The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change,and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal...The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change,and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period.According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s,this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China,and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area.The results showed that：in southern rice production area of China,the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area（SCRA） was less than that of double cropping rice area（DCRA）,whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA,nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.There was a significant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand,likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat.Effective precipitation satisfaction index（EPSI） showed a negative correlation with effective heat,yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation.EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d.This study could provide insights for policy makers,land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.展开更多
Artificial fish nests are set in Lukou section and Hengyang section of Xiangjiang River from March 20 to May 10, 2019. The structure of artificial fish nest is bamboo frame, with the size of 2.5 m × 5.0 m × ...Artificial fish nests are set in Lukou section and Hengyang section of Xiangjiang River from March 20 to May 10, 2019. The structure of artificial fish nest is bamboo frame, with the size of 2.5 m × 5.0 m × 4 and a unit frame area of 60 m<sup>2</sup>. A total of 58,201 eggs were collected by 24 monitoring times, of which 30,441 were from Lukou and 27,760 from Hengyang. 3831 fish eggs identify 8 fish species using morphological or molecular biological methods. The results showed that the number of eggs peaked from the 8<sup>th</sup> day to the 24<sup>th</sup> day after the nest entered the water, and then decreased rapidly. There was significant negative correlation between egg number in per m<sup>2</sup> fish nest and days of fish nest (P < 0.01). The economic benefits of artificial fish nests were RMB 11.81 million. The artificial fish nest can not only increase the population of fish, but also has significant economic benefits.展开更多
The analytical method of total resource reallocation effect is an evolution of the analytical method of the factors of economic growth. Since the marketization reform in China in 1978, market mechanism has played a mo...The analytical method of total resource reallocation effect is an evolution of the analytical method of the factors of economic growth. Since the marketization reform in China in 1978, market mechanism has played a more and more important role in resource allocation, and Chinese economy has developed greatly, which is called "the Chinese Miracle". This paper analyzes the economic growth in China from 1978 to 2004 with the analytical method of total resource reallocation effect. The result shows that the annual growth rate of total resource reallocation effect was 0.2%, which was 5.1% of the comprehensive productivity and 0.21% of the gross output growth, i.e. the total resource allocation played a weak role in the economic growth in China. When analyzing it in Chenery's multinational model, we find that Chinese comprehensive productivity growth rate was higher than that in all the income phases of the model, but the total resource allocation effect was obviously lower than that in all the income phases of the model. It indicates that the total resource allocation in China has a great potential, and that to accelerate marketization reform is one of the important issues for Chinese economic development.展开更多
Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential en...Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.展开更多
Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibil...Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibility(CSR).We find that the reform motivated firms to improve CSR performance.The reform has a“resource”effect,increasing internal funds and reducing financing costs,thereby enhancing firms’ability to undertake CSR.The reform also has a“reputation”effect,stimulating firms’willingness to engage in CSR to improve their reputations.CSR following the reform increases firm values and reduces bankruptcy risk.Our study provides fresh insights into VAT neutrality theory and is a reference for tax reform in emerging economies.展开更多
Supply chain partnerships are an essential component of business innovations.This study uses data on A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022 to conduct a multi-period di...Supply chain partnerships are an essential component of business innovations.This study uses data on A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022 to conduct a multi-period difference-in-differences analysis based on a list of green supply chain management(GSM)companies.We find that GSM significantly promotes low-carbon technology innovations(LCT)of upstream enterprises.The mechanism analysis indicates that GSM has a resource effect and signal effect that generate LCT spillovers.In terms of the resource effect,GSM companies offer green credit and support green procurement,thereby providing financial support for green investments in upstream LCT.In terms of a signaling effect,GSM strengthens the effectiveness of institutional investors,the public,and online media in supervising upstream suppliers’green credentials,thereby promoting upstream LCT.A heterogeneity analysis shows that when midstream companies are state-owned enterprises or industry leaders,and when the concentration and stability of supply chain purchase relationships are higher,the LCT spillover effects of GSM are more pronounced.Further analysis reveals that GSM has bidirectional horizontal spillover effects and that upstream unidirectional vertical spillover effects are limited to first-level suppliers.Additionally,under the premise of not compromising economic benefits and stability,GSM shows an emerging trend of transitioning from environmentally compliant“light green”supply chains to“deep green”supply chains focused on pollution reduction,carbon reduction,and energy conservation.展开更多
