Agricultural soil is related to food security and human health,antibiotics and heavy metals(HMs),as two typical pollutants,possess a high coexistence rate in the environmental medium,which is extremely prone to induci...Agricultural soil is related to food security and human health,antibiotics and heavy metals(HMs),as two typical pollutants,possess a high coexistence rate in the environmental medium,which is extremely prone to inducing antibiotic-HMs combined pollution.Recently,frequent human activities have led to more prominent antibiotics-HMs combined contamination in agricultural soils,especially the production and spread of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),heavy metal resistance genes(MRGs),antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),and antibiotics-HMs complexes(AMCs),which seriously threaten soil ecology and human health.This review describes the main sources(Intrinsic and manmade sources),composite mechanisms(co-selective resistance,oxidative stress,and Joint toxicity mechanism),environmental fate and the potential risks(soil ecological and human health risks)of antibiotics and HMs in agricultural soils.Finally,the current effective source blocking,transmission control,and attenuation strategies are classified for discussion,such as the application of additives and barrier materials,as well as plant and animal remediation and bioremediation,etc.,pointing out that future research should focus on the whole chain process of“source-processterminal”,intending to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for future research.展开更多
Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a worldwide problem, particularly in agricultural countries. Exposure to high levels of nitrates in groundwater can have adverse effects on the health of residents who use groun...Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a worldwide problem, particularly in agricultural countries. Exposure to high levels of nitrates in groundwater can have adverse effects on the health of residents who use groundwater for drinking. This study aims to assess the health risk associated with the ingestion of nitrates in well water in the town of M’bahiakro. Health risk maps were created on the basis of hazard quotients (HQ) using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health risk assessment model. The results indicate that residents of the Koko, Dougouba and Baoulekro neighbourhoods, whatever their age, are potentially exposed to the toxic effects of NO3−during their daily intake of nitrate-contaminated well water, with reference to hazard quotients (HQ) greater than 1. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater should therefore be controlled in order to prevent their harmful effects on the health of the population and guarantee its use in rice-growing activities in M’Bahiakro.展开更多
The complexity of coupled risks,which refer to the compounded effects of interacting uncertainties across multiple interdependent objectives,is inherent to cities functioning as dynamic,interdependent systems.A disrup...The complexity of coupled risks,which refer to the compounded effects of interacting uncertainties across multiple interdependent objectives,is inherent to cities functioning as dynamic,interdependent systems.A disruption in one domain ripples across various urban systems,often with unforeseen consequences.Central to this complexity are people,whose behaviors,needs,and vulnerabilities shape risk evolution and response effectiveness.Realizing cities as complex systems centered on human needs and behaviors is essential to understanding the complexities of coupled urban risks.This paper adopts a complex systems perspective to examine the intricacies of coupled urban risks,emphasizing the critical role of human decisions and behavior in shaping these dynamics.We focus on two key dimensions:cascading hazards in urban environments and cascading failures across interdependent exposed systems in cities.Existing risk assessment models often fail to capture the complexity of these processes,particularly when factoring in human decision-making.To tackle these challenges,we advocate for a standardized taxonomy of cascading hazards,urban components,and their interactions.At its core is a people-centric perspective,emphasizing the bidirectional interactions between people and the systems that serve them.Building on this foundation,we argue the need for an integrated,people-centric risk assessment framework that evaluates event impacts in relation to the hierarchical needs of people and incorporates their preparedness and response capacities.By leveraging real-time data,advanced simulations,and innovative validation methods,this framework aims to enhance the accuracy of coupled urban risk modeling.To effectively manage coupled urban risks,cities can draw from proven strategies in real complex systems.However,given the escalating uncertainties and complexities associated with climate change,prioritizing people-centric strategies is crucial.This approach will empower cities to build resilience not only against known hazards but also against evolving and unforeseen challenges in an increasingly uncertain world.展开更多
To assess the effect of mining activity on heavy metal pollution and associated health risks in tin mining regions,water and soil sampling was conducted near a tin mining site in Hunan Province.The content and distrib...To assess the effect of mining activity on heavy metal pollution and associated health risks in tin mining regions,water and soil sampling was conducted near a tin mining site in Hunan Province.The content and distribution of heavy metals were determined.Pollution,ecological risks,and potential health hazards were evaluated using the ground accumulation index,potential ecological risk index,and health risk assessment models,respectively.The results indicated elevated levels of heavy metals in water and soil samples compared to acceptable background values.Ground accumulation index assessment revealed extreme pollution of soil with As and Cd and moderate pollution with Cu,Pb,and Zn.Cr and Hg were categorized as non-pollutants.Water samples exhibited extreme pollution levels of Hg,Cr,Cd,and As;moderate pollution levels of Pb;and moderate to high pollution levels of Cu and Zn.The tin mining area demonstrated a significantly high level of potential ecological risk,where As and Cd were the primary risk elements in soil,whereas Cr,Cd,and As contributed predominantly to water ecological risk.The human health risk assessment highlighted As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,and Cu in water and As and Pb in soil as the principal non-carcinogenic factors.The primary carcinogenic factors were As,Cr,and Cd in water and As in soil,with As posing the greatest risk for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects.Furthermore,oral intake was the primary exposure route,with children being particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of heavy metal pollution.展开更多
Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regi...Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.展开更多
Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and...Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and chemical fractions occurrence characteristics of five toxic metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,and Zn)were analyzed,their potential sources were explored,and their contamination and ecological risk was assessed.In the surface waters and sediments,there were high concentrations of Zn,a low concentration of Cd,and small spatial differences in concentration among the upstream,midstream,and downstream.In terms of speciation,Cd mainly existed in the acid-soluble fraction,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction,and Cr,Cu,and Zn mainly existed in the residue fraction.The potential sources in surface waters and sediments were determined to be industrial emissions and agricultural non-point sources through the absolute principal component scores–multiple linear regression model(APCS–MLR).Based on the assessment results of total concentration and speciation,Cd was the typical contamination element in ZR sediments.In addition,the secondary phase enrichment factor(SPEF)based on speciation underestimates the degree of Pb contamination,and the ecological risk of Zn assessed by the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)and the risk assessment code(RAC)was higher than that of Cr,which was inconsistent with the results based on total concentrations.SOM and Al/Fe/Mn cycles in sediments influenced the geochemical behavior of toxic metals.展开更多
The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judi...The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judicial efficiency,improving the accuracy and fairness of adjudications,promoting the uniform application of the law,and enhancing transparency and engagement in judicial processes.However,these advancements are accompanied by potential risks and challenges in technology,adjudication,and ethics.It is thus essential to strengthen privacy protection during the processing and transmission of data,ensure data security and confidentiality,and establish and refine clear legal norms regarding the roles,responsibilities,and legal obligations of GAI in judicial settings.In addition,ethical guidelines that delineate the behavioral boundaries and value orientations of GAI need to be formulated.Collectively,these elements can form a trinary model of technical controls,legal norms,and ethical constraints,to facilitate the modernization and intelligent development of the judicial system.展开更多
This paper is focused on discussing the case of Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark,in Spain,as an example to show the contribution of Geoparks to the dissemination of science and the relevance of preserving geoheritage b...This paper is focused on discussing the case of Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark,in Spain,as an example to show the contribution of Geoparks to the dissemination of science and the relevance of preserving geoheritage by implementing simple measures based on communication and prevention.Natural and anthropic hazards derived from climate change are endangering heritage and the well-ness of the society.Geoheritage is vulnerable.Nowadays we are witnessing the destruction of monuments with high emotional significance due to wars,but climate change is also contributing to the loss of the same cultural heritage.Prevention is often the best way to protect geoheritage from disappearing and society is the best agent to implement preventive measures.Citizens are often unaware of the important treasures they have around them.Geoparks have been a great tool to bring awareness in society,since by involving the public in the whole process of recognition and promotion,they protect the space and the cultural and economic values associated with them.It is important to communicate the initiatives taking place in the Geoparks to explain the importance of geology and the risk of losing the geoheritage if natural hazards increase.Las Loras study is a good practice to implement in other Geoparks.展开更多
Innovation in the period product category has experienced a boost in recent years as part of the growing interest in women’s health products.Disruptive brands,start-ups and the area of Fem Tech are key areas to watch...Innovation in the period product category has experienced a boost in recent years as part of the growing interest in women’s health products.Disruptive brands,start-ups and the area of Fem Tech are key areas to watch.Collectively they are destigmatizing this category,and we can finally use the word“period”in marketing,as well as talking about the issues women deal with.Simultaneously,there has been an explosion in products in the sexual health category and a move away from outdated,reserved language.展开更多
This review examines the critical risks,barriers,and success factors in achieving sustainable affordable housing(SAH)by addressing environmental,economic,social and technical dimensions of sustainability.The aim of th...This review examines the critical risks,barriers,and success factors in achieving sustainable affordable housing(SAH)by addressing environmental,economic,social and technical dimensions of sustainability.The aim of this study is to identify different critical risks and barriers to the development of the Sustainable Affordable Housing(SAH)CSF framework.The objectives of this research are to define SAH(Sustainable Affordable Housing)and important factors for achieving SAH and to develop SAH Critical Success Factors(CSFs)frameworks.To achieve these objectives,there are two methods for reviewing and analyzing documents,i.e.,systematic review and bibliographic review.The years of publication are limited to 2014 to 2023 in the English language and restricted to open access.A total of 63 articles were retrieved and screened for relevance identified as directly relevant to our topic using the PRISMA systematic review process.The growth pattern aligns strongly with an exponential growth model,as evidenced by a high R^(2) value of 0.9133 indicating a robust correlation and demonstrating the accelerating interest in the field over the past decade.This comprehensive analysis led to the development of the sustainable affordable housing(SAH)critical success framework,providing a structured approach to understanding and implementing critical factors for sustainable and affordable housing initiatives.The findings emphasize the need for integrated policy reforms,innovative construction technologies,and collaborative stakeholder engagement to advance the SAH agenda.Future research directions include conducting longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impacts of SAH policies,comparative analyses of international best practices,and explorations into emerging construction technologies.展开更多
Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,...Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,while sparking utopian visions of the future,the development of embodied intelligence has aroused concerns about safety risks, emotional ethics, and socio-cultural implications.展开更多
Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on ...Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on the disease burden associated with IHD. We analyzed the global, regional, and national burdens of IHD attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021.Methods The data were taken from Global Burden of Disease(GBD) study 2021. Deaths, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),the average annual percent change(AAPC), age-standardized death rates per 100,000 persons(ASDR) and age-standardized rate per 100,000 persons(ASR) of DALYs ranging from 1990 to 2021, were extracted and stratified according to region, nationality, socio-demographic index(SDI), sex, and age. Additionally, the global future trends were predicted using Nordpred prediction model.Results Compared to 1990, in 2021, the number of death and DALYs from metabolic risk-attributed IHD increased globally by67.35% and 59.91%, respectively;whereas ASDR and ASR of DALYs showed a decreasing trend and the most severe impact was observed in male and elderly populations. In addition, the burden of disease showed an inverted V-shaped relationship with SDI from 1990 to 2021. AAPC showed a significant increase in developing countries and a decrease in developed countries. We also analyzed the effects of different risk factors including metabolic risk factors on IHD in different SDI regions and genders. The prediction of future disease burden showed that the number of death and DALYs will keep rising, while ASDR and ASR of DALYs will maintain a certain downward trend.Conclusions The results of this study highlighted the need for screening and intervention for metabolic risk factors in specific regions and populations, this should call for increased collaboration between developing and developed countries to reduce the burden of disease and improve the prognosis of patients with IHD.展开更多
Non-obstructive azoospermia is a common condition associated with significant health risks,including increased mortality,cancer,and chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.This review aims to h...Non-obstructive azoospermia is a common condition associated with significant health risks,including increased mortality,cancer,and chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.This review aims to highlight the potential health challenges faced by men with this condition compared to fertile counterparts.Through a comprehensive bibliographic search on PubMed,using the following algorithm:(“infertility,male”[MeSH Terms]OR“azoospermia”[MeSH Terms])AND(“mortality”[MeSH Terms]OR“neoplasms”[MeSH Terms]OR“chronic disease”[MeSH Terms]OR“diabetes mellitus”[MeSH Terms]OR“heart diseases”[MeSH Terms]),we analyzed existing literature to explore the associations between infertility,specifically azoospermia,and adverse health outcomes.Findings indicate that infertile men are at a higher risk of death,various cancers(particularly testicular cancer),metabolic syndrome,diabetes,hypogonadism,and cardiovascular disease.Although research specifically addressing azoospermia is limited,available studies support the notion that men with this condition may experience heightened health vulnerabilities.Given these risks,it is imperative for healthcare professionals,especially urologists,to conduct thorough health assessments for men diagnosed with azoospermia.Informing patients of these potential health issues and integrating comprehensive evaluations into their care can facilitate early detection and intervention for life-threatening conditions.Ultimately,men with azoospermia should receive ongoing monitoring to address their specific health concerns,thus improving their long-term health outcomes.展开更多
With the continuous control of anthropogenic emissions,China’s air quality has improved significantly in recent years.Given this background,research on how the short-term exposure risks caused by air pollution in Chi...With the continuous control of anthropogenic emissions,China’s air quality has improved significantly in recent years.Given this background,research on how the short-term exposure risks caused by air pollution in China have changed is insufficient.This study utilized hourly concentration data from ground observation stations and the official air quality guidelines of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China and the World Health Organization as standards to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and short-term exposure risks of air pollution in China from 2015 to 2022.The results indicate that various atmospheric pollutants except for ozone showed a decreasing trend yearly.Nationwide,both single pollutant air pollution days(SAPDs)and multiple pollutant air pollution days(MAPDs)showed varying degrees of reduction within 15 and 25 days,respectively.SAPD was dominated mainly by excessive PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)pollutants,while MAPD was dominated mainly by excessive pollutant combinations,including PM_(2.5)+PM_(10),CO+PM_(2.5)+PM_(10),and SO_(2)+PM_(2.5)+PM_(10).As the concentration of atmospheric pollutants decreased,the total excess risk(ER)decreased yearly from 2015 to 2022,but there were significant regional differences.Now,the ER is less than 0.25%in southern China,in the range of 0.25%-0.5%in the North China Plain and some cities in the northeast,and higher than 1%in the northwest.Particulate matter is currently the primary pollutant posing short-term exposure risk in China,especially due to the impact of sandstorm weather.This study indicates that China’s atmospheric cleaning action is significantly beneficial for reducing health risks.展开更多
Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(...Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(ΣOPEs)in soil ranged from 1.33 to 96.5 ng/g dry weight(dw),with an average value of 17.1 ng/g dw.Especially,halogenated-OPEs were the predominant group with amean level of 9.75 ng/g dw,and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)was the most abundant OPEs,accounting for 51.1%ofΣOPEs.The concentrations of TCIPP andΣOPEs were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05)in soils of urban areas than those in suburban areas.In addition,the use of agricultural plastic films and total organic carbon had a positive effect on the occurrence of OPE in this study.The positive matrix factorization model suggested complex sources of OPEs in agricultural soils from Fuzhou.The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that tricresyl phosphate presented a medium risk to land-based organisms(0.1≤risk quotient<1.0).Nevertheless,the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for human exposure to OPEs through soil ingestion and dermal absorption were negligible.These findings would facilitate further investigations into the pollution management and risk control of OPEs.展开更多
