Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate...Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate the anti-retrogradation effects of semi-dry rice noodles during cold storage.Loss of water content,migration of water,and increase in relative crystallinity,retrogradation enthalpy,and hardness could be retarded by adding chemically modified starches,especially hydroxypropyl starches.The effect of hydroxypropyl starch addition levels(2%,4%,6%,8%,and 10%)on the properties of rice flour and the edible quality of semi-dry rice noodles was further evaluated.The water solubility index of rice flour decreased with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch,while the swelling power showed the opposite trend.The quality of semi-dry rice noodles were improved with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch.Compared to the control,semi-dried rice noodles with 8%hydroxypropyl starch possessed superior properties,i.e.lower cooking loss(decreasing from 12.89%to 6.62%),lower adhesiveness(decreasing from 5.40 to 4.31 g·s),and higher hardness(rising from 10.89 to 13.81 N).These findings demonstrated that the incorporation of hydroxypropyl starch is a promising strategy for the preparation of semi-dry rice noodles with satisfactory cooking and edible qualities as well as a long shelf life.展开更多
Starch retrogradation is a primary contributor to the staling of bread.The impact of the surfactant glyceryl monostearate(GMS)on the structure and retrogradation characteristics of wheat starch gels was explored durin...Starch retrogradation is a primary contributor to the staling of bread.The impact of the surfactant glyceryl monostearate(GMS)on the structure and retrogradation characteristics of wheat starch gels was explored during storage at 4℃ for 2 h and 5 d.In this research,the incorporation of GMS(0.14%,W/W,based on flour weight)significantly reduced the crumb firmness(P<0.05).Molecular dynamics simulation vividly demonstrated the formation process of the single-helical amylose-GMS complex within 150 ns during the short-term retrogradation process of cooling the gelatinized starch for 2 h.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that GMS slightly decreased the relative crystallinity of starch from 8.9%to 7.8%during long-term retrogradation.The reduction in R1047/1022 detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that GMS could reduce the degree of retrogradation.Solid-state ^(13)C NMR analysis showed a characteristic resonance peak at 31.7 ppm for the GMSstarch complex.This study indicates that GMS holds great application potential in retarding starch retrogradation.展开更多
目的评估不同剂量甘露醇喷洒于十二指肠乳头局部,预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2020年1月-2024年10月该院消化内科收治的138例成功完成ERCP的患者的临床资料。根据手术结束前喷洒不同剂量...目的评估不同剂量甘露醇喷洒于十二指肠乳头局部,预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2020年1月-2024年10月该院消化内科收治的138例成功完成ERCP的患者的临床资料。根据手术结束前喷洒不同剂量甘露醇,将患者分为4组:D1组(33例)喷洒20 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,D2组(37例)喷洒60 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,D3组(33例)喷洒100 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,C组(对照组,35例)未喷洒任何液体。比较4组患者术前12 h、术后12 h、术后24 h和术后48 h的白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和淀粉酶(AMS)水平变化情况;评估4组患者术后高淀粉酶血症(PEHA)和术后胰腺炎(PEP)的发生率,以及不良反应发生情况。结果术前12 h,4组间WBC、CRP和AMS水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12、24和48 h,D2组和D3组同时点WBC、CRP和AMS水平明显低于C组和D1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组与D3组、C组与D1组同时点组间WBC、CRP和AMS水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,D2组和D3组PEHA发生率分别为:21.6%(8/37)和18.2%(6/33),明显低于C组的48.6%(17/35)和D1组的45.5%(15/33),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组和D3组PEP发生率分别为:2.7%(1/37)和3.0%(1/33),低于C组的11.4%(4/35)和D1组的9.1%(3/33),但4组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,D3组不良反应总发生率为45.5%(15/33),明显高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组不良反应总发生率为8.1%(3/37),但与C组和D1组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ERCP结束前于十二指肠乳头局部喷洒甘露醇60和100 mL,均能明显降低患者术后WBC、CRP、AMS水平和PEHA发生率,且对PEP具有一定的预防作用,而60 mL为更优剂量选择,不良反应少,且安全性高。展开更多
This letter reports a gravitational redshift measurement experiment using a satellite-based compact passive hydrogen maser(PHM)in a lunar distant retrograde orbit(DRO).In March 2024,the Chinese Academy of Sciences lau...This letter reports a gravitational redshift measurement experiment using a satellite-based compact passive hydrogen maser(PHM)in a lunar distant retrograde orbit(DRO).In March 2024,the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the DRO-A/B twin satellites,which entered a DRO in July 2024.This orbit has a geocentric distance of approximately 300,000–450,000 kilometers and a 2:1 resonance ratio.Employing microwave dual one-way ranging(DOWR),satellite-ground time-frequency comparisons were successfully achieved in April 2025 using the PHM aboard the DRO-A satellite.This study validated the in-orbit performance of the compact PHM and supported tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle.The gravitational redshift measurement result is(8.74±4.17)×10^(−3).As the world’s first fundamental physics experiment to deploy PHMs in a lunar DRO,this study provides significant new engineering approaches for testing gravitational theories in cislunar space.展开更多
