Background:Prosocial crowdfunding helps the underprivileged obtain non-profitseeking loans from multitudinous lenders.Some platforms introduce teamcompetition to motivate member participation and may thus induce team ...Background:Prosocial crowdfunding helps the underprivileged obtain non-profitseeking loans from multitudinous lenders.Some platforms introduce teamcompetition to motivate member participation and may thus induce team rivalry.Methods:We investigate how team rivalry affects lending decisions using data fromKiva.org.We argue that a rivalry relationship may engage teams to compete directlyagainst rivals by lending to the same project or prevent them from doing sobecause they intend not to cooperate.Result:We find that a team is less likely to lend to a project that has receivedfunding from its rival team,suggesting that rival teams tend to avoid cooperation.Conclusions:We discuss the implications of our findings for crowdfundingand competition-based motivation mechanisms in general.展开更多
The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia is one of the familiar features of the Middle East regional politics. However, this rivalry seems to have split-over beyond the Middle East region. In the Horn of Africal, Riy...The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia is one of the familiar features of the Middle East regional politics. However, this rivalry seems to have split-over beyond the Middle East region. In the Horn of Africal, Riyadh and Tehran are engaging in a fierce competition for position and influence, Against this background, this paper explains how Saudi-Iranian rivalry initiated in the Horn of Africa. More precisely, the paper takes the advantages of sub-theory of Neo-Realism, i.e. Defensive Realism＇s notion of alliance building to explain how Iran＇s endeavor to become stronger vis-~t-vis Saudi Arabia initiated their rivalry in the Horn of Africa prior to the Arab Spring. Likewise, the paper borrows from Constructivism＇s notion of perception of threat to explicate Saudi＇s perception of Iranian threat in the Horn of Africa, which shaped and continued to dynamite Saudi-Iranian rivalry in the region. To this end, the paper would rely on secondary resources to prove that Saudi Iranian rivalry in the Horn of Africa was encouraged by Saudi＇s de-engagement in the region since the outset of 1990s and parallel Iran＇s penetration into region in the same period. The subsequent Saudi diplomatic effort to de-ignite the perceived Iranian growing influence in the Horn inflamed their rivalry in the region, which has reached its summit during the Arab Spring.展开更多
In recent years, with the intensification of major-country rivalry and the profound changes in the global geopolitical landscape, Southeast Asia has become a focal point for the world's major countries vying for i...In recent years, with the intensification of major-country rivalry and the profound changes in the global geopolitical landscape, Southeast Asia has become a focal point for the world's major countries vying for influence. Since the inauguration of the Biden administration, which inherited its predecessor's “Indo–Pacific” strategy, the United States has spared no effort to woo Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, pressuring them to take sides. Against such a backdrop, Indonesia has strengthened cooperation with the United States while enhancing relations with China. Based on its traditional “free and active” foreign policy, Indonesia insists on deepening ties with China in spite of pressure from the United States. Given the victory of Prabowo Subianto, currently Indonesian Defense Minister, in the 2024 presidential election, China and Indonesia are expected to maintain the momentum of their friendly cooperation, which will however face strong headwinds such as American interference, tensions in the South China Sea, and changes in Indonesian politics.展开更多
It is beyond doubt that Russo-US relationship is one of the world's most important big-power relationships.No matter how good or bad,how intense or relaxed it may be,it will always have a bearing on the stability ...It is beyond doubt that Russo-US relationship is one of the world's most important big-power relationships.No matter how good or bad,how intense or relaxed it may be,it will always have a bearing on the stability of theworld,thus drawing world–wide attention.In recent years the overall Russo-US relations have walked out of theshadow of the previous cold–war rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States,and are entering a stateof relative stability,marked by tussles along with cooperation,tussles without breakups and cooperation withdifferences.展开更多
Beijing Reviews Could you share your experiences during your recent visit to China?From your observations,what similarities or differences stand out between China and the US?Corinna Mullin:It has been a truly wonderfu...Beijing Reviews Could you share your experiences during your recent visit to China?From your observations,what similarities or differences stand out between China and the US?Corinna Mullin:It has been a truly wonderful and eye-opening experience.I have spent close to two weeks traveling across several regions,visiting Northwestern University in Xi'an,Fudan University in Shanghai and the historic city of Yan'an,Shaanxi Province,where I learned about the culmination of the Long March,an event I had only read about before.At Fudan University,I had the privilege of teaching at the Summer School,which provided a valuable opportunity to interact directly with students here.展开更多
The year 2025 witnessed the profound evolution of the international landscape,characterized by intensified major-power rivalry,protracted geopolitical conflicts,erosion of multilateral mechanisms,and increasingly obso...The year 2025 witnessed the profound evolution of the international landscape,characterized by intensified major-power rivalry,protracted geopolitical conflicts,erosion of multilateral mechanisms,and increasingly obsolete international rules.The old order is dying,and the new one is yet to be born.The future trajectory of the world hinges largely on whether nations,particularly major powers,can manage differences and seek cooperation through effective communication amidst the complex and volatile environment.展开更多