The enterprises need to assess the risk dynamic of financial instability and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development, because it is important for enterprises to extend commercial activity and to...The enterprises need to assess the risk dynamic of financial instability and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development, because it is important for enterprises to extend commercial activity and to open a new structural subdivision. We have researched types of risks, their identification, classification, and assessment possibilities in activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. We have used our own algorithm of identification, classification, and assessment of enterprises＇ risks. The goal of this research is to study the economic and financial risks＇ impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development in Latvia. For study purpose, we have carried out the questionnaire of representative small and medium-sized enterprises about the economic and financial risks＇ impact on enterprises＇ development in Latvia. We have created classification of Latvian services sectors＇ economic and financial risks in the period from 2011 to 2012. Those risks have been included in the questionnaire. The risks matrix is a quantitative assessment tool of risks. We have created Latvian service sector economic and financial risks matrix. We have arranged risks by their sizes of possible losses for enterprises. For each risk has been assessed its probability of realization. We have created Latvian accommodations （hotel） and food services technological process risks map. Several parts of the risk map （segments） make it possible to assess each type of the risk separately in its segment. Risks matrix can be used to choose enterprises＇ strategy of risk management. Enterprise＇s strategy of risk management is developed by analysing zones of risk level.展开更多
Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area...Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to research application of revised puff trajectory model in atmospheric environmental risks simulation.[Method] In the research,theory of puff trajectory model for pollution diffusion in atmosp...[Objective] The aim was to research application of revised puff trajectory model in atmospheric environmental risks simulation.[Method] In the research,theory of puff trajectory model for pollution diffusion in atmosphere in urban areas was analyzed and CALPUFF,a revised puff trajectory model,was applied in prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City.[Result] The simple puff trajectory model can not be applied for long-distance transport or in complex terrain and airflow field.In contrast,CALPUFF would be applied in urban areas,and complex terrain or underlying surface.With high resolution ratio,it would depict the beginning condition and detailed distribution of pollutants transport and diffusion.For prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City,northwest wind dominated in Huangshui Valley;north wind dominated in Beichuan Valley;temperature inversion occurred at high altitude.These had a significant effect on the downwind direction in Xining urban district.The simulation results indicated that puffs usually spread along Huangshui Valley and some non-steady phenomena occurred,such as blocking effect by mountains,deformation of puff by airflow field in ridges and influence of valley wind.[Conclusion] The research is of significance for precise prediction on characters,influence and extent of atmospheric environmental risks in cities.展开更多
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)and parabens,particularly the high-molecularweight(HMW)SPAs and long alkyl chain(LAC)parabens with higher environmental persistence and toxicities,are widely produced and applied w...Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)and parabens,particularly the high-molecularweight(HMW)SPAs and long alkyl chain(LAC)parabens with higher environmental persistence and toxicities,are widely produced and applied worldwide.However,their occurrence and potential risks in aquatic environments remain largely unknown.This work investigated 11 HMW SPAs and 3 LAC parabens in the river and treated industrial wastewater samples along the Yangtze River,the largest river and most important source water in China.For convenience of comparison,6 short alkyl chain(SAC)parabens were also included.In 15 industrial wastewater treatment plant effluents(effluent-IWTPs)and 34 surface water monitoring sections along the river,19 out of 20 target compounds were detected with total concentrations(TCs)from 152.5 to 1955.5 ng/L and 141.3 to 1364.9 ng/L in effluent-IWTPs and surface water,respectively.HMW SPAs 1,3,5-tris-[(3,5-di–tert–butyl–4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione(AO3114)and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di–tert–butyl–4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate(AO1076)were the dominant ones.HMWSPAs bis(3–tert–butyl–4–hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionate(AO245)and 4,4'-sulfanediylbis(2–tert–butyl–5-methylphenol)(AO-TBM6)and SAC parabens propylparaben(PrP)and butylparaben(BuP)posed medium to high potential ecological risks in 27 surface water monitoring sections.Additionally,AO-TBM6 also exhibited potential health risks in 2 out of 11 drinking water sources.Though the ecotoxicity data are very limited,the ubiquitous presence of the LAC parabens including hexylparaben(HeP)and octylparaben(OcP)in surface water should be of concern since these compounds usually exhibit stronger estrogen potencies than the SAC ones.Finally,kernel density analysis revealed that regulation of industrial discharges is necessary to mitigate the HMW SPA and paraben contamination.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171615)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1804102)。
文摘Agricultural soil is related to food security and human health,antibiotics and heavy metals(HMs),as two typical pollutants,possess a high coexistence rate in the environmental medium,which is extremely prone to inducing antibiotic-HMs combined pollution.Recently,frequent human activities have led to more prominent antibiotics-HMs combined contamination in agricultural soils,especially the production and spread of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),heavy metal resistance genes(MRGs),antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB),and antibiotics-HMs complexes(AMCs),which seriously threaten soil ecology and human health.This review describes the main sources(Intrinsic and manmade sources),composite mechanisms(co-selective resistance,oxidative stress,and Joint toxicity mechanism),environmental fate and the potential risks(soil ecological and human health risks)of antibiotics and HMs in agricultural soils.Finally,the current effective source blocking,transmission control,and attenuation strategies are classified for discussion,such as the application of additives and barrier materials,as well as plant and animal remediation and bioremediation,etc.,pointing out that future research should focus on the whole chain process of“source-processterminal”,intending to provide a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for future research.
