Many effective optimization algorithms require partial derivatives of objective functions,while some optimization problems'objective functions have no derivatives.According to former research studies,some search d...Many effective optimization algorithms require partial derivatives of objective functions,while some optimization problems'objective functions have no derivatives.According to former research studies,some search directions are obtained using the quadratic hypothesis of objective functions.Based on derivatives,quadratic function assumptions,and directional derivatives,the computational formulas of numerical first-order partial derivatives,second-order partial derivatives,and numerical second-order mixed partial derivatives were constructed.Based on the coordinate transformation relation,a set of orthogonal vectors in the fixed coordinate system was established according to the optimization direction.A numerical algorithm was proposed,taking the second order approximation direction as an example.A large stepsize numerical algorithm based on coordinate transformation was proposed.Several algorithms were validated by an unconstrained optimization of the two-dimensional Rosenbrock objective function.The numerical second order approximation direction with the numerical mixed partial derivatives showed good results.Its calculated amount is 0.2843%of that of without second-order mixed partial derivative.In the process of rotating the local coordinate system 360°,because the objective function is more complex than the quadratic function,if the numerical direction derivative is used instead of the analytic partial derivative,the optimization direction varies with a range of 103.05°.Because theoretical error is in the numerical negative gradient direction,the calculation with the coordinate transformation is 94.71%less than the calculation without coordinate transformation.If there is no theoretical error in the numerical negative gradient direction or in the large-stepsize numerical optimization algorithm based on the coordinate transformation,the sawtooth phenomenon occurs.When each numerical mixed partial derivative takes more than one point,the optimization results cannot be improved.The numerical direction based on the quadratic hypothesis only requires the objective function to be obtained,but does not require derivability and does not take into account truncation error and rounding error.Thus,the application scopes of many optimization methods are extended.展开更多
It has been found that a large amount of students are not able to communicate fluently and lack self-confidence. Therefore, they lost interest in English. This paper first introduces Stephen Krashen's Input Hypoth...It has been found that a large amount of students are not able to communicate fluently and lack self-confidence. Therefore, they lost interest in English. This paper first introduces Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis. Through analyzing the influencing factors of oral English learning and the significance of reciting methods, the article explored the concrete reciting methods. I hope it will shed some light on the English teaching and learning practice.展开更多
In Bayesian multi-target fltering,knowledge of measurement noise variance is very important.Signifcant mismatches in noise parameters will result in biased estimates.In this paper,a new particle flter for a probabilit...In Bayesian multi-target fltering,knowledge of measurement noise variance is very important.Signifcant mismatches in noise parameters will result in biased estimates.In this paper,a new particle flter for a probability hypothesis density（PHD）flter handling unknown measurement noise variances is proposed.The approach is based on marginalizing the unknown parameters out of the posterior distribution by using variational Bayesian（VB）methods.Moreover,the sequential Monte Carlo method is used to approximate the posterior intensity considering non-linear and non-Gaussian conditions.Unlike other particle flters for this challenging class of PHD flters,the proposed method can adaptively learn the unknown and time-varying noise variances while fltering.Simulation results show that the proposed method improves estimation accuracy in terms of both the number of targets and their states.展开更多
Testing the equality of percentiles (quantiles) between populations is an effective method for robust, nonparametric comparison, especially when the distributions are asymmetric or irregularly shaped. Unlike global no...Testing the equality of percentiles (quantiles) between populations is an effective method for robust, nonparametric comparison, especially when the distributions are asymmetric or irregularly shaped. Unlike global nonparametric tests for homogeneity such as the Kolmogorv-Smirnov test, testing the equality of a set of percentiles (i.e., a percentile profile) yields an estimate of the location and extent of the differences between the populations along the entire domain. The Wald test using bootstrap estimates of variance of the order statistics provides a unified method for hypothesis testing of functions of the population percentiles. Simulation studies are conducted to show performance of the method under various scenarios and to give suggestions on its use. Several examples are given to illustrate some useful applications to real data.展开更多
In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic...In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions (<img src="Edit_5f13a4a5-abc6-4bc5-9e4c-4ff981627b2a.png" width="33" height="21" alt="" />) which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.展开更多
