unbalanced. We constructed a System Dynamic Model for mutual optimization based on the mechanism of their interaction. This model is applied to the Heihe River Basin where the share of limited water resources among ecosystem, production and human living is optimized. Results show that, by mutual optimization, the water utilization structure and the industrial structures fit in with each other. And the relationships between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin can be harmonized. Mutual benefits of ecology, society and economy can be reached, and a sustainable ecology-production-living system can be obtained. This study gives a new insight and method for the sustainable utilization of water resources in arid inland river basins.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(the 973 Program,Grant No.2010CB951101)the Special Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering of Hohai University(Grant No.1069-50985512)the"Strategic Priority Research Program"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA05110102)
文摘Due to the high elevation, complex terrain, severe weather, and inaccessibility, direct meteorological observations do not exist over large portions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially the western part of it. Satellite rainfall estimates have been very important sources for precipitation information, particularly in rain gauge-sparse regions. In this study, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis （TMPA） products 3B42, RTV5V6, and RTV7 were evaluated for their applicability to the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins on the Tibetan Plateau. Moreover, the capability of the TMPA products to simulate streamflow was also investigated using the Variable Infiltration Capacity （VIC） semi-distributed hydrological model. Results show that 3B42 performs better than RTVSV6 and RTV7, based on verification of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） observational precipitation data. RTVSV6 can roughly capture the spatial precipitation pattern but overestimation exists throughout the entire study region. The anticipated improvements of RTV7 relative to RTVSV6 have not been realized in this study. Our results suggest that RTV7 significantly overestimates the precipitation over the two river basins, though it can capture the seasonal cycle features of precipitation. 3B42 shows the best performance in streamflow simulation of the abovementioned satellite products. Although involved in gauge adjustment at a monthly scale, 3B42 is capable of daily streamflow simulation. RTV5V6 and RTV7 have no capability to simulate streamflow in the upper Yellow and Yangtze River basins.
基金the Science and Technology Project of Power Construction Corporation of China Ltd.(No.DJ-ZDXM-2020-55).
文摘Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity.Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes.Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas is one of the effective measures for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation.In this study,we first applied the automatic location workflow(named LOCFLOW)to process 14-day continuous waveform data from several reservoir areas in different river basins of Guizhou province.Compared with the manual seismic catalog,the recall rate of seismic event detection using the workflow was 83.9%.Of the detected earthquakes,88.9%had an onset time difference below 1 s,81.8%has a deviation in epicenter location within 5 km,and 77.8%had a focal depth difference of less than 5 km,indicating that the workflow has good generalization capacity in reservoir areas.We further applied the workflow to retrospectively process continuous waveform data recorded from 2020 to the first half of 2021 in reservoir areas in multiple river basins of western Guizhou province and identified five times the number of seismic events obtained through manual processing.Compared with manual processing of seismic catalog,the completeness magnitude had decreased from 1.3 to 0.8,and a b-value of 1.25 was calculated for seismicity in western Guizhou province,consistent with the b-values obtained for the reservoir area in previous studies.Our results show that seismicity levels were relatively low around large reservoirs that were impounded over 15 years ago,and there is no significant correlation between the seismicity in these areas and reservoir impoundment.Seismicity patterns were notably different around two large reservoirs that were only impounded about 12 years ago,which may be explained by differences in reservoir storage capacity,the geologic and tectonic settings,hydrogeological characteristics,and active fault the reservoir areas.Prominent seismicity persisted around two large reservoirs that have been impounded for less than 10 years.These events were clustered and had relatively shallow focal depths.The impoundment of the Jiayan Reservoir had not officially begun during this study period,but earthquake location results suggested a high seismicity level in this reservoir area.Therefore,any seismicity in this reservoir area after the official impoundment deserves special attention.