文摘Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a worldwide problem, particularly in agricultural countries. Exposure to high levels of nitrates in groundwater can have adverse effects on the health of residents who use groundwater for drinking. This study aims to assess the health risk associated with the ingestion of nitrates in well water in the town of M’bahiakro. Health risk maps were created on the basis of hazard quotients (HQ) using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health risk assessment model. The results indicate that residents of the Koko, Dougouba and Baoulekro neighbourhoods, whatever their age, are potentially exposed to the toxic effects of NO3−during their daily intake of nitrate-contaminated well water, with reference to hazard quotients (HQ) greater than 1. Nitrate concentrations in the groundwater should therefore be controlled in order to prevent their harmful effects on the health of the population and guarantee its use in rice-growing activities in M’Bahiakro.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71821001,72371109,72071088,72074089,and 51938004)Strategic Study Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(2022-JB-02)Project of Interdisciplinary Research Support Program in Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2023-32)。
文摘The complexity of coupled risks,which refer to the compounded effects of interacting uncertainties across multiple interdependent objectives,is inherent to cities functioning as dynamic,interdependent systems.A disruption in one domain ripples across various urban systems,often with unforeseen consequences.Central to this complexity are people,whose behaviors,needs,and vulnerabilities shape risk evolution and response effectiveness.Realizing cities as complex systems centered on human needs and behaviors is essential to understanding the complexities of coupled urban risks.This paper adopts a complex systems perspective to examine the intricacies of coupled urban risks,emphasizing the critical role of human decisions and behavior in shaping these dynamics.We focus on two key dimensions:cascading hazards in urban environments and cascading failures across interdependent exposed systems in cities.Existing risk assessment models often fail to capture the complexity of these processes,particularly when factoring in human decision-making.To tackle these challenges,we advocate for a standardized taxonomy of cascading hazards,urban components,and their interactions.At its core is a people-centric perspective,emphasizing the bidirectional interactions between people and the systems that serve them.Building on this foundation,we argue the need for an integrated,people-centric risk assessment framework that evaluates event impacts in relation to the hierarchical needs of people and incorporates their preparedness and response capacities.By leveraging real-time data,advanced simulations,and innovative validation methods,this framework aims to enhance the accuracy of coupled urban risk modeling.To effectively manage coupled urban risks,cities can draw from proven strategies in real complex systems.However,given the escalating uncertainties and complexities associated with climate change,prioritizing people-centric strategies is crucial.This approach will empower cities to build resilience not only against known hazards but also against evolving and unforeseen challenges in an increasingly uncertain world.
基金supported by the Open Fund of the Granite Formation Research Center of China Geological Survey(grant numbers PMGR202009,PMGR202108,PMGR202115)the Geological Survey of China(grant number DD20190154).
文摘To assess the effect of mining activity on heavy metal pollution and associated health risks in tin mining regions,water and soil sampling was conducted near a tin mining site in Hunan Province.The content and distribution of heavy metals were determined.Pollution,ecological risks,and potential health hazards were evaluated using the ground accumulation index,potential ecological risk index,and health risk assessment models,respectively.The results indicated elevated levels of heavy metals in water and soil samples compared to acceptable background values.Ground accumulation index assessment revealed extreme pollution of soil with As and Cd and moderate pollution with Cu,Pb,and Zn.Cr and Hg were categorized as non-pollutants.Water samples exhibited extreme pollution levels of Hg,Cr,Cd,and As;moderate pollution levels of Pb;and moderate to high pollution levels of Cu and Zn.The tin mining area demonstrated a significantly high level of potential ecological risk,where As and Cd were the primary risk elements in soil,whereas Cr,Cd,and As contributed predominantly to water ecological risk.The human health risk assessment highlighted As,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,and Cu in water and As and Pb in soil as the principal non-carcinogenic factors.The primary carcinogenic factors were As,Cr,and Cd in water and As in soil,with As posing the greatest risk for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects.Furthermore,oral intake was the primary exposure route,with children being particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of heavy metal pollution.
基金supported by the National Geographic Society through an early career grant to A.Rico (EC-59809C-19)Support Programme-PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/043)of the Generalitat ValencianaR.Oliveira acknowledges"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo"-FAPESP (Project 2018/03108-0).
文摘Fish constitutes the main protein source for the Amazonian population.However,the impact of different anthropogenic activities on trace element and metal accumulation in fish and their risks for human health at a regional scale remain largely unexplored.Here we assessed exposure levels of 10 trace elements andmetals(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb,and Hg)in 56 samples belonging to 11 different species of fish from the Brazilian Amazon.We studied the relationship between exposure levels,fish origin,and fish feeding habits,and assessed toxicological and carcinogenic risks for the Amazonian population.No significant correlation was found between sampling site and exposure levels to the studied elements,but a significant difference was found between the accumulation of some metals and the position of the fish species in the food chain.The concentrations of Cr and Hg in fish flesh were found to exceed the Brazilian limits for human consumption.This study shows that current fish consumption patterns can lead to estimated daily intakes of Hg,As and Cr that exceed the oral reference dose,thus posing a toxicological concern.Furthermore,carcinogenic risks may be expected due to the continued exposure to Cr and As.The results of this study show that the consumption of wild caught fish in the Amazon region should be controlled.Moreover,continued monitoring of trace element and metal contamination in fish and on the health of the Amazonian population is recommended,particularly for riverine and indigenous communities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030706).