BACKGROUND Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(PEP)is a prevalent and potentially serious complication in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.AIM To comprehe...BACKGROUND Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(PEP)is a prevalent and potentially serious complication in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.AIM To comprehensively assess the efficacy of indomethacin therapy in reducing PEP risk.METHODS We searched PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,and Cochrane Library databases to identify randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that compared rectal indomethacin with a control group to prevent PEP.Duplicates were removed,and studies were included based on the established inclusion criteria.We used the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool to assess the risk of bias in the RCTs.A random-effects model was applied to produce pooled risk ratios(RRs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS We included a total of 30 RCTs involving 16977 patients.Compared to the control group,rectal indomethacin showed comparable rates of overall PEP(PEP;RR=0.85,95%CI:0.69-1.04,I2=79%)with no statistically significant difference of RR in mild(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.74-1.14),moderate(RR=0.78,95%CI:0.59-1.02),or severe PEP(RR=1.12,95%CI:0.75-1.67).There was also no difference in cases of adverse events(RR=0.97,95%CI:0.69-1.35),abdominal pain(RR=1.14,95%CI:0.80-1.62),bleeding(RR=1.07,95%CI:0.70-1.63),or mortality(RR=0.86,95%CI:0.56-1.33)between the two groups.Subgroup analyses were also performed.CONCLUSION Rectal indomethacin appears to be safe and may offer benefit in selected high-risk patients,though findings should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity.展开更多
Aging is characterized by a decreased autophagic activity contributing to the intracellular deposition of damaged organelles and macromolecules.Autophagy is particularly challenging in neurons since autophagic vesicle...Aging is characterized by a decreased autophagic activity contributing to the intracellular deposition of damaged organelles and macromolecules.Autophagy is particularly challenging in neurons since autophagic vesicles are formed at the axonal tip and must be transported to the soma where final degradation occurs.Here,we examined if axonal transport of autophagic vesicles is altered during aging.We employed two-photon microscopy for in vivo imaging in the optic nerve of young and aged rats.In old animals(>18 months old),retrograde autophagic vesicle transport was significantly reduced with regard to motility and velocity.While activation of autophagy was decreased,expression of key proteins of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway including p62 and procathepsin D and the number of autophagolysosomes was increased.Maturation of autophagic vesicles was shifted to more distal regions of the axon and axonal lysosomal clearing was impaired.In a pull-down assay,the protein binding between dynein and dynactin was decreased by half,which could explain the retrograde axonal transport effects.Taken together,retrograde axonal autophagic vesicle transport in vivo is diminished during aging accompanied by decreased autophagy activation,alterations of the lysosomal pathway,and a reduced dynein-dynactin binding.展开更多
To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles ar...To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles are different,and the importance of these potential differences.In the present study,we used a three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organ-compatible multi-tracer technique to explore the spatial distribution patterns of sensory and sympathetic neurons that innervate limb muscles.We integrated transcriptome sequencing datasets from mouse limb muscles in public databases and performed correlation analysis with neuronal spatial distribution data to reveal the unique effects of different types of neurons on muscle functional pathways.In terms of spatial distribution patterns,sympathetic neurons exhibited a more concentrated distribution than sensory and motor neurons.In addition,the neuronal innervation of limb muscles exhibited four different characteristics:sympathetic neuron-rich muscle,sensory neuron-rich muscle,neuron-sparse muscle,and motor neuron-rich muscle.Sensory neuron density was mainly associated with muscle contractile structure and cell pH,whereas sympathetic neuron density was associated with protein kinase activity,muscle vasculature,muscle calcium-dependent protein kinase activity,lipid transport,and vesicle release.Motor neuron density was mainly associated with protein kinase activity,cell adhesion,oxidoreductase activity,and exocytosis.These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of how nerves cooperate to endow muscles with diverse physiological functions,thereby providing new insights and experimental evidence for the treatment of various neuromuscular diseases.展开更多