基金Financial support from Kerala State Council for Science,Technology,and Environment,Thiruvananthapuram and permission for the field studies in the protected areas by Kerala Forest Department
文摘The paper evaluates sensitivity of various spaceborne digital elevation models （DEMs）, viz., Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER）, Shuttle Radar Topography Mapping Mission （SRTM） and Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 （GMTED）, in comparison with the DEM （TOPO） derived from contour data of 20 m interval of Survey of India topographic sheets of 1 ： 50,000 scale. Several topographic attributes, such as elevation （above mean sea level）, relative relief, slope, aspect, curvature, slope-length and -steepness （LS） factor, terrain ruggedness index （TRI）, topo- graphic wetness index （TWI）, hypsometric integral （lhyp） and drainage network attributes （stream number and stream length） of two tropical mountain river basins, viz. Muthirapuzha River Basin and Pambar River Basin are compared to evaluate the variations. Though the basins are comparable in extent, they differ in respect of terrain characteristics and climate. The result.,; suggest that ASTER and SRTM provide equally reliable representation of topography portrayed by TOP（） and the topographic attributes extracted from the spaceborne DEMs are in agreement with those derived from TOPO. Despite the coarser resolution, SRTM shows relatively higher vertical accuracy （RMSE -- 23 and 20 m respectively in MRB and PRB） compared to ASTER （RMSE - 33 and 24 m） and GMTED （RMSE - 59 and 48 m）. Vertical accuracy of all the spaceborne DEMs is influenced by relief of the terrain as well as type of vegetation. Further, GMTED shows significant deviation for most of the attributes, indicating its inability for mountain-river-basin-scale studies.
基金supported by the Ministry of Water Resource of China(GYHY200801001)National Key Technologies R&D Program(2007BAC29B02 and 2007BAC29B05)+2 种基金National Basic Research Program (2010CB428401)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2010DFA21340)and China Meteorological Administration(540000G010C01)
文摘A new available dataset of daily observational precipitation is used to study the temporal and spatial variability of extreme precipitation events for 1956-2008 in the ten large river basins of China. The maximum daily rainfall and heavy precipitation days （≥50 mm d^-1） are analyzed for the basins of the Songhua River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Northwest China Rivers, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Pearl River, Southeast China Rivers, and Southwest China Rivers. The results indicate that the maximum daily rainfall was increasing in southern river basins, while it was decreasing in northern river basins, which leads to no discernible increasing or decreasing trend in the maximum daily rainfall of whole China,especially 2001. The national averaged heavy precipitation days shows an insignificant increase. However, a rise in heavy precipitation days of southern river basins and a decline of northern river basins are observed.
文摘The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1(IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model(DEM).The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats,was inferred through hypsometric analysis.Several parameters like Hypsometric integral(HI),maximum concavity(Eh),coordinates of slope inflection point(I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve(h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses.From the hypsometric curves,the landform evolution processes were inferred.Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood.Basins with lesser area(<100 km^2) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area,whereas for large basins no such correlation exists.Based on the study,river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.
文摘The simulations were performed using a modified mesoscale model, the Polar MM5, which was adapted for use within polar regions. The objective of the study was to illustrate the skill of the Polar MM5 in simulating atmospheric behavior over the Arctic river basins. Automatic weather station data, global atmospheric analyses, as well as near-surface and upper-air observations were used to verify the simulation. Parallel simulations of the Polar MM5 and the original MM5 within the period 19-29 April 1997 simulations revealed that Polar MM5 reproduced better near-surface variables forecasts than the original MM5 for the region located over the North American Arctic regions. The well predicted near-surface temperature and mixing ratio by the Polar MM5 confirmed the modified physical parameterization schemes that were used in this model are appropriate for the Arctic river regions. Then the extended evaluations of the Polar MM5 simulations over both the North American and Eurasian domains during 15 December 2002 to 15 May 2003 were then carried out. The time series plots and statistical analyses from the observations and the Polar MM5 simulations at 16 stations for the near-surface and vertical profiles at 850 hPa and 500 hPa variables were analyzed. The model was found to reproduce the observed atmospheric state both at magnitude and variability with a high degree of accuracy, especially for temperature and near-surface winds, although there was a slight cold bias that existed near the surface.
文摘The aim of this paper is to present through information collected via qualitative analysis in order to provide an alternative perspective to classify critical factors and their correlations in the processes of degradation of river basins in countries in development in an ordered way.This study was started with a bibliographical review for gathering relevant information about the main factors,which was submitted to specialists and related professionals via survey developed in a format of answers on Likert scale,with the analyses of data from the respondents as well as their contribution within sample assembly exploratory factorial analysis and the charge factor item from the questionnaire with usage of polychoric correlation matrix with which it is proposed to establish the ordering of the factors relevance as well as their correlations through parametric statistical analysis with the usage of a generalized model of partial credit which belongs to the family of the models for polyatomic gradual answers to the item response theory(IRT)and the applying of cluster analysis(ICLUST)with the usage of both alpha and omega coefficient for the estimation of the variables group,with the R tool.As a result,the present study aims to establish a comprehension of the main factors for the ordering of the actions and attention of public and private sectors towards the preservation of urban river basins.