文摘Excessive concentrations of toxic metals are a global threat to aquatic systems.Taking a typical tributary(Zijiang River,ZR)of the midstream of the Yangtze River as the research area,the concentration distribution and chemical fractions occurrence characteristics of five toxic metals(Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,and Zn)were analyzed,their potential sources were explored,and their contamination and ecological risk was assessed.In the surface waters and sediments,there were high concentrations of Zn,a low concentration of Cd,and small spatial differences in concentration among the upstream,midstream,and downstream.In terms of speciation,Cd mainly existed in the acid-soluble fraction,Pb mainly existed in the reducible fraction,and Cr,Cu,and Zn mainly existed in the residue fraction.The potential sources in surface waters and sediments were determined to be industrial emissions and agricultural non-point sources through the absolute principal component scores–multiple linear regression model(APCS–MLR).Based on the assessment results of total concentration and speciation,Cd was the typical contamination element in ZR sediments.In addition,the secondary phase enrichment factor(SPEF)based on speciation underestimates the degree of Pb contamination,and the ecological risk of Zn assessed by the ratio of secondary phase and primary phase(RSP)and the risk assessment code(RAC)was higher than that of Cr,which was inconsistent with the results based on total concentrations.SOM and Al/Fe/Mn cycles in sediments influenced the geochemical behavior of toxic metals.
文摘The application of generative artificial intelligence(GAI)in the judicial domain represents an innovative approach to achieving digital justice.GAI’s functionalities are primarily exhibited in the enhancement of judicial efficiency,improving the accuracy and fairness of adjudications,promoting the uniform application of the law,and enhancing transparency and engagement in judicial processes.However,these advancements are accompanied by potential risks and challenges in technology,adjudication,and ethics.It is thus essential to strengthen privacy protection during the processing and transmission of data,ensure data security and confidentiality,and establish and refine clear legal norms regarding the roles,responsibilities,and legal obligations of GAI in judicial settings.In addition,ethical guidelines that delineate the behavioral boundaries and value orientations of GAI need to be formulated.Collectively,these elements can form a trinary model of technical controls,legal norms,and ethical constraints,to facilitate the modernization and intelligent development of the judicial system.
文摘This paper is focused on discussing the case of Las Loras UNESCO Global Geopark,in Spain,as an example to show the contribution of Geoparks to the dissemination of science and the relevance of preserving geoheritage by implementing simple measures based on communication and prevention.Natural and anthropic hazards derived from climate change are endangering heritage and the well-ness of the society.Geoheritage is vulnerable.Nowadays we are witnessing the destruction of monuments with high emotional significance due to wars,but climate change is also contributing to the loss of the same cultural heritage.Prevention is often the best way to protect geoheritage from disappearing and society is the best agent to implement preventive measures.Citizens are often unaware of the important treasures they have around them.Geoparks have been a great tool to bring awareness in society,since by involving the public in the whole process of recognition and promotion,they protect the space and the cultural and economic values associated with them.It is important to communicate the initiatives taking place in the Geoparks to explain the importance of geology and the risk of losing the geoheritage if natural hazards increase.Las Loras study is a good practice to implement in other Geoparks.
文摘Innovation in the period product category has experienced a boost in recent years as part of the growing interest in women’s health products.Disruptive brands,start-ups and the area of Fem Tech are key areas to watch.Collectively they are destigmatizing this category,and we can finally use the word“period”in marketing,as well as talking about the issues women deal with.Simultaneously,there has been an explosion in products in the sexual health category and a move away from outdated,reserved language.
文摘This review examines the critical risks,barriers,and success factors in achieving sustainable affordable housing(SAH)by addressing environmental,economic,social and technical dimensions of sustainability.The aim of this study is to identify different critical risks and barriers to the development of the Sustainable Affordable Housing(SAH)CSF framework.The objectives of this research are to define SAH(Sustainable Affordable Housing)and important factors for achieving SAH and to develop SAH Critical Success Factors(CSFs)frameworks.To achieve these objectives,there are two methods for reviewing and analyzing documents,i.e.,systematic review and bibliographic review.The years of publication are limited to 2014 to 2023 in the English language and restricted to open access.A total of 63 articles were retrieved and screened for relevance identified as directly relevant to our topic using the PRISMA systematic review process.The growth pattern aligns strongly with an exponential growth model,as evidenced by a high R^(2) value of 0.9133 indicating a robust correlation and demonstrating the accelerating interest in the field over the past decade.This comprehensive analysis led to the development of the sustainable affordable housing(SAH)critical success framework,providing a structured approach to understanding and implementing critical factors for sustainable and affordable housing initiatives.The findings emphasize the need for integrated policy reforms,innovative construction technologies,and collaborative stakeholder engagement to advance the SAH agenda.Future research directions include conducting longitudinal studies to assess the long-term impacts of SAH policies,comparative analyses of international best practices,and explorations into emerging construction technologies.
文摘Rapid technological advancements are driving embodied intelligent robots from laboratories to real-life applications to serve as a key force reshaping the future way of life.Like many other revolutionary technologies,while sparking utopian visions of the future,the development of embodied intelligence has aroused concerns about safety risks, emotional ethics, and socio-cultural implications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070055 and 82470054)the Project Program of National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital, Grant No.2023LNJJ18)。
文摘Background Ischemic heart disease(IHD) represents the most significant disease burden among all cardiovascular diseases(CVDs). The increasing prevalence of metabolic risks in the 21st century has a profound impact on the disease burden associated with IHD. We analyzed the global, regional, and national burdens of IHD attributable to metabolic risks from 1990 to 2021.Methods The data were taken from Global Burden of Disease(GBD) study 2021. Deaths, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),the average annual percent change(AAPC), age-standardized death rates per 100,000 persons(ASDR) and age-standardized rate per 100,000 persons(ASR) of DALYs ranging from 1990 to 2021, were extracted and stratified according to region, nationality, socio-demographic index(SDI), sex, and age. Additionally, the global future trends were predicted using Nordpred prediction model.Results Compared to 1990, in 2021, the number of death and DALYs from metabolic risk-attributed IHD increased globally by67.35% and 59.91%, respectively;whereas ASDR and ASR of DALYs showed a decreasing trend and the most severe impact was observed in male and elderly populations. In addition, the burden of disease showed an inverted V-shaped relationship with SDI from 1990 to 2021. AAPC showed a significant increase in developing countries and a decrease in developed countries. We also analyzed the effects of different risk factors including metabolic risk factors on IHD in different SDI regions and genders. The prediction of future disease burden showed that the number of death and DALYs will keep rising, while ASDR and ASR of DALYs will maintain a certain downward trend.Conclusions The results of this study highlighted the need for screening and intervention for metabolic risk factors in specific regions and populations, this should call for increased collaboration between developing and developed countries to reduce the burden of disease and improve the prognosis of patients with IHD.