A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon...A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon his return to the White House,Donald Trump declared that“the golden age of America begins right now,”signaling a new round of adjustments to the U.S.strategic narrative.While the“golden age”narrative functions to promote the new administration’s policies externally and provide interpretive framing,it also incorporates deterrence into its broader narrative structure and employs deterrent rhetoric to project highly intense and wide-ranging aggressive discourse.展开更多
This article investigates the dynamics of rivalry and state sponsorship of non-state actors by explaining the Saudi-Iranian rivalry through the lens of securitization theory.The study elucidates that despite the endur...This article investigates the dynamics of rivalry and state sponsorship of non-state actors by explaining the Saudi-Iranian rivalry through the lens of securitization theory.The study elucidates that despite the enduring nature of their rivalry,both Iran and Saudi Arabia have exhibited a degree of restraint in escalating their conflicting dyadic relationship.It further notes that this behavior has forced them to securitize various issues in the region,framing them as potential threats to national and regime security,that has allowed them to build alliance and provide critical support to nonstate actors across the region.By so doing,Tehran and Riyadh seek to expand their influence and hunt their strategic and tactical objectives within the Middle East.This policy is primarily driven by geopolitical concerns rather than ideological or ethnic entitlements.展开更多
A libel scandal involving Mengniu taints its image and deals a blow to China’s dairy industry Mengniu,with the 2008 milk contamination incident still fresh in people’s memories,has brought China’s dairy industry in...A libel scandal involving Mengniu taints its image and deals a blow to China’s dairy industry Mengniu,with the 2008 milk contamination incident still fresh in people’s memories,has brought China’s dairy industry into the spotlight again-this time the attention focused on a bitter rivalry.展开更多
With the surge of developments in the Middle East and North Africa,the political and geopolitical equations of this region have undergone major transformations and a new geometry of power is emerging.In this regard,al...With the surge of developments in the Middle East and North Africa,the political and geopolitical equations of this region have undergone major transformations and a new geometry of power is emerging.In this regard,alongside the role of great powers and state actors,the growth and influence of nongovernmental and paramilitary groups is remarkable and has found an important place in the regional equations.Consequently,the set of factors including the interventionist approach of some great powers,different and contradictory Islamic ideologies and the growth of extremism and paramilitary forces in the region has intensified the strategic rivalry between regional powers,with the formation of three major axes;the Iran-led Shiite axis,the Saudi-led Salafist axis and the Turkish-led Brotherhood axis.In this regard,the purpose of the present article is to determine how the so-called Arab Spring developments have changed the power equations in the Middle East and North Africa and led to the formation of new axes?The findings of the paper suggest that myriad factors including internal vulnerabilities,social structure and also elite consensus and cohesion have resulted in the different approaches adopted by each of regional blocs.Furthermore,as a result of Arab Spring developments,the influence of some regional powers,like Iran,has been on the rise,while some others including Egypt have become marginalised and the efforts of some regional powers to further their influence have been unfruitful.The research method is descriptive-analytic;documentary and reliable internet-based sources have been used to support the argument.展开更多
Binocular rivalry,a visual perception phenomenon where two or more percepts alternate every few seconds when distinct stimuli are presented to the two eyes,has been reported as a biomarker in several psychiatric disor...Binocular rivalry,a visual perception phenomenon where two or more percepts alternate every few seconds when distinct stimuli are presented to the two eyes,has been reported as a biomarker in several psychiatric disorders.It is unclear whether abnormalities of binocular rivalry in depression could occur when emotional rivaling stimuli are used,and if so,whether an emotional binocular rivalry test could provide a trait-dependent or statedependent biomarker.In the current study,34 individuals with subthreshold depression and 31 non-depressed individuals performed a binocular rivalry task associated with implicit emotional processing.Participants were required to report their perceived orientations of the rival gratings in the foreground and to neglect emotional face stimuli in the background.The participants were retested after an approximately 4-month time interval.Compared to the non-depressed group,the subthreshold depression group showed significantly longer perceptual dominance durations of the grating with emotional faces as the background(i.e.,implicit emotional dominance)at the initial assessment.However,the abnormality was not found at the follow-up assessment.More importantly,we found smaller changes in depressive severity at the follow-up assessment for individuals displaying longer emotional dominance at the initial assessment than for individuals with weaker emotional dominance.The current emotional binocular rivalry test may provide an objective,state-dependent biomarker for distinguishing individuals with subthreshold depression from non-depressed individuals.展开更多
When the G20 was created in 1999 in the wake of the Asian financial crisis,few imagined it would one day become the nerve centre of global governance.Twenty-six years later,the G20 members,which represent 85 percent o...When the G20 was created in 1999 in the wake of the Asian financial crisis,few imagined it would one day become the nerve centre of global governance.Twenty-six years later,the G20 members,which represent 85 percent of the global GDP and two-thirds of the world population,are once again navigating a turbulent era marked by geopolitical rivalry,economic fragmentation and widening inequality.展开更多