This paper discusses how college English teaching can be carried out based on the output-driven hypothesis. It consists of three sections. Section one briefly describes the views of the output-driven hypothesis with r...This paper discusses how college English teaching can be carried out based on the output-driven hypothesis. It consists of three sections. Section one briefly describes the views of the output-driven hypothesis with relevant theoretical explanations. Section two further illustrates how such teaching practice can be conducted in terms of the teaching objectives, teaching procedures, and methods, and assessment focuses. Section three points out the potential challenges faced by university English teachers when the hypothesis is tested展开更多
The use of Statistical Hypothesis Testing procedure to determine type I and type II errors was linked to the measurement of sensitivity and specificity in clinical trial test and experimental pathogen detection techni...The use of Statistical Hypothesis Testing procedure to determine type I and type II errors was linked to the measurement of sensitivity and specificity in clinical trial test and experimental pathogen detection techniques. A theoretical analysis of establishing these types of errors was made and compared to determination of False Positive, False Negative, True Positive and True Negative. Experimental laboratory detection methods used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. were used to highlight the relationship between hypothesis testing, sensitivity, specificity and predicted values. The study finds that, sensitivity and specificity for the two laboratory methods used for Cryptosporidium detection were low hence lowering the probability of detecting a “false null hypothesis” for the presence of cryptosporidium in the water samples using either Microscopic or PCR. Nevertheless, both procedures for cryptosporidium detection had higher “true negatives” increasing its probability of failing to reject a “true null hypothesis” with specificity of 1.00 for both Microscopic and PCR laboratory detection methods.展开更多
Based on the Boltzmann’s superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von K*-rm*-n’s hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of viscoelas...Based on the Boltzmann’s superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von K*-rm*-n’s hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of viscoelastic thin plates was given. By the Galerkin method in spatial domain, the original integro-partial-differential system could be transformed into an integral system. The latter further was reduced to a differential system by using the new method for temporal domain presented in this paper. Numerical results show that compared with the ordinary finite difference method, the new method in this paper is simpler to operate and has some advantages, such as, no storage and quicker computational speed etc.展开更多
With the continuous development of science and technology and other fields in today's world,statistical analysis and research have become indispensable research methods in people's daily lives.Among these,hypo...With the continuous development of science and technology and other fields in today's world,statistical analysis and research have become indispensable research methods in people's daily lives.Among these,hypothesis testing plays an important role in fields such as biology,medicine,and economics,and has significant effects in most scenarios.However,the suitability and effectiveness of different hypothesis testing methods vary depending on the context,often leading to different outcomes and levels of accuracy.This paper focuses on discussing various hypothesis testing methods in statistics,such as t-test,chi-square test,z-test,F-test,etc.In addition,this study analyzes various cases in real life and optimize and improve some hypothesis testing methods.Based on a review of existing literature,the study explores how traditional hypothesis testing determines statistical significance—where the null hypothesis is rejected if the test statistic falls within the rejection region.To improve and enhance the determination of the significance level,handle uncertainty,and increase the sample size,this paper proposes alternative methods such as NHST test,Bayesian test,big data sequential test,and failure rate hypothesis test from the perspectives of medicine and kinesiology.展开更多
Based on the Boltzmann's superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von Karman's hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of visco...Based on the Boltzmann's superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von Karman's hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of viscoelastic thin plates was given. By the Galerkin method in spatial domain, the original integro-partial-differential system could be transformed into an integral system. The latter further was reduced to a differential system by using the new method for temporal domain presented in this paper. Numerical results show that compared with the ordinary finite difference method, the new method in this paper is simpler to operate and has some advantages, such as, no storage and quicker computational speed etc.展开更多
Two basic hypothesises of Taylor-Galerkin Finite Element Method are studied in this paper. One of them which is unreasonable is redefined. The only hypothesis becomes the standpoint of Generalized Finite Element. We u...Two basic hypothesises of Taylor-Galerkin Finite Element Method are studied in this paper. One of them which is unreasonable is redefined. The only hypothesis becomes the standpoint of Generalized Finite Element. We use this idea to analysis stream function-vorticity equations with Modified Taylor-Galerkin Finite Element Method, and give the two-step solving method, which makes the solving process more reasonable than ever before. Several computational examples reveal that the results of this new method are satisfied.展开更多