文摘[Objective]The research aimed to analyze formation reason of the strong squall weather in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins on June 3,2009.[Method]Using American NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data,observation data at automatic weather station,conventional meteorological data,FY-2C satellite cloud image and Doppler weather radar data in Shangqiu,circulation background situation of a strong squall line case on June 3,2009 in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins was conducted diagnostic analysis.Then,formation reason of the squall weather was discussed.[Result]Increasing convective instable stratification was the favorable situation.Translot in the rear of northeast cold vortex leaded cold air to go south.The rising airflow created by ground meso-scale convergence was as trigger mechanism of the convection.Water vapor from the south continuously supplied.Finally,squall line was formed,and developed.It was a high incidence zone of the thunderstorm and squall line near dry line.[Conclusion]The research provided reference for the future similar weather forecast.
基金Undertheauspicesof Ministry of Science and Technology Project of China (No. G1999043075)
文摘Rock weathering plays an important role in studying the long-term carbon cycles and global climatic change. According to the statistics analysis, the Huanghe (Yellow) River water chemistry was mainly controlled by evaporite and carbonate weathering, which were responsible for over 90% of total dissolved ions. As compared with the Huanghe River basin, dissolved load of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River was mainly originated from the carbonate dissolution. The chemical weathering rates were estimated to be 39.29t/(km(2).a) and 61.58t/(km(2).a) by deducting the HCO3- derived from atmosphere in the Huanghe River and Changjiang River watersheds, respectively. The CO2 consumption rates by rock weathering were calculated to be 120.84 x 10(3)mol/km(2) and 452.46 x 10(3)mol/km(2) annually in the two basins, respectively. The total CO2 consumption of the two basins amounted to 918.51 x 10(9)mol/a, accounting for 3.83% of the world gross. In contrast to other world watersheds, the stronger evaporite reaction and infirm silicate weathering can explain such feature that CO2 consumption rates were lower than a global average, suggesting that the sequential weathering may be go on in the two Chinese drainage basins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41240002,91125025,91225302,Y211121001)the National Science and Technology Support Projects(2011BAC07B05)
文摘The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0600704)the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.41375104)the Climate Change Specific Fund of China(Grant Nos.CCSF201626 and CCSF201509)
文摘A long-term simulation for the period 1990–2010 is conducted with the latest version of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics＇ Regional Climate Model（RegCM4）, driven by ERA-Interim boundary conditions at a grid spacing of 25 km. The Community Land Model（CLM） is used to describe land surface processes, with updates in the surface parameters,including the land cover and surface emissivity. The simulation is compared against observations to evaluate the model performance in reproducing the present day climatology and interannual variability over the 10 main river basins in China,with focus on surface air temperature and precipitation. Temperature and precipitation from the ERA-Interim reanalysis are also considered in the model assessment. Results show that the model reproduces the present day climatology over China and its main river basins, with better performances in June–July–August compared to December–January–February（DJF）.In DJF, we find a warm bias at high latitudes, underestimated precipitation in the south, and overestimated precipitation in the north. The model in general captures the observed interannual variability, with greater skill for temperature. We also find an underestimation of heavy precipitation events in eastern China, and an underestimation of consecutive dry days in northern China and the Tibetan Plateau. Similar biases for both mean climatology and extremes are found in the ERA-Interim reanalysis, indicating the difficulties for climate models in simulating extreme monsoon climate events over East Asia.