Ameeting between the leaders of China and the United States carries significance far beyond bilateral diplomacy.In an era characterized by strategic rivalry and economic tension,such engagement signals a shared recogn...Ameeting between the leaders of China and the United States carries significance far beyond bilateral diplomacy.In an era characterized by strategic rivalry and economic tension,such engagement signals a shared recognition that dialogue remains indispensable.It reassures the world that the two largest economies,despite their differences,seek to manage their relationship responsibly rather than drift toward confrontation.Nowhere is the impact of this dynamic more deeply felt than in the Asia-Pacific,the primary engine of global growth.展开更多
This study analyzes the evolving geopolitical dynamics of the South Caucasus,with a particular focus on the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict and its implications for regional and global power structures.Through a qualitati...This study analyzes the evolving geopolitical dynamics of the South Caucasus,with a particular focus on the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict and its implications for regional and global power structures.Through a qualitative geopolitical approach,the research examines historical continuities,alliance transformations,and the strategies of major actors,including the United States,Russia,Iran,Turkey,and Israel.Primary data sources include government reports,academic publications,and contemporary news analyses,providing a multi-faceted perspective on the shifting security environment.The findings suggest that Armenia’s pivot toward Western alliances and Azerbaijan’s strategic balancing between Russia and Israel are reshaping the regional order.Furthermore,the study identifies the South Caucasus as a key intersection where global strategic rivalries increasingly influence local conflicts.By situating the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict within broader patterns of geopolitical competition,this research contributes to the scholarship on Eurasian security studies and offers insights into the future trajectory of conflict and cooperation in the region.It also highlights avenues for further investigation,including the internal political developments within Armenia and Azerbaijan and the role of intermediary states in shaping great power rivalries.展开更多
The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major...The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major economies. Although a recession was narrowly avoided, the intensifying strategic rivalries among major powers, rising geopolitical risks, the resurgence of trade protectionism and sluggish global growth have all cast a shadow over the economic outlook.展开更多
The year 2024 marks the tenth anniversary of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal for a new energy security strategy and the start of the second decade of the Belt and Road Initiative.During this year,the internat...The year 2024 marks the tenth anniversary of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal for a new energy security strategy and the start of the second decade of the Belt and Road Initiative.During this year,the international situation grew increasingly complex,with intensifying rivalries among major powers and sporadic occurrences of geopolitical conflicts and localized disturbances.CNPC’s international operations focus on maintaining stability while making progress,successfully overcoming various intertwined risks and achieving new milestones in international business development.For six consecutive years,the overseas equity production has maintained an equivalent of 100 million tons.International trade has achieved stable progress,and engineering services have made new breakthroughs in market expansion,contributing new momentum to CNPC’s establishment as a world-class enterprise.展开更多
In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of publi...In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of public goods.The Russian invasion of Ukraine,the corona epidemic,and the increased hegemonic rivalry between China and the U.S.interrupted or even destroyed many of the linkages between globalization and potential public good production.About five important detrimental paths involved in the meantime.In the present article we aim at linking what is left from the previous level of globalization or emerging to form a new and simplified causal model for likely linkages between truncated or(re-)emerging globalization,and the deadly needed output of public goods.These linkages refer to rules of climate control,go to trade linkages and arbitrary tariffs and trade interventions.Regime change,regime formation,and alliance restructuring address aspects of domestic rule and international stability.Selectorate theory,regime type,and exit options for political elites provide key explanatory factors in explaining globalization and public goods productions,or their decay.Where possible we use some data and transformation experiences corroborating our arguments.In other instances need for further empirical macro research will become clear.展开更多
Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protect...Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protecting the courtyard,” which permeates the entire process of policy adjustment on Latin America. The purpose is to damage and hinder China–Latin America relations and cooperation. After the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the Biden administration intensified efforts to exclude extraterritorial forces represented by China and Russia that seek to regain control of the backyard to a greater extent. The Biden administration has made progress in easing the antagonism between the US and Latin America and repairing ally system in the western hemisphere, however, its efforts to reshape U.S.–Latin America relations have encountered many challenges.展开更多
基金the startup fund from City University of Hong Kong.