Background:Biliary stent placement during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is important for drainage in common bile duct(CBD)strictures,while the stent length is associated with many stent-related c...Background:Biliary stent placement during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is important for drainage in common bile duct(CBD)strictures,while the stent length is associated with many stent-related complications.We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence(AI)model for stent length selection during ERCP.Methods:Images of the patients who underwent ERCP and were diagnosed with CBD strictures were collected.Training involved identifying and delineating the duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire,calculating the pixel distance of the target guidewire and determining the required biliary stent length based on the diameter of the duodenoscope.The performance of the model,accuracy for length calculation and the assistance for endoscopists were validated using the testing set.Results:A total of 794 images from 431 patients were included and data augmentation was conducted.The mean intersection over union(mIoU)for duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire were 90.46%,84.79%and 84.64%,respectively.The accuracy in identifying the strictures was 97.58%(121/124).The accuracy for stent length calculation achieved 85.95%(104/121)with an error margin of±1 cm.The mean absolute error(MAE)and mean relative error(MRE)of the AI model was 0.81 cm and 0.13,respectively.The AI model could reduce approximately 202 mGycm^(2)of the radiation exposure for each patient.It significantly improved both MAE and MRE for less experienced endoscopists(P=0.01 and P=0.02,respectively).Conclusions:The AI model could accurately identify duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire,enabling accurate strictures identification and stent length selection.展开更多
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy remains a challenging field in therapeutic endoscopy due to the complex anatomical reconstructions that limit access to t...Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy remains a challenging field in therapeutic endoscopy due to the complex anatomical reconstructions that limit access to the biliary tree.Over the past two decades,device-assisted enteroscopy(DAE),including singleballoon,double-balloon,and motorized spiral enteroscopy,has expanded the feasibility of ERCP in this population,with overall technical success rates generally reported between 70%and 90%.Nevertheless,these techniques are technically demanding,time-consuming,and frequently affected by limited reach and unstable positioning.More recently,interventional endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided procedures have emerged as highly effective alternatives,significantly improving clinical outcomes in selected patients,particularly in those with long-limb Roux-en-Y reconstructions where conventional methods are less effective.Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage continues to represent a valuable salvage option when endoscopic approaches fail,though it is associated with a greater burden of reinterventions and adverse events.This minireview provides a comprehensive overview of the main endoscopic strategies for biliary drainage in altered anatomy,focusing on technical considerations,efficacy,and safety profiles of DAE-assisted ERCP,EUS-guided interventions,and motorized systems.The evolving landscape of biliary drainage in this setting highlights the need for tailored treatment strategies,multidisciplinary collaboration,referral to high-volume centers,and further prospective studies to refine patient selection and optimize clinical outcomes.展开更多
Avulsion injury of one or more spinal ventral roots induces a critical loss of motoneurons,followed by irreversible locomotor function impairment ranging from inadequate limb movement to complete paralysis of the limb...Avulsion injury of one or more spinal ventral roots induces a critical loss of motoneurons,followed by irreversible locomotor function impairment ranging from inadequate limb movement to complete paralysis of the limb.Recent surgical techniques facilitate improvement of limb function,but it remains to be determined exactly how many motoneurons are needed to survive and grow new axons to achieve sufficient muscle reinnervation.The aim of this study was to determine the minimum motoneuron quantity required to reinnervate the denervated skeletal muscles of the limb and produce a functionally satisfactory locomotor pattern.Since none of the commercially available methods and equipment were able to provide a quantifiable and in-depth analysis of the motor pattern of the entire hind limb,we have developed and applied a sensitive movement recording and analyzing system in order to determine the threshold of satisfactory functional reinnervation;we combined video-based footprint analysis and hind limb motion analysis to achieve a new and reliable assessment.Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a lumbar 4-5 ventral root avulsion,and their L4 ventral roots were subsequently reimplanted.The animals received different doses of riluzole treatment in order to rescue incremental numbers of the damaged motoneuron pool.We were able to assess one rear-view and six lateral parameters of the hind limb movement pattern by measuring specific joint angles,footprint,and gait parameters in single video frames.Four months after the operation,we performed Fast Blue retrograde tracing to label and count the reinnervating motoneurons.We then compared the numbers of reinnervating motoneurons and the functional improvement.Our results confirmed a strong relationship between functional restoration of the original movement pattern and morphological reinnervation;approximately 30%of the original motor pool was able to produce a useful locomotor pattern.We believe that our knowledge of the minimal motoneuron numbers required to reinnervate target muscles may help plan the segmental redistribution of the motoneuron pools for reinnervation surgeries.展开更多
