Energy-efficient retrofitting(EER)of existing buildings has significant potential for addressing energy and environmental issues.However,the traditional market trading model is characterized by an inefficient dissemin...Energy-efficient retrofitting(EER)of existing buildings has significant potential for addressing energy and environmental issues.However,the traditional market trading model is characterized by an inefficient dissemination of critical information,which leads to insufficient incentives for market participants to trade.To solve these problems,this study constructs a three-party evolutionary game model with energy saving service companies(ESCO),homeowners,and trading information platforms as the main players,analyzes the interaction and evolution of the three parties'strategies under the scenario of government rewards and penalties,and explores the effects of the three parties'initial willingness and changes of model parameters on the evolution of their strategies.There are some findings as follows:first,the positive transactions of homeowners and ESCOs have less influence on the platform side;second,compared with homeowners,the government penalties have more obvious constraints on the platform side and ESCOs;third,government subsidies and EER revenues are the important factors influencing the speed of the evolution of three-party strategies,fourth,platform service compensation,the factors governing cost and benefit sharing are pivotal in determining the alignment of strategic choices among the three parties involved.Based on the research conclusions.This study offers theoretical guidance for the advancement of platform-based market transactions for EER.展开更多
The energy retrofit of public buildings is an effective strategy to achieve carbon neutrality goals,with educational buildings representing a significant proportion of this sector.This paper presents an in-depth analy...The energy retrofit of public buildings is an effective strategy to achieve carbon neutrality goals,with educational buildings representing a significant proportion of this sector.This paper presents an in-depth analysis of energy retrofitting policies for educational buildings and examines the design case of the“Plus Energy School”demonstration project in Rostock,Germany.The study reveals innovative approaches in several key areas:overall layout optimization,creation of climate buffer zones,enhancement of building envelope performance,ventilation and heating system design,integration of diverse renewable energy sources,and formulation of energy balance schemes with corresponding calculations.The holistic theory and methodology of this energy strategy synergy offer valuable insights for the retrofitting of existing educational buildings in China.The project successfully transformed two aging school buildings into a single“plus energy”facility through coordinated architectural and technological interventions.Notable features include the compact redesign reducing the form factor from 0.38 to 0.21,the implementation of climate buffer zones maintaining 15℃without active heating,and the integration of photovoltaic panels and wind turbines.The combination of district heating with an Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC)system further optimized energy utilization.Post-retrofit calculations demonstrate a two-thirds reduction in annual unit energy consumption,with the building generating an energy surplus.This case study provides a comprehensive framework for achieving high energy performance in educational building retrofits,offering valuable lessons for similar initiatives in China and globally.The paper concludes by discussing the potential for widespread application of these strategies in China’s existing educational buildings,considering the country’s vast building stock and increasing energy efficiency requirements.展开更多
Recent research demonstrates the need for comprehensive frameworks to achieve an appropriate level of resilience(e.g.,energy,seismic)of the European building stock,through integrated retrofitting interventions.Differe...Recent research demonstrates the need for comprehensive frameworks to achieve an appropriate level of resilience(e.g.,energy,seismic)of the European building stock,through integrated retrofitting interventions.Different frameworks have been proposed to identify optimal interventions when several feasible alternatives are available,considering multiple decision variables of different nature,such as social,economic,or technical.Within these efforts and frameworks,less attention has been paid to the post-earthquake recovery time of buildings and communities,thus ignoring the significance of reaching a desired recovery state(e.g.,functional recovery)within a specified time frame.To overcome this limitation,this study estimates post-earthquake recovery times and uses them as one of the decision variables in multi-criteria identification of optimal retrofitting of an existing RC building.The case-study building is representative of the Italian school buildings constructed between the 1960s and 1970s and was analysed under two seismic hazard levels(moderate and high).Following the identification of the main structural deficiencies of the as-built structure through nonlinear static analyses,four seismic retrofit measures were selected.Then,the earthquake-induced downtime of each of the four retrofitted building configurations was assessed,analysing the different recovery times as a function of the seismic hazard level and the recovery state.A downtime-based metric,namely the expected annual downtime,was introduced as decision variable within an available multi-criteria decision-making framework to include the impact of downtime,rank the four retrofit measures and identify the preferable one.展开更多