文摘Background:Prosocial crowdfunding helps the underprivileged obtain non-profitseeking loans from multitudinous lenders.Some platforms introduce teamcompetition to motivate member participation and may thus induce team rivalry.Methods:We investigate how team rivalry affects lending decisions using data fromKiva.org.We argue that a rivalry relationship may engage teams to compete directlyagainst rivals by lending to the same project or prevent them from doing sobecause they intend not to cooperate.Result:We find that a team is less likely to lend to a project that has receivedfunding from its rival team,suggesting that rival teams tend to avoid cooperation.Conclusions:We discuss the implications of our findings for crowdfundingand competition-based motivation mechanisms in general.
文摘The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia is one of the familiar features of the Middle East regional politics. However, this rivalry seems to have split-over beyond the Middle East region. In the Horn of Africal, Riyadh and Tehran are engaging in a fierce competition for position and influence, Against this background, this paper explains how Saudi-Iranian rivalry initiated in the Horn of Africa. More precisely, the paper takes the advantages of sub-theory of Neo-Realism, i.e. Defensive Realism＇s notion of alliance building to explain how Iran＇s endeavor to become stronger vis-~t-vis Saudi Arabia initiated their rivalry in the Horn of Africa prior to the Arab Spring. Likewise, the paper borrows from Constructivism＇s notion of perception of threat to explicate Saudi＇s perception of Iranian threat in the Horn of Africa, which shaped and continued to dynamite Saudi-Iranian rivalry in the region. To this end, the paper would rely on secondary resources to prove that Saudi Iranian rivalry in the Horn of Africa was encouraged by Saudi＇s de-engagement in the region since the outset of 1990s and parallel Iran＇s penetration into region in the same period. The subsequent Saudi diplomatic effort to de-ignite the perceived Iranian growing influence in the Horn inflamed their rivalry in the region, which has reached its summit during the Arab Spring.
文摘In recent years, with the intensification of major-country rivalry and the profound changes in the global geopolitical landscape, Southeast Asia has become a focal point for the world's major countries vying for influence. Since the inauguration of the Biden administration, which inherited its predecessor's “Indo–Pacific” strategy, the United States has spared no effort to woo Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, pressuring them to take sides. Against such a backdrop, Indonesia has strengthened cooperation with the United States while enhancing relations with China. Based on its traditional “free and active” foreign policy, Indonesia insists on deepening ties with China in spite of pressure from the United States. Given the victory of Prabowo Subianto, currently Indonesian Defense Minister, in the 2024 presidential election, China and Indonesia are expected to maintain the momentum of their friendly cooperation, which will however face strong headwinds such as American interference, tensions in the South China Sea, and changes in Indonesian politics.
文摘It is beyond doubt that Russo-US relationship is one of the world's most important big-power relationships.No matter how good or bad,how intense or relaxed it may be,it will always have a bearing on the stability of theworld,thus drawing world–wide attention.In recent years the overall Russo-US relations have walked out of theshadow of the previous cold–war rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States,and are entering a stateof relative stability,marked by tussles along with cooperation,tussles without breakups and cooperation withdifferences.
文摘Beijing Reviews Could you share your experiences during your recent visit to China?From your observations,what similarities or differences stand out between China and the US?Corinna Mullin:It has been a truly wonderful and eye-opening experience.I have spent close to two weeks traveling across several regions,visiting Northwestern University in Xi'an,Fudan University in Shanghai and the historic city of Yan'an,Shaanxi Province,where I learned about the culmination of the Long March,an event I had only read about before.At Fudan University,I had the privilege of teaching at the Summer School,which provided a valuable opportunity to interact directly with students here.