基金funded by the fund of national natural science foundation of China(32101996,32160530)the training plan for academic and technical leaders of major disciplines in Jiangxi province(20232BCJ23024)+1 种基金the key research and development program of Jiangxi province(20232BBF60023)“Shuangqian Project”of Jiangxi Province(jxsq2023201042)。
文摘Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate the anti-retrogradation effects of semi-dry rice noodles during cold storage.Loss of water content,migration of water,and increase in relative crystallinity,retrogradation enthalpy,and hardness could be retarded by adding chemically modified starches,especially hydroxypropyl starches.The effect of hydroxypropyl starch addition levels(2%,4%,6%,8%,and 10%)on the properties of rice flour and the edible quality of semi-dry rice noodles was further evaluated.The water solubility index of rice flour decreased with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch,while the swelling power showed the opposite trend.The quality of semi-dry rice noodles were improved with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch.Compared to the control,semi-dried rice noodles with 8%hydroxypropyl starch possessed superior properties,i.e.lower cooking loss(decreasing from 12.89%to 6.62%),lower adhesiveness(decreasing from 5.40 to 4.31 g·s),and higher hardness(rising from 10.89 to 13.81 N).These findings demonstrated that the incorporation of hydroxypropyl starch is a promising strategy for the preparation of semi-dry rice noodles with satisfactory cooking and edible qualities as well as a long shelf life.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ23C200003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202076)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Project No.ZR2023QC083).
文摘Starch retrogradation is a primary contributor to the staling of bread.The impact of the surfactant glyceryl monostearate(GMS)on the structure and retrogradation characteristics of wheat starch gels was explored during storage at 4℃ for 2 h and 5 d.In this research,the incorporation of GMS(0.14%,W/W,based on flour weight)significantly reduced the crumb firmness(P<0.05).Molecular dynamics simulation vividly demonstrated the formation process of the single-helical amylose-GMS complex within 150 ns during the short-term retrogradation process of cooling the gelatinized starch for 2 h.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that GMS slightly decreased the relative crystallinity of starch from 8.9%to 7.8%during long-term retrogradation.The reduction in R1047/1022 detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that GMS could reduce the degree of retrogradation.Solid-state ^(13)C NMR analysis showed a characteristic resonance peak at 31.7 ppm for the GMSstarch complex.This study indicates that GMS holds great application potential in retarding starch retrogradation.
文摘目的评估不同剂量甘露醇喷洒于十二指肠乳头局部,预防内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)后胰腺炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2020年1月-2024年10月该院消化内科收治的138例成功完成ERCP的患者的临床资料。根据手术结束前喷洒不同剂量甘露醇,将患者分为4组:D1组(33例)喷洒20 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,D2组(37例)喷洒60 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,D3组(33例)喷洒100 mL 20%甘露醇溶液,C组(对照组,35例)未喷洒任何液体。比较4组患者术前12 h、术后12 h、术后24 h和术后48 h的白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和淀粉酶(AMS)水平变化情况;评估4组患者术后高淀粉酶血症(PEHA)和术后胰腺炎(PEP)的发生率,以及不良反应发生情况。结果术前12 h,4组间WBC、CRP和AMS水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后12、24和48 h,D2组和D3组同时点WBC、CRP和AMS水平明显低于C组和D1组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组与D3组、C组与D1组同时点组间WBC、CRP和AMS水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,D2组和D3组PEHA发生率分别为:21.6%(8/37)和18.2%(6/33),明显低于C组的48.6%(17/35)和D1组的45.5%(15/33),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组和D3组PEP发生率分别为:2.7%(1/37)和3.0%(1/33),低于C组的11.4%(4/35)和D1组的9.1%(3/33),但4组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后,D3组不良反应总发生率为45.5%(15/33),明显高于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);D2组不良反应总发生率为8.1%(3/37),但与C组和D1组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ERCP结束前于十二指肠乳头局部喷洒甘露醇60和100 mL,均能明显降低患者术后WBC、CRP、AMS水平和PEHA发生率,且对PEP具有一定的预防作用,而60 mL为更优剂量选择,不良反应少,且安全性高。
文摘This letter reports a gravitational redshift measurement experiment using a satellite-based compact passive hydrogen maser(PHM)in a lunar distant retrograde orbit(DRO).In March 2024,the Chinese Academy of Sciences launched the DRO-A/B twin satellites,which entered a DRO in July 2024.This orbit has a geocentric distance of approximately 300,000–450,000 kilometers and a 2:1 resonance ratio.Employing microwave dual one-way ranging(DOWR),satellite-ground time-frequency comparisons were successfully achieved in April 2025 using the PHM aboard the DRO-A satellite.This study validated the in-orbit performance of the compact PHM and supported tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle.The gravitational redshift measurement result is(8.74±4.17)×10^(−3).As the world’s first fundamental physics experiment to deploy PHMs in a lunar DRO,this study provides significant new engineering approaches for testing gravitational theories in cislunar space.