The green retrofit of existing public buildings is a necessary choice to promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development goals in the construction industry,and to advance the implementation ...The green retrofit of existing public buildings is a necessary choice to promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development goals in the construction industry,and to advance the implementation of the national"carbon peaking and carbon neutrality"strategy.The effective governance of green retrofit projects for existing public buildings essentially involves a dynamic process of repeated strategic interactions among key stakeholders.From the perspective of project governance,this study clarifies the game-theoretic relationship between ESCO and owners under government guidance,and constructs an evolutionary game model involving the government,ESCO,and owners.The study explores the strategic choices of the core stakeholders in the green retrofit projects of existing public buildings.The aim is to lay a foundation for research on the decision-making coordination and implementation mechanisms between ESCO and owners,thus promoting the efficient and healthy development of green retrofit projects for existing public buildings.展开更多
The increased interest in geothermal energy is evident,along with the exploitation of traditional hydrothermal systems,in the growing research and projects developing around the reuse of already-drilled oil,gas,and ex...The increased interest in geothermal energy is evident,along with the exploitation of traditional hydrothermal systems,in the growing research and projects developing around the reuse of already-drilled oil,gas,and exploration wells.The Republic of Croatia has around 4000 wells,however,due to a long period since most of these wells were drilled and completed,there is uncertainty about how many are available for retrofitting as deep-borehole heat exchangers.Nevertheless,as hydrocarbon production decreases,it is expected that the number of wells available for the revitalization and exploitation of geothermal energy will increase.The revitalization of wells via deep-borehole heat exchangers involves installing a coaxial heat exchanger and circulating the working fluid in a closed system,during which heat is transferred from the surrounding rock medium to the circulating fluid.Since drilled wells are not of uniformdepth and are located in areas with different thermal rock properties and geothermal gradients,an analysis was conducted to determine available thermal energy as a function of well depth,geothermal gradient,and circulating fluid flow rate.Additionally,an economic analysis was performed to determine the benefits of retrofitting existing assets,such as drilled wells,compared to drilling new wells to obtain the same amount of thermal energy.展开更多
Following the foundation failure of a building, with an aim of economical solution to strengthen other existing buildings of the same project, a new arrangement was implemented experimentally to test the adequacy of l...Following the foundation failure of a building, with an aim of economical solution to strengthen other existing buildings of the same project, a new arrangement was implemented experimentally to test the adequacy of load bearing capacity of a few selected cast-in-situ RCC （reinforced cement concrete） pile groups without demolishing the existing buildings. In this test, the column bottom of an existing building was removed by the help of scaffolding and after that a frame system consisting tension piles and hollow beam was constructed over the pile cap of the to be tested pile group. The load was tested by the help of hydraulic jack system and the constructed frame system. This paper contains the detailed plan, arrangement and method of the test with illustrations. The deflection and loading data analysis is also included which was performed to determine the outcome of the test. Through this test method the appropriate assessment of capacity of pile group of existing building could be done successfully and in result the structure could be saved by only super structure retrofitting.展开更多
The improvement of the seismic resilience of existing reinforced-concrete(RC) frame buildings, which is essential for the seismic resilience of a city, has become a critical issue. Although seismic isolation is an eff...The improvement of the seismic resilience of existing reinforced-concrete(RC) frame buildings, which is essential for the seismic resilience of a city, has become a critical issue. Although seismic isolation is an effective method for improving the resilient performance of such buildings, target-oriented quantitative improvements of the resilient performance of these buildings have been reported rarely. To address this gap, the seismic resilience of two existing RC frame buildings located in a high seismic intensity region of China were assessed based on the Chinese Standard for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Buildings. The critical engineering demand parameters(EDPs) affecting the seismic resilience of such buildings were identified. Subsequently, the seismic resilience of buildings retrofitted with different isolation schemes(i.e., yield ratios) were evaluated and compared, with emphasis on the relationships among yield ratios, EDPs, and levels of seismic resilience. Accordingly, to achieve the highest level of seismic resilience with respect to the Chinese standard, a yield ratio of 3% was recommended and successfully applied to the target-oriented design for the seismic-resilience improvement of an existing RC frame building. The research outcome can provide an important reference for the resilience-based retrofitting of existing RC frame buildings using seismic isolation in urban cities.展开更多
Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anode...Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection (CP) of the immersed zone, were launched in March 1995. In May 096 a CP survey showed that, after almost one year of service, a low polarization level had been achieved and some extended unprotected zones existed; mainly in the deepest part of the Platform II. Further to this, a joint activity was decided in order to assess the need of a possible retrofitting of the CP systems. The results of the activity carried out are dealt with, including technical and economical comparisons amongst several retrofitting options, both with sacrificial anodes and with impressed current systems. The adopted solution is illustrated and data are reported on the level of protection presently achieved.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71872122)the Late-stage Subsidy Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Education Department of China(Grant No.20JHQ095).