基金the Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0602401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41875106)
文摘It is generally agreed that El Nino can be classified into East Pacific(EP)and Central Pacific(CP)types.Nevertheless,little is known about the relationship between these two types of El Ni?o and land surface climate elements.This study investigates the linkage between EP/CP El Ni?o and summer streamflow over the Yellow and Yangtze River basins and their possible mechanisms.Over the Yellow River basin,the anomalous streamflow always manifests as positive(negative)in EP(CP)years,with a correlation coefficient of 0.39(-0.37);while over the Yangtze River basin,the anomalous streamflow shows as positive in both EP and CP years,with correlation coefficients of 0.72 and 0.48,respectively.Analyses of the surface hydrological cycle indicate that the streamflow is more influenced by local evapotranspiration(ET)than precipitation over the Yellow River basin,while it is dominantly affected by precipitation over the Yangtze River basin.The different features over these two river basins can be explained by the anomalous atmospheric circulation,which is cyclonic(anticyclonic)north(south)of 30°N over East Asia.EP years are dominated by two anticyclones,which bring strong water vapor convergence and induce more precipitation but less ET,and subsequently increase streamflow and flooding risks.In CP years,especially over the Yellow River basin,two cyclones dominate and lead to water vapor divergence and reduce moisture arriving.Meanwhile,the ET enhances mainly due to local high surface air temperature,which further evaporates water from the soil.As a result,the streamflow decreases,which will then increase the drought risk.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grants 2010CB428403 and 2009CB421407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 41075062 and 91125016)
文摘In this study, a historic simulation covering the period from 1951 to 2000 and three projected scenario simulations covering 2001-2050 were conducted em- ploying the regional climate model RegCM4 to detect the changes of terrestrial water storage （TWS） in major river basins of China, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） Special Report on Emissions Scenarios （SRES）： A1B, A2, and B1. The historic simula- tion revealed that the variations of TWS, which are dominated by precipitation in the basins, rely highly on their climatic features. Compared with the historic simu- lation, the changes of TWS in the scenario simulations showed strong regional differences. However, for all sce- narios, TWS was found to increase most in Northeast China and surrounding mountains around the Tibetan Plateau, and decrease most in eastern regions of China. Unlike the low seasonal variations of TWS in arid areas, the TWS showed strong seasonal variations in eastern monsoon areas, with the maximum changes usually oc- curring in summer, when TWS increases most in a year. Among the three scenario simulations, TWS increased most in Songhua River Basin of B1 scenario, and de- creased most in Pearl River Basin of A2 scenario and Hal River Basin of A1B scenario, accompanied by different annual trends and seasonal variations.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41571199, No.41571105 Natural Science Foundation of Heilong~iang Province, No.ZD201308
文摘In this paper, we selected the middle and upper reaches of the Wuyuer River basin in the black soil region of Northeast China as the study area. We adopted the soil and water integrated model （SWIM） and evaluated the parameter sensitivity using partial correlation coefficient. We calibrated and validated our simulation results based on the daily runoff data from Yi＇an hydrological station at the outlet of the river basin and the evaporation data re- corded by various weather stations from 1961 to 1997. Following evaluation of the modeling data against the observed data, we present the applicability of SWIM in the river basin of the black soil region, and discuss the resulting errors and their probable causes. Results show that in the periods of calibration and validation, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency （NSE） coeffi- cients of the monthly and daily runoffs were not less than 0.71 and 0.55, and the relative er- rors were less than 6.0%. Compared to daily runoffs, the simulation result of monthly runoffs was better. Additionally, the NSE coefficients of the potential monthly evaporation were not less than 0.81. Together, the results suggest that the calibrated SWIM can be utilized in various simulation analyses of runoffs on a monthly scale in the black soil region of Northeast China. On the contrary, the model had some limitations in simulating runoffs from snowmelt and frozen soil. Meanwhile, the stimulation data deviated from the measured data largely when applied to the years with spring and summer floods. The simulated annual runoffs were considerably higher than the measured data in the years with abrupt increases in annual precipitation. However, the model is capable of reproducing the changes in runoffs during flood seasons. In summary, this model can provide fundamental hydrological information for comprehensive management of the Wuyuer River basin water environment, and its applica- tion can be potentially extended to other river basins in the black soil region.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009CB421407 and 2010CB428403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91125016)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Research Program (Grant No. XDA05110102)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2010AA012301)
文摘To improve the capability of numerical modeling of climate-groundwater interactions, a groundwater component and new surface/subsurface runoff schemes were incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM3, renamed RegCM3_Hydro. 20-year simulations from both models were used to investigate the effects of groundwater dynamics and surface/subsurface runoff parameterizations on regional climate over seven river basins in China. A comparison of results shows that RegCM3_Hydro reduced the positive biases of annual and summer （June, July, August） precipitation over six river basins, while it slightly increased the bias over the Huaihe River Basin in eastern China. RegCM3_Hydro also reduced the cold bias of surface air temperature from RegCM3 across years, especially for the Haihe and the Huaihe river basins, with significant bias reductions of 0.80~C and 0.88~C, respectively. The spatial distribution and seasonal variations of water table depth were also well captured. With the new surface and subsurface runoff schemes, RegCM3_Hydro increased annual surface runoff by 0.11 0.62 mm d 1 over the seven basins. Though previous studies found that incorporating a groundwater component tends to increase soil moisture due to the consideration of upward groundwater recharge, our present work shows that the modified runoff schemes cause less infiltration, which outweigh the recharge from groundwater and result in drier soil, and consequently cause less latent heat and more sensible heat over most of the basins.
