In recent years, Senegal has been confronted with increasingly frequent and damaging extreme events. In the context of climate change, we conducted this study to characterize the trends of rainfall extremes in Senegal...In recent years, Senegal has been confronted with increasingly frequent and damaging extreme events. In the context of climate change, we conducted this study to characterize the trends of rainfall extremes in Senegal. In this work, we used daily rainfall data from 27 stations in Senegal from the period 1951 to 2005 (55 years). To study their linear trends, non-stationary extreme value models with time as a covariate are fitted to evaluate them. Our results indicate a decreasing trend of extreme rainfalls at most of the stations except for 5 stations. However, the decreasing trends are only significant for two stations (Thiès and Kidira), however, this can only be taken as information that climate change may have already impacted extreme rainfalls. For the 20-year and 30-year return periods, the results show that they have undergone changes, in fact for almost all stations, the trends in return periods are decreasing.展开更多
The return level of the joint distribution of flood levels and flood peak discharges was analyzed by Archimedean Gumbel-Hougaard copula and Kendall distribution functions.Using the annual maximum level(H)and discharge...The return level of the joint distribution of flood levels and flood peak discharges was analyzed by Archimedean Gumbel-Hougaard copula and Kendall distribution functions.Using the annual maximum level(H)and discharge(Q)of flood peak at Boluo Hydrologic Station in the Dongjiang River in last 56 years,the"OR"return period,"AND"return period and Kendall return period of their joint distribution and the most likely design flood value were calculated.The main conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows:the Kendall return period can more accurately reflect the risk rate of the combination of flood elements,relative to"OR"return period and"AND"return period.The design value of univariate flood element based on the current specification can meet the design standard.While the design value calculated according to"OR"return period was on the high side,and the design value calculated by the"AND"return period was on low side.Based on the principle of maximum probability,the calculated design value of Kendall return period under the different combinations of flood peak discharge and water level can provide new options for flood control project safety and risk management.展开更多
The reliability and high performance of metadata service is crucial to the store architecture. A novel design of a two-level metadata server file system （TTMFS） is presented, which behaves high reliability and perfo...The reliability and high performance of metadata service is crucial to the store architecture. A novel design of a two-level metadata server file system （TTMFS） is presented, which behaves high reliability and performance. The merits both centralized management and distributed management are considered simultaneously in our design. In this file system, the advanced-metadata server is responsible for manage directory metadata and the whole namespace. The double-metadata server is responsible for maintaining file metadata. And this paper uses the Markov return model to analyze the reliability of the two-level metadata server. The experiment data indicates that the design can provide high throughput.展开更多
文摘In recent years, Senegal has been confronted with increasingly frequent and damaging extreme events. In the context of climate change, we conducted this study to characterize the trends of rainfall extremes in Senegal. In this work, we used daily rainfall data from 27 stations in Senegal from the period 1951 to 2005 (55 years). To study their linear trends, non-stationary extreme value models with time as a covariate are fitted to evaluate them. Our results indicate a decreasing trend of extreme rainfalls at most of the stations except for 5 stations. However, the decreasing trends are only significant for two stations (Thiès and Kidira), however, this can only be taken as information that climate change may have already impacted extreme rainfalls. For the 20-year and 30-year return periods, the results show that they have undergone changes, in fact for almost all stations, the trends in return periods are decreasing.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371498)Young Talents Innovation Project of Guangdong Education Department(6020210026K)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Funding Program(6020271006K)Innovation Project of Shenzhen Polychenic in 2019(cxgc2019c0005).
文摘The return level of the joint distribution of flood levels and flood peak discharges was analyzed by Archimedean Gumbel-Hougaard copula and Kendall distribution functions.Using the annual maximum level(H)and discharge(Q)of flood peak at Boluo Hydrologic Station in the Dongjiang River in last 56 years,the"OR"return period,"AND"return period and Kendall return period of their joint distribution and the most likely design flood value were calculated.The main conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows:the Kendall return period can more accurately reflect the risk rate of the combination of flood elements,relative to"OR"return period and"AND"return period.The design value of univariate flood element based on the current specification can meet the design standard.While the design value calculated according to"OR"return period was on the high side,and the design value calculated by the"AND"return period was on low side.Based on the principle of maximum probability,the calculated design value of Kendall return period under the different combinations of flood peak discharge and water level can provide new options for flood control project safety and risk management.
基金Supported by the Industrialized Foundation ofHebei Province (F020501)
文摘The reliability and high performance of metadata service is crucial to the store architecture. A novel design of a two-level metadata server file system （TTMFS） is presented, which behaves high reliability and performance. The merits both centralized management and distributed management are considered simultaneously in our design. In this file system, the advanced-metadata server is responsible for manage directory metadata and the whole namespace. The double-metadata server is responsible for maintaining file metadata. And this paper uses the Markov return model to analyze the reliability of the two-level metadata server. The experiment data indicates that the design can provide high throughput.