文摘Energy-efficient retrofitting(EER)of existing buildings has significant potential for addressing energy and environmental issues.However,the traditional market trading model is characterized by an inefficient dissemination of critical information,which leads to insufficient incentives for market participants to trade.To solve these problems,this study constructs a three-party evolutionary game model with energy saving service companies(ESCO),homeowners,and trading information platforms as the main players,analyzes the interaction and evolution of the three parties'strategies under the scenario of government rewards and penalties,and explores the effects of the three parties'initial willingness and changes of model parameters on the evolution of their strategies.There are some findings as follows:first,the positive transactions of homeowners and ESCOs have less influence on the platform side;second,compared with homeowners,the government penalties have more obvious constraints on the platform side and ESCOs;third,government subsidies and EER revenues are the important factors influencing the speed of the evolution of three-party strategies,fourth,platform service compensation,the factors governing cost and benefit sharing are pivotal in determining the alignment of strategic choices among the three parties involved.Based on the research conclusions.This study offers theoretical guidance for the advancement of platform-based market transactions for EER.
文摘The energy retrofit of public buildings is an effective strategy to achieve carbon neutrality goals,with educational buildings representing a significant proportion of this sector.This paper presents an in-depth analysis of energy retrofitting policies for educational buildings and examines the design case of the“Plus Energy School”demonstration project in Rostock,Germany.The study reveals innovative approaches in several key areas:overall layout optimization,creation of climate buffer zones,enhancement of building envelope performance,ventilation and heating system design,integration of diverse renewable energy sources,and formulation of energy balance schemes with corresponding calculations.The holistic theory and methodology of this energy strategy synergy offer valuable insights for the retrofitting of existing educational buildings in China.The project successfully transformed two aging school buildings into a single“plus energy”facility through coordinated architectural and technological interventions.Notable features include the compact redesign reducing the form factor from 0.38 to 0.21,the implementation of climate buffer zones maintaining 15℃without active heating,and the integration of photovoltaic panels and wind turbines.The combination of district heating with an Organic Rankine Cycle(ORC)system further optimized energy utilization.Post-retrofit calculations demonstrate a two-thirds reduction in annual unit energy consumption,with the building generating an energy surplus.This case study provides a comprehensive framework for achieving high energy performance in educational building retrofits,offering valuable lessons for similar initiatives in China and globally.The paper concludes by discussing the potential for widespread application of these strategies in China’s existing educational buildings,considering the country’s vast building stock and increasing energy efficiency requirements.
基金funded by the Italian Civil Protection Department and“PriorBuilt-Prioritisation of the Italian regions for seismic and energy performance upgrading of the existing buildings”funded by ReLUIS.Additionally,it was developed as part of the activities of CONSTRUCT–Instituto de I&D em Estruturas e Construções(UID/04708),CERIS(UIDB/04625)+1 种基金the project SERENE(2022.08138.PTDC)all funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,I.P./MCTES(PIDDAC).
文摘Recent research demonstrates the need for comprehensive frameworks to achieve an appropriate level of resilience(e.g.,energy,seismic)of the European building stock,through integrated retrofitting interventions.Different frameworks have been proposed to identify optimal interventions when several feasible alternatives are available,considering multiple decision variables of different nature,such as social,economic,or technical.Within these efforts and frameworks,less attention has been paid to the post-earthquake recovery time of buildings and communities,thus ignoring the significance of reaching a desired recovery state(e.g.,functional recovery)within a specified time frame.To overcome this limitation,this study estimates post-earthquake recovery times and uses them as one of the decision variables in multi-criteria identification of optimal retrofitting of an existing RC building.The case-study building is representative of the Italian school buildings constructed between the 1960s and 1970s and was analysed under two seismic hazard levels(moderate and high).Following the identification of the main structural deficiencies of the as-built structure through nonlinear static analyses,four seismic retrofit measures were selected.Then,the earthquake-induced downtime of each of the four retrofitted building configurations was assessed,analysing the different recovery times as a function of the seismic hazard level and the recovery state.A downtime-based metric,namely the expected annual downtime,was introduced as decision variable within an available multi-criteria decision-making framework to include the impact of downtime,rank the four retrofit measures and identify the preferable one.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71872122)the Late-stage Subsidy Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Education Department of China(Grant No.20JHQ095).