文摘Since 2001, the French and Chinese researchers have done a cooperative research on the comparison of integrated development of large fiver basins. The Yangtze River was chosen as a crux of this research and linked with other older river experiments like the Rhone, the Nile and the Mississippi. This research includes not only the environmental issues but also economic and social issues. One special issue journal has been published in French for our research results. Other two collective and comparative books in French and Chinese will be finished at the end of this year. In the future, the comparison should be widened to Italy （the Po）, Egypt （the Nile development planning） and the United States （the Mississippi Basin） and we would like to enlarge our research group and want to link up different teams and research projects, in order to get a global understanding of large fiver regions phenomenon.
文摘Groundwater movement beneath watershed divide is one component of the hydrological cycle that is typically ignored due to difficulty in analysis. Numerical ground-water models, like TAGSAC, have been used extensively for predicting aquifer responses to external stresses. In this paper TAGSAC code was developed to identify the inter-basin groundwater transfer (IBGWT) between upper Awash River basin (UARB) and upper rift valley lakes basin (URVLB) of Ethiopia. For the identification three steady state groundwater models (for UARB, URVLB and for the two combined basins) were first created and calibrated for the 926 inventoried wells. The first two models are conceptualized by considering the watershed divide between the two basins as no-flow. The third model avoids the surface water divide which justifies IBGWT. The calibration of these three models was made by changing the recharge and hydrogeologic parameters of the basins. The goodness of fit indicators (GoFIs) obtained was better for the combined model than the model that describes the URVLB. Furthermore, the hydraulic head distribution obtained from the combined model clearly indicates that there is a groundwater flow that doesn’t respect the surface water divide. The most obvious effect of IBGWT observed in these two basins is that it diminishes surface water discharge from URVLB, and enhances discharge in the UARB. Moreover, the result of this study indicates potential for internal and cross contamination of the two adjacent groundwater.
文摘With the continuous progress of the comprehensive implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the protection of famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages has received great attention from the state and society. With the continuous improvement of the level of economic development and the further advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the current historical and cultural environment and ecological environment are increasingly eroded and destroyed. From the perspective of cultural ecology, based on exploring the cultural ecological characteristics of Sanggan River Basin, this paper classified and analyzed the historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in the basin according to three levels: natural ecological elements, historical functions of towns and historical function forms of villages, and further explored their overall protection methods, hoping to provide some reference for the protection of other famous historical and cultural cities, towns and villages in China.
基金supported by Humanities and Social Sciences research project of Ministry of Education(Grant No.24YJCZH342)the Inventory of ecological products and calculation of Gross ecosystem product(GEP)in Zhangye City(Grant No.E4390901)。
文摘Farmland ecosystems are the primary ecosystem type in inland river basins,providing the biological and material basis for human development and survival.The foundation for monetizing the value of agricultural ecological products and transforming green mountains into gold mountains is the precise assessment of ecosystem products in specific geographic units(VEP)within farmland ecosystems,which elucidates regional agricultural resource endowments and spatial distribution.However,agricultural ecological products face challenges in valuation,trading,and monetization,and research on pathways for their value transformation remains limited.This study uses Zhangye City in inland river basins as an example to construct a catalog of farmland ecosystem ecological products and explores VEP accounting methods based on multi-source data,including statistical,remote sensing,and monitoring data,at the city and county scales,and analyzes differentiated value transformation pathways according to the attributes of various agricultural ecological products.The results show that material supply value ranks highest among the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins,followed by regulatory services,while recreational agriculture value ranks lowest.The ranking of VEP varies from the ranking of farmland ecosystem area,with available agricultural water being a major constraint on the VEP of farmland ecosystems in inland river basins.Regional climate,geographic position,and transportation are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within material supply products.Precipitation,soil structure,and cropping patterns are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within regulatory services.The local cultural resources and tourism infrastructure are linked to the value of agricultural ecosystem products within cultural services.Regarding the pathways for achieving the value of agricultural ecological products,market-oriented strategies dominate the mainstay of material supply products,government-led mechanisms are pivotal for regulatory service products,and a combination of government and market strategies is essential for cultural service products.