Code defects can lead to software vulnerability and even produce vulnerability risks.Existing research shows that the code detection technology with text analysis can judge whether object-oriented code files are defec...Code defects can lead to software vulnerability and even produce vulnerability risks.Existing research shows that the code detection technology with text analysis can judge whether object-oriented code files are defective to some extent.However,these detection techniques are mainly based on text features and have weak detection capabilities across programs.Compared with the uncertainty of the code and text caused by the developer’s personalization,the programming language has a stricter logical specification,which reflects the rules and requirements of the language itself and the developer’s potential way of thinking.This article replaces text analysis with programming logic modeling,breaks through the limitation of code text analysis solely relying on the probability of sentence/word occurrence in the code,and proposes an object-oriented language programming logic construction method based on method constraint relationships,selecting features through hypothesis testing ideas,and construct support vector machine classifier to detect class files with defects and reduce the impact of personalized programming on detection methods.In the experiment,some representative Android applications were selected to test and compare the proposed methods.In terms of the accuracy of code defect detection,through cross validation,the proposed method and the existing leading methods all reach an average of more than 90%.In the aspect of cross program detection,the method proposed in this paper is superior to the other two leading methods in accuracy,recall and F1 value.展开更多
＂Monitor Model＂ explains the process and its situation from five different parts： the acquisition/learning,monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The Input Hypothesis, as one part of＂Monitor Model＂ ...＂Monitor Model＂ explains the process and its situation from five different parts： the acquisition/learning,monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The Input Hypothesis, as one part of＂Monitor Model＂ proposedby Stephen D. Krashen, suggests that the comprehensible input plays a key role in the language acquisition.Nowadays, the Input Hypothesis, with ＂i＋l＂ as its core proposal, influences Chinese foreign language teachingfrom various aspects. But there are also many disputes. In this paper, the author intends to elaborate on its maincontents, characteristics, influences on foreign language teaching, existing defects, and so on, aiming to achieve thegoal of reviewing of this theory and its influence in China.展开更多
基金supported in part by the Teaching Reform Research Foundation of Shengli College in China University of Petroleum(East China)(JG201725)the Natural Science Foundation Shandong Province of China(ZR2018PEE009)the Project of Science and Technology of Shandong Universities in China(J17KA044,J17KB061)。
文摘Many effective optimization algorithms require partial derivatives of objective functions,while some optimization problems'objective functions have no derivatives.According to former research studies,some search directions are obtained using the quadratic hypothesis of objective functions.Based on derivatives,quadratic function assumptions,and directional derivatives,the computational formulas of numerical first-order partial derivatives,second-order partial derivatives,and numerical second-order mixed partial derivatives were constructed.Based on the coordinate transformation relation,a set of orthogonal vectors in the fixed coordinate system was established according to the optimization direction.A numerical algorithm was proposed,taking the second order approximation direction as an example.A large stepsize numerical algorithm based on coordinate transformation was proposed.Several algorithms were validated by an unconstrained optimization of the two-dimensional Rosenbrock objective function.The numerical second order approximation direction with the numerical mixed partial derivatives showed good results.Its calculated amount is 0.2843%of that of without second-order mixed partial derivative.In the process of rotating the local coordinate system 360°,because the objective function is more complex than the quadratic function,if the numerical direction derivative is used instead of the analytic partial derivative,the optimization direction varies with a range of 103.05°.Because theoretical error is in the numerical negative gradient direction,the calculation with the coordinate transformation is 94.71%less than the calculation without coordinate transformation.If there is no theoretical error in the numerical negative gradient direction or in the large-stepsize numerical optimization algorithm based on the coordinate transformation,the sawtooth phenomenon occurs.When each numerical mixed partial derivative takes more than one point,the optimization results cannot be improved.The numerical direction based on the quadratic hypothesis only requires the objective function to be obtained,but does not require derivability and does not take into account truncation error and rounding error.Thus,the application scopes of many optimization methods are extended.