文摘BACKGROUND Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis(PEP)is a prevalent and potentially serious complication in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.AIM To comprehensively assess the efficacy of indomethacin therapy in reducing PEP risk.METHODS We searched PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,and Cochrane Library databases to identify randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that compared rectal indomethacin with a control group to prevent PEP.Duplicates were removed,and studies were included based on the established inclusion criteria.We used the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool to assess the risk of bias in the RCTs.A random-effects model was applied to produce pooled risk ratios(RRs)with 95%confidence intervals(CIs).RESULTS We included a total of 30 RCTs involving 16977 patients.Compared to the control group,rectal indomethacin showed comparable rates of overall PEP(PEP;RR=0.85,95%CI:0.69-1.04,I2=79%)with no statistically significant difference of RR in mild(RR=0.92,95%CI:0.74-1.14),moderate(RR=0.78,95%CI:0.59-1.02),or severe PEP(RR=1.12,95%CI:0.75-1.67).There was also no difference in cases of adverse events(RR=0.97,95%CI:0.69-1.35),abdominal pain(RR=1.14,95%CI:0.80-1.62),bleeding(RR=1.07,95%CI:0.70-1.63),or mortality(RR=0.86,95%CI:0.56-1.33)between the two groups.Subgroup analyses were also performed.CONCLUSION Rectal indomethacin appears to be safe and may offer benefit in selected high-risk patients,though findings should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity.
基金China Scholarship Council(CSCto XL)and a generous heritage donation from Bettina Fischer,Germany(to JCK).
文摘Aging is characterized by a decreased autophagic activity contributing to the intracellular deposition of damaged organelles and macromolecules.Autophagy is particularly challenging in neurons since autophagic vesicles are formed at the axonal tip and must be transported to the soma where final degradation occurs.Here,we examined if axonal transport of autophagic vesicles is altered during aging.We employed two-photon microscopy for in vivo imaging in the optic nerve of young and aged rats.In old animals(>18 months old),retrograde autophagic vesicle transport was significantly reduced with regard to motility and velocity.While activation of autophagy was decreased,expression of key proteins of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway including p62 and procathepsin D and the number of autophagolysosomes was increased.Maturation of autophagic vesicles was shifted to more distal regions of the axon and axonal lysosomal clearing was impaired.In a pull-down assay,the protein binding between dynein and dynactin was decreased by half,which could explain the retrograde axonal transport effects.Taken together,retrograde axonal autophagic vesicle transport in vivo is diminished during aging accompanied by decreased autophagy activation,alterations of the lysosomal pathway,and a reduced dynein-dynactin binding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82072162(to XY).
文摘To perform various functions in the body,skeletal muscle is controlled and coordinated as a whole by nerves.However,there has been little research into whether the nerve control characteristics of different muscles are different,and the importance of these potential differences.In the present study,we used a three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organ-compatible multi-tracer technique to explore the spatial distribution patterns of sensory and sympathetic neurons that innervate limb muscles.We integrated transcriptome sequencing datasets from mouse limb muscles in public databases and performed correlation analysis with neuronal spatial distribution data to reveal the unique effects of different types of neurons on muscle functional pathways.In terms of spatial distribution patterns,sympathetic neurons exhibited a more concentrated distribution than sensory and motor neurons.In addition,the neuronal innervation of limb muscles exhibited four different characteristics:sympathetic neuron-rich muscle,sensory neuron-rich muscle,neuron-sparse muscle,and motor neuron-rich muscle.Sensory neuron density was mainly associated with muscle contractile structure and cell pH,whereas sympathetic neuron density was associated with protein kinase activity,muscle vasculature,muscle calcium-dependent protein kinase activity,lipid transport,and vesicle release.Motor neuron density was mainly associated with protein kinase activity,cell adhesion,oxidoreductase activity,and exocytosis.These findings may contribute to a deeper understanding of how nerves cooperate to endow muscles with diverse physiological functions,thereby providing new insights and experimental evidence for the treatment of various neuromuscular diseases.