文摘The green retrofit of existing public buildings is a necessary choice to promote energy conservation,emission reduction,and sustainable development goals in the construction industry,and to advance the implementation of the national"carbon peaking and carbon neutrality"strategy.The effective governance of green retrofit projects for existing public buildings essentially involves a dynamic process of repeated strategic interactions among key stakeholders.From the perspective of project governance,this study clarifies the game-theoretic relationship between ESCO and owners under government guidance,and constructs an evolutionary game model involving the government,ESCO,and owners.The study explores the strategic choices of the core stakeholders in the green retrofit projects of existing public buildings.The aim is to lay a foundation for research on the decision-making coordination and implementation mechanisms between ESCO and owners,thus promoting the efficient and healthy development of green retrofit projects for existing public buildings.
文摘The increased interest in geothermal energy is evident,along with the exploitation of traditional hydrothermal systems,in the growing research and projects developing around the reuse of already-drilled oil,gas,and exploration wells.The Republic of Croatia has around 4000 wells,however,due to a long period since most of these wells were drilled and completed,there is uncertainty about how many are available for retrofitting as deep-borehole heat exchangers.Nevertheless,as hydrocarbon production decreases,it is expected that the number of wells available for the revitalization and exploitation of geothermal energy will increase.The revitalization of wells via deep-borehole heat exchangers involves installing a coaxial heat exchanger and circulating the working fluid in a closed system,during which heat is transferred from the surrounding rock medium to the circulating fluid.Since drilled wells are not of uniformdepth and are located in areas with different thermal rock properties and geothermal gradients,an analysis was conducted to determine available thermal energy as a function of well depth,geothermal gradient,and circulating fluid flow rate.Additionally,an economic analysis was performed to determine the benefits of retrofitting existing assets,such as drilled wells,compared to drilling new wells to obtain the same amount of thermal energy.
文摘Following the foundation failure of a building, with an aim of economical solution to strengthen other existing buildings of the same project, a new arrangement was implemented experimentally to test the adequacy of load bearing capacity of a few selected cast-in-situ RCC （reinforced cement concrete） pile groups without demolishing the existing buildings. In this test, the column bottom of an existing building was removed by the help of scaffolding and after that a frame system consisting tension piles and hollow beam was constructed over the pile cap of the to be tested pile group. The load was tested by the help of hydraulic jack system and the constructed frame system. This paper contains the detailed plan, arrangement and method of the test with illustrations. The deflection and loading data analysis is also included which was performed to determine the outcome of the test. Through this test method the appropriate assessment of capacity of pile group of existing building could be done successfully and in result the structure could be saved by only super structure retrofitting.
基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 8192008the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University under Grant No. YBPY2021+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission under Grant No. KM201910016014the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University under Grant No. IRT_17R06。
文摘The improvement of the seismic resilience of existing reinforced-concrete(RC) frame buildings, which is essential for the seismic resilience of a city, has become a critical issue. Although seismic isolation is an effective method for improving the resilient performance of such buildings, target-oriented quantitative improvements of the resilient performance of these buildings have been reported rarely. To address this gap, the seismic resilience of two existing RC frame buildings located in a high seismic intensity region of China were assessed based on the Chinese Standard for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Buildings. The critical engineering demand parameters(EDPs) affecting the seismic resilience of such buildings were identified. Subsequently, the seismic resilience of buildings retrofitted with different isolation schemes(i.e., yield ratios) were evaluated and compared, with emphasis on the relationships among yield ratios, EDPs, and levels of seismic resilience. Accordingly, to achieve the highest level of seismic resilience with respect to the Chinese standard, a yield ratio of 3% was recommended and successfully applied to the target-oriented design for the seismic-resilience improvement of an existing RC frame building. The research outcome can provide an important reference for the resilience-based retrofitting of existing RC frame buildings using seismic isolation in urban cities.
文摘Platforms I and II are steel structures located in offshore areas southeast of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta, the northern South China Sea,. in about 110 in water depth. The jackets, with aluminum sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection (CP) of the immersed zone, were launched in March 1995. In May 096 a CP survey showed that, after almost one year of service, a low polarization level had been achieved and some extended unprotected zones existed; mainly in the deepest part of the Platform II. Further to this, a joint activity was decided in order to assess the need of a possible retrofitting of the CP systems. The results of the activity carried out are dealt with, including technical and economical comparisons amongst several retrofitting options, both with sacrificial anodes and with impressed current systems. The adopted solution is illustrated and data are reported on the level of protection presently achieved.