文摘Non-obstructive azoospermia is a common condition associated with significant health risks,including increased mortality,cancer,and chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.This review aims to highlight the potential health challenges faced by men with this condition compared to fertile counterparts.Through a comprehensive bibliographic search on PubMed,using the following algorithm:(“infertility,male”[MeSH Terms]OR“azoospermia”[MeSH Terms])AND(“mortality”[MeSH Terms]OR“neoplasms”[MeSH Terms]OR“chronic disease”[MeSH Terms]OR“diabetes mellitus”[MeSH Terms]OR“heart diseases”[MeSH Terms]),we analyzed existing literature to explore the associations between infertility,specifically azoospermia,and adverse health outcomes.Findings indicate that infertile men are at a higher risk of death,various cancers(particularly testicular cancer),metabolic syndrome,diabetes,hypogonadism,and cardiovascular disease.Although research specifically addressing azoospermia is limited,available studies support the notion that men with this condition may experience heightened health vulnerabilities.Given these risks,it is imperative for healthcare professionals,especially urologists,to conduct thorough health assessments for men diagnosed with azoospermia.Informing patients of these potential health issues and integrating comprehensive evaluations into their care can facilitate early detection and intervention for life-threatening conditions.Ultimately,men with azoospermia should receive ongoing monitoring to address their specific health concerns,thus improving their long-term health outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42205178)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M720459).
文摘With the continuous control of anthropogenic emissions,China’s air quality has improved significantly in recent years.Given this background,research on how the short-term exposure risks caused by air pollution in China have changed is insufficient.This study utilized hourly concentration data from ground observation stations and the official air quality guidelines of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China and the World Health Organization as standards to systematically investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics and short-term exposure risks of air pollution in China from 2015 to 2022.The results indicate that various atmospheric pollutants except for ozone showed a decreasing trend yearly.Nationwide,both single pollutant air pollution days(SAPDs)and multiple pollutant air pollution days(MAPDs)showed varying degrees of reduction within 15 and 25 days,respectively.SAPD was dominated mainly by excessive PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)pollutants,while MAPD was dominated mainly by excessive pollutant combinations,including PM_(2.5)+PM_(10),CO+PM_(2.5)+PM_(10),and SO_(2)+PM_(2.5)+PM_(10).As the concentration of atmospheric pollutants decreased,the total excess risk(ER)decreased yearly from 2015 to 2022,but there were significant regional differences.Now,the ER is less than 0.25%in southern China,in the range of 0.25%-0.5%in the North China Plain and some cities in the northeast,and higher than 1%in the northwest.Particulate matter is currently the primary pollutant posing short-term exposure risk in China,especially due to the impact of sandstorm weather.This study indicates that China’s atmospheric cleaning action is significantly beneficial for reducing health risks.
基金supported by the Open Fund of the Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes,Ministry of Education,Peking University,Beijing,China,and the Cultivation Fund Program for Excellent Dissertation in Fujian Normal University,China(No.LWPYS202315)the Research Start-up Fund of Fujian Normal University,China(No.Y0720304X13).
文摘Fifty agricultural soil samples collected from Fuzhou,southeast China,were first investigated for the occurrence,distribution,and potential risks of twelve organophosphate esters(OPEs).The total concentration of OPEs(ΣOPEs)in soil ranged from 1.33 to 96.5 ng/g dry weight(dw),with an average value of 17.1 ng/g dw.Especially,halogenated-OPEs were the predominant group with amean level of 9.75 ng/g dw,and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)was the most abundant OPEs,accounting for 51.1%ofΣOPEs.The concentrations of TCIPP andΣOPEs were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05)in soils of urban areas than those in suburban areas.In addition,the use of agricultural plastic films and total organic carbon had a positive effect on the occurrence of OPE in this study.The positive matrix factorization model suggested complex sources of OPEs in agricultural soils from Fuzhou.The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that tricresyl phosphate presented a medium risk to land-based organisms(0.1≤risk quotient<1.0).Nevertheless,the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks for human exposure to OPEs through soil ingestion and dermal absorption were negligible.These findings would facilitate further investigations into the pollution management and risk control of OPEs.