基金supported by grants from the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(tsqn202312333)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82470695).
文摘Background:Biliary stent placement during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is important for drainage in common bile duct(CBD)strictures,while the stent length is associated with many stent-related complications.We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence(AI)model for stent length selection during ERCP.Methods:Images of the patients who underwent ERCP and were diagnosed with CBD strictures were collected.Training involved identifying and delineating the duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire,calculating the pixel distance of the target guidewire and determining the required biliary stent length based on the diameter of the duodenoscope.The performance of the model,accuracy for length calculation and the assistance for endoscopists were validated using the testing set.Results:A total of 794 images from 431 patients were included and data augmentation was conducted.The mean intersection over union(mIoU)for duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire were 90.46%,84.79%and 84.64%,respectively.The accuracy in identifying the strictures was 97.58%(121/124).The accuracy for stent length calculation achieved 85.95%(104/121)with an error margin of±1 cm.The mean absolute error(MAE)and mean relative error(MRE)of the AI model was 0.81 cm and 0.13,respectively.The AI model could reduce approximately 202 mGycm^(2)of the radiation exposure for each patient.It significantly improved both MAE and MRE for less experienced endoscopists(P=0.01 and P=0.02,respectively).Conclusions:The AI model could accurately identify duodenoscope,CBD and guidewire,enabling accurate strictures identification and stent length selection.
文摘Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy remains a challenging field in therapeutic endoscopy due to the complex anatomical reconstructions that limit access to the biliary tree.Over the past two decades,device-assisted enteroscopy(DAE),including singleballoon,double-balloon,and motorized spiral enteroscopy,has expanded the feasibility of ERCP in this population,with overall technical success rates generally reported between 70%and 90%.Nevertheless,these techniques are technically demanding,time-consuming,and frequently affected by limited reach and unstable positioning.More recently,interventional endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)-guided procedures have emerged as highly effective alternatives,significantly improving clinical outcomes in selected patients,particularly in those with long-limb Roux-en-Y reconstructions where conventional methods are less effective.Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage continues to represent a valuable salvage option when endoscopic approaches fail,though it is associated with a greater burden of reinterventions and adverse events.This minireview provides a comprehensive overview of the main endoscopic strategies for biliary drainage in altered anatomy,focusing on technical considerations,efficacy,and safety profiles of DAE-assisted ERCP,EUS-guided interventions,and motorized systems.The evolving landscape of biliary drainage in this setting highlights the need for tailored treatment strategies,multidisciplinary collaboration,referral to high-volume centers,and further prospective studies to refine patient selection and optimize clinical outcomes.
文摘Avulsion injury of one or more spinal ventral roots induces a critical loss of motoneurons,followed by irreversible locomotor function impairment ranging from inadequate limb movement to complete paralysis of the limb.Recent surgical techniques facilitate improvement of limb function,but it remains to be determined exactly how many motoneurons are needed to survive and grow new axons to achieve sufficient muscle reinnervation.The aim of this study was to determine the minimum motoneuron quantity required to reinnervate the denervated skeletal muscles of the limb and produce a functionally satisfactory locomotor pattern.Since none of the commercially available methods and equipment were able to provide a quantifiable and in-depth analysis of the motor pattern of the entire hind limb,we have developed and applied a sensitive movement recording and analyzing system in order to determine the threshold of satisfactory functional reinnervation;we combined video-based footprint analysis and hind limb motion analysis to achieve a new and reliable assessment.Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a lumbar 4-5 ventral root avulsion,and their L4 ventral roots were subsequently reimplanted.The animals received different doses of riluzole treatment in order to rescue incremental numbers of the damaged motoneuron pool.We were able to assess one rear-view and six lateral parameters of the hind limb movement pattern by measuring specific joint angles,footprint,and gait parameters in single video frames.Four months after the operation,we performed Fast Blue retrograde tracing to label and count the reinnervating motoneurons.We then compared the numbers of reinnervating motoneurons and the functional improvement.Our results confirmed a strong relationship between functional restoration of the original movement pattern and morphological reinnervation;approximately 30%of the original motor pool was able to produce a useful locomotor pattern.We believe that our knowledge of the minimal motoneuron numbers required to reinnervate target muscles may help plan the segmental redistribution of the motoneuron pools for reinnervation surgeries.