文摘The year 2025 witnessed the profound evolution of the international landscape,characterized by intensified major-power rivalry,protracted geopolitical conflicts,erosion of multilateral mechanisms,and increasingly obsolete international rules.The old order is dying,and the new one is yet to be born.The future trajectory of the world hinges largely on whether nations,particularly major powers,can manage differences and seek cooperation through effective communication amidst the complex and volatile environment.
文摘A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon his return to the White House,Donald Trump declared that“the golden age of America begins right now,”signaling a new round of adjustments to the U.S.strategic narrative.While the“golden age”narrative functions to promote the new administration’s policies externally and provide interpretive framing,it also incorporates deterrence into its broader narrative structure and employs deterrent rhetoric to project highly intense and wide-ranging aggressive discourse.
文摘This article investigates the dynamics of rivalry and state sponsorship of non-state actors by explaining the Saudi-Iranian rivalry through the lens of securitization theory.The study elucidates that despite the enduring nature of their rivalry,both Iran and Saudi Arabia have exhibited a degree of restraint in escalating their conflicting dyadic relationship.It further notes that this behavior has forced them to securitize various issues in the region,framing them as potential threats to national and regime security,that has allowed them to build alliance and provide critical support to nonstate actors across the region.By so doing,Tehran and Riyadh seek to expand their influence and hunt their strategic and tactical objectives within the Middle East.This policy is primarily driven by geopolitical concerns rather than ideological or ethnic entitlements.
文摘A libel scandal involving Mengniu taints its image and deals a blow to China’s dairy industry Mengniu,with the 2008 milk contamination incident still fresh in people’s memories,has brought China’s dairy industry into the spotlight again-this time the attention focused on a bitter rivalry.
文摘With the surge of developments in the Middle East and North Africa,the political and geopolitical equations of this region have undergone major transformations and a new geometry of power is emerging.In this regard,alongside the role of great powers and state actors,the growth and influence of nongovernmental and paramilitary groups is remarkable and has found an important place in the regional equations.Consequently,the set of factors including the interventionist approach of some great powers,different and contradictory Islamic ideologies and the growth of extremism and paramilitary forces in the region has intensified the strategic rivalry between regional powers,with the formation of three major axes;the Iran-led Shiite axis,the Saudi-led Salafist axis and the Turkish-led Brotherhood axis.In this regard,the purpose of the present article is to determine how the so-called Arab Spring developments have changed the power equations in the Middle East and North Africa and led to the formation of new axes?The findings of the paper suggest that myriad factors including internal vulnerabilities,social structure and also elite consensus and cohesion have resulted in the different approaches adopted by each of regional blocs.Furthermore,as a result of Arab Spring developments,the influence of some regional powers,like Iran,has been on the rise,while some others including Egypt have become marginalised and the efforts of some regional powers to further their influence have been unfruitful.The research method is descriptive-analytic;documentary and reliable internet-based sources have been used to support the argument.
基金Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department,Grant/Award Number:ZK[2021]119National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:31760289,32160198。
文摘Binocular rivalry,a visual perception phenomenon where two or more percepts alternate every few seconds when distinct stimuli are presented to the two eyes,has been reported as a biomarker in several psychiatric disorders.It is unclear whether abnormalities of binocular rivalry in depression could occur when emotional rivaling stimuli are used,and if so,whether an emotional binocular rivalry test could provide a trait-dependent or statedependent biomarker.In the current study,34 individuals with subthreshold depression and 31 non-depressed individuals performed a binocular rivalry task associated with implicit emotional processing.Participants were required to report their perceived orientations of the rival gratings in the foreground and to neglect emotional face stimuli in the background.The participants were retested after an approximately 4-month time interval.Compared to the non-depressed group,the subthreshold depression group showed significantly longer perceptual dominance durations of the grating with emotional faces as the background(i.e.,implicit emotional dominance)at the initial assessment.However,the abnormality was not found at the follow-up assessment.More importantly,we found smaller changes in depressive severity at the follow-up assessment for individuals displaying longer emotional dominance at the initial assessment than for individuals with weaker emotional dominance.The current emotional binocular rivalry test may provide an objective,state-dependent biomarker for distinguishing individuals with subthreshold depression from non-depressed individuals.
