The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmu...The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmust be tailored to meet the dynamic needs of enterprises. However, internal research and development can beprohibitively expensive, driving many enterprises to outsource software development and upgrades to externalservice providers. This paper presents a software upgrade outsourcing model for enterprises and service providersthat accounts for the impact of market fluctuations on software adaptability. To mitigate the risk of adverseselection due to asymmetric information about the service provider’s cost and asymmetric information aboutthe enterprise’s revenues, we propose pay-per-time and revenue-sharing contracts in two distinct informationasymmetry scenarios. These two contracts specify the time and transfer payments for software upgrades. Througha comparative analysis of the optimal solutions under the two contracts and centralized decision-making withfull-information, we examine the characteristics of the solutions under two information asymmetry scenarios andanalyze the incentive effects of the two contracts on the various stakeholders. Overall, our study offers valuableinsights for firms seeking to optimize their outsourcing strategies and maximize their returns on investment insoftware upgrades.展开更多
Under the condition of asymmetric information,the Spence 's Job Market Signaling Model is generally applied to inspect the design capability of a designer and his labor and efforts to be invested; however,since th...Under the condition of asymmetric information,the Spence 's Job Market Signaling Model is generally applied to inspect the design capability of a designer and his labor and efforts to be invested; however,since the"prior probability"and "posterior probability"have great uncertainties,the practical effect of this model is poor. On the basis of analyzing reverse selection questions,this paper provides a design capability screening model,which can make a designer automatically expose his hidden information so that necessary actions can be taken as required by the owner to realize risk sharing. A calculation example is finally given to demonstrate that the new model is helpful for an owner to select a designer with high professional level and to lead the designer to work hard,so it is of significant application value.展开更多
Since the advantages of simple preparation,low-priced,environmental friendliness,and high absorption capacity,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are considered to have eminent application potential in terms of SO_(2) absorpt...Since the advantages of simple preparation,low-priced,environmental friendliness,and high absorption capacity,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are considered to have eminent application potential in terms of SO_(2) absorption.However,the absorption rate,selectivity,and reversibility of DESs urgently need to be further improved to meet the requirements of industrialization.In this work,five purine-based DESs were designed and synthesized through the use of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(EmimCl)as hydrogen bond acceptors(HBAs)plus 6-aminopurine(6-AmP),6-hydroxypurine(6-HoP),and 6-chloropurine(6-ChP)as hydrogen bond donors(HBDs),respectively.The results indicated that the optimal molar ratio of HBAs to HBDs is 7:1,and the absorption capacity of EmimCl + 6-AmP-7 can reach up to 18.118 mol/kg,at 298.15 K and 1.0 bar.Notably,the present purine-based DESs not only achieve gas-liquid equilibrium within 40 s,but also exhibit outstanding reversibility(absorb-desorb more than 30 times)and remarkable selectivity of SO_(2)/CO_(2).Furthermore,a reaction equilibrium thermodynamic model(RETM)equation was employed to investigate the absorption behavior by combining the absorption data under different SO_(2) partial pressures and temperatures.Finally,Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were conducted to explore further the formation and SO_(2) absorption mechanism of purine-based DESs.It is revealed that the former is mainly hydrogen bonding interaction among HBAs and HBDs,and the latter is mainly Lewis acid-base interaction plus strong charge-transfer interaction among DESs and SO_(2).Based on the obtained data,it could be confirmed that the SO_(2) absorption includes both physical and chemical absorption.展开更多
文摘The advent of Industry 4.0 has compelled businesses to adopt digital approaches that combine software toenhance production efficiency. In this rapidly evolving market, software development is an ongoing process thatmust be tailored to meet the dynamic needs of enterprises. However, internal research and development can beprohibitively expensive, driving many enterprises to outsource software development and upgrades to externalservice providers. This paper presents a software upgrade outsourcing model for enterprises and service providersthat accounts for the impact of market fluctuations on software adaptability. To mitigate the risk of adverseselection due to asymmetric information about the service provider’s cost and asymmetric information aboutthe enterprise’s revenues, we propose pay-per-time and revenue-sharing contracts in two distinct informationasymmetry scenarios. These two contracts specify the time and transfer payments for software upgrades. Througha comparative analysis of the optimal solutions under the two contracts and centralized decision-making withfull-information, we examine the characteristics of the solutions under two information asymmetry scenarios andanalyze the incentive effects of the two contracts on the various stakeholders. Overall, our study offers valuableinsights for firms seeking to optimize their outsourcing strategies and maximize their returns on investment insoftware upgrades.
基金Sponsored by State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science,Autonomous Research Topics(Grant No.x2tjc7100870)
文摘Under the condition of asymmetric information,the Spence 's Job Market Signaling Model is generally applied to inspect the design capability of a designer and his labor and efforts to be invested; however,since the"prior probability"and "posterior probability"have great uncertainties,the practical effect of this model is poor. On the basis of analyzing reverse selection questions,this paper provides a design capability screening model,which can make a designer automatically expose his hidden information so that necessary actions can be taken as required by the owner to realize risk sharing. A calculation example is finally given to demonstrate that the new model is helpful for an owner to select a designer with high professional level and to lead the designer to work hard,so it is of significant application value.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22425808,22178154,and 22108105)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(Nos.2462024XKBH001,ZX20220042,and ZX20220044).
文摘Since the advantages of simple preparation,low-priced,environmental friendliness,and high absorption capacity,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are considered to have eminent application potential in terms of SO_(2) absorption.However,the absorption rate,selectivity,and reversibility of DESs urgently need to be further improved to meet the requirements of industrialization.In this work,five purine-based DESs were designed and synthesized through the use of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(EmimCl)as hydrogen bond acceptors(HBAs)plus 6-aminopurine(6-AmP),6-hydroxypurine(6-HoP),and 6-chloropurine(6-ChP)as hydrogen bond donors(HBDs),respectively.The results indicated that the optimal molar ratio of HBAs to HBDs is 7:1,and the absorption capacity of EmimCl + 6-AmP-7 can reach up to 18.118 mol/kg,at 298.15 K and 1.0 bar.Notably,the present purine-based DESs not only achieve gas-liquid equilibrium within 40 s,but also exhibit outstanding reversibility(absorb-desorb more than 30 times)and remarkable selectivity of SO_(2)/CO_(2).Furthermore,a reaction equilibrium thermodynamic model(RETM)equation was employed to investigate the absorption behavior by combining the absorption data under different SO_(2) partial pressures and temperatures.Finally,Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were conducted to explore further the formation and SO_(2) absorption mechanism of purine-based DESs.It is revealed that the former is mainly hydrogen bonding interaction among HBAs and HBDs,and the latter is mainly Lewis acid-base interaction plus strong charge-transfer interaction among DESs and SO_(2).Based on the obtained data,it could be confirmed that the SO_(2) absorption includes both physical and chemical absorption.