文摘The enterprises need to assess the risk dynamic of financial instability and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development, because it is important for enterprises to extend commercial activity and to open a new structural subdivision. We have researched types of risks, their identification, classification, and assessment possibilities in activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. We have used our own algorithm of identification, classification, and assessment of enterprises＇ risks. The goal of this research is to study the economic and financial risks＇ impact on small and medium-sized enterprises＇ development in Latvia. For study purpose, we have carried out the questionnaire of representative small and medium-sized enterprises about the economic and financial risks＇ impact on enterprises＇ development in Latvia. We have created classification of Latvian services sectors＇ economic and financial risks in the period from 2011 to 2012. Those risks have been included in the questionnaire. The risks matrix is a quantitative assessment tool of risks. We have created Latvian service sector economic and financial risks matrix. We have arranged risks by their sizes of possible losses for enterprises. For each risk has been assessed its probability of realization. We have created Latvian accommodations （hotel） and food services technological process risks map. Several parts of the risk map （segments） make it possible to assess each type of the risk separately in its segment. Risks matrix can be used to choose enterprises＇ strategy of risk management. Enterprise＇s strategy of risk management is developed by analysing zones of risk level.
文摘Pinus radiata was introduced to the summer rainfall environments of Sichuan Province, China in the 1990s as a part of an afforestation pmgram for soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid river valley area of Aba Prefecture. Within this region a total area of 26 000 ha have been identified through climate matching as suitable and a further 63 000 ha potentially suitable for environmental plantings of P. radiata. The plantations are being established in widely separated small patches on steep and degraded slopes along the dry river valley The newly introduced P. radiata are exposed to two kinds of forest health risks： they may be attacked by （a） indigenous pathogens and pests against which they may not possess any resistance or （b） by inadvertently introduced foreign pests or pathogens. This paper presents a survey of the potential damaging pests and a preliminary assessment of forest health risks facing the P. radiata plantations over a much longer timeframe than the initial phase of introduction and early plantation establishment. An empirical appmach was adopted to evaluate forest health risks by a combination of literature review, examination of historical records of pest and disease outbreaks in the surrounding conifemus forests, field surveys and inspections, specimen collection and identification, and most importantly, expert analysis of the likelihood of attack by specific pests and pathogens and the subsequent impact of such attacks. The assessment identified some specific forest health risks to the long-term success of P. radiata introduction in this area. These risks are closely associated with the indigenous pests and pathogens of the two native pine species, P. tabulaeformis and P. armondii since these pests and pathogens are considered more likely to establish on P. radiata over time. Exotic pests and pathogens are of a quarantine concern at present. Based on the results of assessment, recommendations are pmvided to improve forest vigour and to reduce the forest health risks posed by indigenous as well as exotic pests and pathogens to the introduced P. radiata. Ways to increase the ability to manage the forest health risks once a particular pest infestation and disease eventuates are also recommended. Although detrimental to the survival and growth of the introduced P. radiata, the impact of identified forest health risks are not considered to be fatal to the long term success ofP. radiata in this area.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to research application of revised puff trajectory model in atmospheric environmental risks simulation.[Method] In the research,theory of puff trajectory model for pollution diffusion in atmosphere in urban areas was analyzed and CALPUFF,a revised puff trajectory model,was applied in prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City.[Result] The simple puff trajectory model can not be applied for long-distance transport or in complex terrain and airflow field.In contrast,CALPUFF would be applied in urban areas,and complex terrain or underlying surface.With high resolution ratio,it would depict the beginning condition and detailed distribution of pollutants transport and diffusion.For prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City,northwest wind dominated in Huangshui Valley;north wind dominated in Beichuan Valley;temperature inversion occurred at high altitude.These had a significant effect on the downwind direction in Xining urban district.The simulation results indicated that puffs usually spread along Huangshui Valley and some non-steady phenomena occurred,such as blocking effect by mountains,deformation of puff by airflow field in ridges and influence of valley wind.[Conclusion] The research is of significance for precise prediction on characters,influence and extent of atmospheric environmental risks in cities.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFC3200801 and 2021YFC3200804).
文摘Synthetic phenolic antioxidants(SPAs)and parabens,particularly the high-molecularweight(HMW)SPAs and long alkyl chain(LAC)parabens with higher environmental persistence and toxicities,are widely produced and applied worldwide.However,their occurrence and potential risks in aquatic environments remain largely unknown.This work investigated 11 HMW SPAs and 3 LAC parabens in the river and treated industrial wastewater samples along the Yangtze River,the largest river and most important source water in China.For convenience of comparison,6 short alkyl chain(SAC)parabens were also included.In 15 industrial wastewater treatment plant effluents(effluent-IWTPs)and 34 surface water monitoring sections along the river,19 out of 20 target compounds were detected with total concentrations(TCs)from 152.5 to 1955.5 ng/L and 141.3 to 1364.9 ng/L in effluent-IWTPs and surface water,respectively.HMW SPAs 1,3,5-tris-[(3,5-di–tert–butyl–4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione(AO3114)and octadecyl 3-(3,5-di–tert–butyl–4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate(AO1076)were the dominant ones.HMWSPAs bis(3–tert–butyl–4–hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)propionate(AO245)and 4,4'-sulfanediylbis(2–tert–butyl–5-methylphenol)(AO-TBM6)and SAC parabens propylparaben(PrP)and butylparaben(BuP)posed medium to high potential ecological risks in 27 surface water monitoring sections.Additionally,AO-TBM6 also exhibited potential health risks in 2 out of 11 drinking water sources.Though the ecotoxicity data are very limited,the ubiquitous presence of the LAC parabens including hexylparaben(HeP)and octylparaben(OcP)in surface water should be of concern since these compounds usually exhibit stronger estrogen potencies than the SAC ones.Finally,kernel density analysis revealed that regulation of industrial discharges is necessary to mitigate the HMW SPA and paraben contamination.