文摘It has been found that a large amount of students are not able to communicate fluently and lack self-confidence. Therefore, they lost interest in English. This paper first introduces Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis. Through analyzing the influencing factors of oral English learning and the significance of reciting methods, the article explored the concrete reciting methods. I hope it will shed some light on the English teaching and learning practice.
基金supported by National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2011AA7014061)
文摘In Bayesian multi-target fltering,knowledge of measurement noise variance is very important.Signifcant mismatches in noise parameters will result in biased estimates.In this paper,a new particle flter for a probability hypothesis density（PHD）flter handling unknown measurement noise variances is proposed.The approach is based on marginalizing the unknown parameters out of the posterior distribution by using variational Bayesian（VB）methods.Moreover,the sequential Monte Carlo method is used to approximate the posterior intensity considering non-linear and non-Gaussian conditions.Unlike other particle flters for this challenging class of PHD flters,the proposed method can adaptively learn the unknown and time-varying noise variances while fltering.Simulation results show that the proposed method improves estimation accuracy in terms of both the number of targets and their states.
文摘Testing the equality of percentiles (quantiles) between populations is an effective method for robust, nonparametric comparison, especially when the distributions are asymmetric or irregularly shaped. Unlike global nonparametric tests for homogeneity such as the Kolmogorv-Smirnov test, testing the equality of a set of percentiles (i.e., a percentile profile) yields an estimate of the location and extent of the differences between the populations along the entire domain. The Wald test using bootstrap estimates of variance of the order statistics provides a unified method for hypothesis testing of functions of the population percentiles. Simulation studies are conducted to show performance of the method under various scenarios and to give suggestions on its use. Several examples are given to illustrate some useful applications to real data.
文摘In this research we are going to define two new concepts: a) “The Potential of Events” (EP) and b) “The Catholic Information” (CI). The term CI derives from the ancient Greek language and declares all the Catholic (general) Logical Propositions (<img src="Edit_5f13a4a5-abc6-4bc5-9e4c-4ff981627b2a.png" width="33" height="21" alt="" />) which will true for every element of a set A. We will study the Riemann Hypothesis in two stages: a) By using the EP we will prove that the distribution of events e (even) and o (odd) of Square Free Numbers (SFN) on the axis Ax(N) of naturals is Heads-Tails (H-T) type. b) By using the CI we will explain the way that the distribution of prime numbers can be correlated with the non-trivial zeros of the function ζ(s) of Riemann. The Introduction and the Chapter 2 are necessary for understanding the solution. In the Chapter 3 we will present a simple method of forecasting in many very useful applications (e.g. financial, technological, medical, social, etc) developing a generalization of this new, proven here, theory which we finally apply to the solution of RH. The following Introduction as well the Results with the Discussion at the end shed light about the possibility of the proof of all the above. The article consists of 9 chapters that are numbered by 1, 2, …, 9.
文摘This paper discusses how college English teaching can be carried out based on the output-driven hypothesis. It consists of three sections. Section one briefly describes the views of the output-driven hypothesis with relevant theoretical explanations. Section two further illustrates how such teaching practice can be conducted in terms of the teaching objectives, teaching procedures, and methods, and assessment focuses. Section three points out the potential challenges faced by university English teachers when the hypothesis is tested
文摘The use of Statistical Hypothesis Testing procedure to determine type I and type II errors was linked to the measurement of sensitivity and specificity in clinical trial test and experimental pathogen detection techniques. A theoretical analysis of establishing these types of errors was made and compared to determination of False Positive, False Negative, True Positive and True Negative. Experimental laboratory detection methods used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. were used to highlight the relationship between hypothesis testing, sensitivity, specificity and predicted values. The study finds that, sensitivity and specificity for the two laboratory methods used for Cryptosporidium detection were low hence lowering the probability of detecting a “false null hypothesis” for the presence of cryptosporidium in the water samples using either Microscopic or PCR. Nevertheless, both procedures for cryptosporidium detection had higher “true negatives” increasing its probability of failing to reject a “true null hypothesis” with specificity of 1.00 for both Microscopic and PCR laboratory detection methods.