文摘When the G20 was created in 1999 in the wake of the Asian financial crisis,few imagined it would one day become the nerve centre of global governance.Twenty-six years later,the G20 members,which represent 85 percent of the global GDP and two-thirds of the world population,are once again navigating a turbulent era marked by geopolitical rivalry,economic fragmentation and widening inequality.
文摘Ameeting between the leaders of China and the United States carries significance far beyond bilateral diplomacy.In an era characterized by strategic rivalry and economic tension,such engagement signals a shared recognition that dialogue remains indispensable.It reassures the world that the two largest economies,despite their differences,seek to manage their relationship responsibly rather than drift toward confrontation.Nowhere is the impact of this dynamic more deeply felt than in the Asia-Pacific,the primary engine of global growth.
文摘This study analyzes the evolving geopolitical dynamics of the South Caucasus,with a particular focus on the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict and its implications for regional and global power structures.Through a qualitative geopolitical approach,the research examines historical continuities,alliance transformations,and the strategies of major actors,including the United States,Russia,Iran,Turkey,and Israel.Primary data sources include government reports,academic publications,and contemporary news analyses,providing a multi-faceted perspective on the shifting security environment.The findings suggest that Armenia’s pivot toward Western alliances and Azerbaijan’s strategic balancing between Russia and Israel are reshaping the regional order.Furthermore,the study identifies the South Caucasus as a key intersection where global strategic rivalries increasingly influence local conflicts.By situating the Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict within broader patterns of geopolitical competition,this research contributes to the scholarship on Eurasian security studies and offers insights into the future trajectory of conflict and cooperation in the region.It also highlights avenues for further investigation,including the internal political developments within Armenia and Azerbaijan and the role of intermediary states in shaping great power rivalries.
文摘The world economy in 2024 proved surprisingly resilient despite multiple shocks. This resilience can largely be attributed to the effects of tight monetary policies and the strong performance of labor markets in major economies. Although a recession was narrowly avoided, the intensifying strategic rivalries among major powers, rising geopolitical risks, the resurgence of trade protectionism and sluggish global growth have all cast a shadow over the economic outlook.
文摘The year 2024 marks the tenth anniversary of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s proposal for a new energy security strategy and the start of the second decade of the Belt and Road Initiative.During this year,the international situation grew increasingly complex,with intensifying rivalries among major powers and sporadic occurrences of geopolitical conflicts and localized disturbances.CNPC’s international operations focus on maintaining stability while making progress,successfully overcoming various intertwined risks and achieving new milestones in international business development.For six consecutive years,the overseas equity production has maintained an equivalent of 100 million tons.International trade has achieved stable progress,and engineering services have made new breakthroughs in market expansion,contributing new momentum to CNPC’s establishment as a world-class enterprise.
文摘In a paper conceived about five years ago(“Globalization and Public Goods:Too Big to Tackle?”)roughly a dozen factors were linked to explain important causal paths from globalization to the potential output of public goods.The Russian invasion of Ukraine,the corona epidemic,and the increased hegemonic rivalry between China and the U.S.interrupted or even destroyed many of the linkages between globalization and potential public good production.About five important detrimental paths involved in the meantime.In the present article we aim at linking what is left from the previous level of globalization or emerging to form a new and simplified causal model for likely linkages between truncated or(re-)emerging globalization,and the deadly needed output of public goods.These linkages refer to rules of climate control,go to trade linkages and arbitrary tariffs and trade interventions.Regime change,regime formation,and alliance restructuring address aspects of domestic rule and international stability.Selectorate theory,regime type,and exit options for political elites provide key explanatory factors in explaining globalization and public goods productions,or their decay.Where possible we use some data and transformation experiences corroborating our arguments.In other instances need for further empirical macro research will become clear.
文摘Since taking office in 2021, US President Joe Biden has rectified former President Trump’s domestic and foreign policies. However, Biden has continued the Trump administration’s idea of “excluding China and protecting the courtyard,” which permeates the entire process of policy adjustment on Latin America. The purpose is to damage and hinder China–Latin America relations and cooperation. After the outbreak of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the Biden administration intensified efforts to exclude extraterritorial forces represented by China and Russia that seek to regain control of the backyard to a greater extent. The Biden administration has made progress in easing the antagonism between the US and Latin America and repairing ally system in the western hemisphere, however, its efforts to reshape U.S.–Latin America relations have encountered many challenges.