文摘Based on the Boltzmann’s superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von K*-rm*-n’s hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of viscoelastic thin plates was given. By the Galerkin method in spatial domain, the original integro-partial-differential system could be transformed into an integral system. The latter further was reduced to a differential system by using the new method for temporal domain presented in this paper. Numerical results show that compared with the ordinary finite difference method, the new method in this paper is simpler to operate and has some advantages, such as, no storage and quicker computational speed etc.
文摘With the continuous development of science and technology and other fields in today's world,statistical analysis and research have become indispensable research methods in people's daily lives.Among these,hypothesis testing plays an important role in fields such as biology,medicine,and economics,and has significant effects in most scenarios.However,the suitability and effectiveness of different hypothesis testing methods vary depending on the context,often leading to different outcomes and levels of accuracy.This paper focuses on discussing various hypothesis testing methods in statistics,such as t-test,chi-square test,z-test,F-test,etc.In addition,this study analyzes various cases in real life and optimize and improve some hypothesis testing methods.Based on a review of existing literature,the study explores how traditional hypothesis testing determines statistical significance—where the null hypothesis is rejected if the test statistic falls within the rejection region.To improve and enhance the determination of the significance level,handle uncertainty,and increase the sample size,this paper proposes alternative methods such as NHST test,Bayesian test,big data sequential test,and failure rate hypothesis test from the perspectives of medicine and kinesiology.
文摘Based on the Boltzmann's superposition principles of linear viscoelastic materials and the von Karman's hypotheses of thin plates with large deflections, a mathematical model for quasi-static problems of viscoelastic thin plates was given. By the Galerkin method in spatial domain, the original integro-partial-differential system could be transformed into an integral system. The latter further was reduced to a differential system by using the new method for temporal domain presented in this paper. Numerical results show that compared with the ordinary finite difference method, the new method in this paper is simpler to operate and has some advantages, such as, no storage and quicker computational speed etc.
文摘Two basic hypothesises of Taylor-Galerkin Finite Element Method are studied in this paper. One of them which is unreasonable is redefined. The only hypothesis becomes the standpoint of Generalized Finite Element. We use this idea to analysis stream function-vorticity equations with Modified Taylor-Galerkin Finite Element Method, and give the two-step solving method, which makes the solving process more reasonable than ever before. Several computational examples reveal that the results of this new method are satisfied.
基金This work was supported by National Key RD Program of China under Grant 2017YFB0802901.
文摘Code defects can lead to software vulnerability and even produce vulnerability risks.Existing research shows that the code detection technology with text analysis can judge whether object-oriented code files are defective to some extent.However,these detection techniques are mainly based on text features and have weak detection capabilities across programs.Compared with the uncertainty of the code and text caused by the developer’s personalization,the programming language has a stricter logical specification,which reflects the rules and requirements of the language itself and the developer’s potential way of thinking.This article replaces text analysis with programming logic modeling,breaks through the limitation of code text analysis solely relying on the probability of sentence/word occurrence in the code,and proposes an object-oriented language programming logic construction method based on method constraint relationships,selecting features through hypothesis testing ideas,and construct support vector machine classifier to detect class files with defects and reduce the impact of personalized programming on detection methods.In the experiment,some representative Android applications were selected to test and compare the proposed methods.In terms of the accuracy of code defect detection,through cross validation,the proposed method and the existing leading methods all reach an average of more than 90%.In the aspect of cross program detection,the method proposed in this paper is superior to the other two leading methods in accuracy,recall and F1 value.
文摘＂Monitor Model＂ explains the process and its situation from five different parts： the acquisition/learning,monitor, natural order, input, and affective filter. The Input Hypothesis, as one part of＂Monitor Model＂ proposedby Stephen D. Krashen, suggests that the comprehensible input plays a key role in the language acquisition.Nowadays, the Input Hypothesis, with ＂i＋l＂ as its core proposal, influences Chinese foreign language teachingfrom various aspects. But there are also many disputes. In this paper, the author intends to elaborate on its maincontents, characteristics, influences on foreign language teaching, existing defects, and so on, aiming to achieve thegoal of reviewing of this theory and its influence in China.