In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with t...In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with the cumulative production exceeding 60×10^(8) m^(3) until the end of 2015.In this paper,the main achievements of shale gas exploration and development in China in recent years were reviewed and the future development prospect was analyzed.It is pointed out that shale gas exploration and development in China is,on the whole,still at its early stage.Especially,marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has dominated the recent exploration and development.For the realization of shale gas scale development in China,one key point lies in the breakthrough and industrial production of transitional facies and continental facies shale gas.Lowemoderate yield of shale gas wells is the normal in China,so it is crucial to develop key exploration and development technologies.Especially,strictly controlling single well investment and significantly reducing cost are the important means to increase shale gas exploration and development benefits.And finally,suggestions were proposed in five aspects.First,continuously strengthen theoretical and technical re-searches,actively carry out appraisal on shale gas“sweet spots”,and gradually accumulate development basis.Second,stress on primary evaluation of exploration and development,highlight the effective implementation of shale gas resources,and control the rhythm of appraisal drilling and productivity construction.Third,highlight fine description and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs and increase the overall devel-opment level.Fourth,intensify the research on exploration and development technologies in order to stand out simple and practical technologies with low costs.And fifth,summarize the experiences in fast growth of shale gas exploration and development,highlight the demonstration and evaluation of key indicators,and try to achieve more breakthroughs and replacement in new areas,new domains and new strata.展开更多
1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth&...1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth's different spheres,and gives rise to a series of geological,resource,and environmental effects(Plank and Manning,2019;Zheng,2023;Sun,2024).展开更多
Heterogeneous network （Het-Net） is part of the long-term evolution advanced （LTE-A） study item and represents cellular deployments with a mixture of cells of different overlapping coverage areas, e.g., a number of...Heterogeneous network （Het-Net） is part of the long-term evolution advanced （LTE-A） study item and represents cellular deployments with a mixture of cells of different overlapping coverage areas, e.g., a number of relay and pico cells overlaid by a macro cell in the same frequency. Traffic balancing and interference management are required in Het-Net design for LTE-A to maintain system performance. In this paper, we propose an inter-domain cooperative traffic balancing scheme focusing on reducing the effective resource cost and mitigating the co-channel interference in multi-domain Het-Net. We first set up the conception of multi-domain in Het-Net and incorporate the co-channel interference into the proposed traffic balancing scheme. Then we model the traffic balancing issue as a multi-domain traffic resource optimization problem for minimizing the effective resource cost. The detailed implementation for the proposed traffic balancing scheme is designed. In the numerical evaluation, the genetic algorithm （GA） as an optimization method is used to demonstrate that the total effective resource cost is significantly reduced through our proposed inter-domain traffic balancing scheme, comparing with the intra-domain traffic balancing scheme. The 43% of the resource cost is saved. In the system level simulation, the performance results of signal interference noise ratio （SINR） and throughput demonstrate that the proposed scheme has great advantages in interference management in Het-Net.展开更多
Drawing on Dutch disease theory,we assess how the recent housing boom has contributed to a decline in China's manufacturing exports.Using Chinese city and enterprise panel data from 2004 to 2013,our analysis revea...Drawing on Dutch disease theory,we assess how the recent housing boom has contributed to a decline in China's manufacturing exports.Using Chinese city and enterprise panel data from 2004 to 2013,our analysis reveals that Dutch disease indeed exists and that the housing price increase has played a very important role in affecting China's manufacturing exports through two key channels:resource movement effect and spending effect.Specifically,this paper found that:(i)the housing price increase hindered labor flowing into China's manufacturing industry(resource movement efect)and caused higher inflation(spending effect);(ii)the housing boom clearly impeded China's manufacturing exports,especially after the outbreak of the global economic crisis in 2008;(ii)the impacts of the housing price increase on China's manufacturing exports were heterogenous,and were more significant for labor-intensive manufacturing businesses,businesses that were foreign owned,less R&D intensive,or located in the central and western regions.展开更多
基金supported by the Special Fund for Meteorology-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(GYHY201106020)the National 973 Program of China(2010CB951502)
文摘The spatiotemporal characteristics of hydrothermal resources in southern rice production area of China have changed under the background of climate change,and this change would affect the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources during local rice growing period.According to the cropping system subdivision in southern rice production area of China during 1980s,this study used climate data from 254 meteorological stations and phonological data from 168 agricultural observation stations in the south of China,and adopted 6 international evaluation indices about the effectiveness of hydrothermal resources to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of hydrothermal resources during the growing period of single cropping rice system and double cropping rice system for 16 planting zones in the whole study area.The results showed that：in southern rice production area of China,the effectiveness of thermal resources of single cropping rice area（SCRA） was less than that of double cropping rice area（DCRA）,whereas the effectiveness of thermal resources of both SARA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.The index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of SCRA was higher than that of DCRA,nevertheless the index value of effective precipitation satisfaction of both SCRA and DCRA showed a decreasing trend.There was a significant linear relationship between effective thermal resource and water demand,likely water demand increased by 18 mm with every 100°C d increase of effective heat.Effective precipitation satisfaction index（EPSI） showed a negative correlation with effective heat,yet showed a positive correlation with effective precipitation.EPSI reduced by 1% when effective heat resource increased by 125°C d.This study could provide insights for policy makers,land managers or farmers to improve water and heat resource uses and rationally arrange rice production activities under global climate change condition.
文摘Artificial fish nests are set in Lukou section and Hengyang section of Xiangjiang River from March 20 to May 10, 2019. The structure of artificial fish nest is bamboo frame, with the size of 2.5 m × 5.0 m × 4 and a unit frame area of 60 m<sup>2</sup>. A total of 58,201 eggs were collected by 24 monitoring times, of which 30,441 were from Lukou and 27,760 from Hengyang. 3831 fish eggs identify 8 fish species using morphological or molecular biological methods. The results showed that the number of eggs peaked from the 8<sup>th</sup> day to the 24<sup>th</sup> day after the nest entered the water, and then decreased rapidly. There was significant negative correlation between egg number in per m<sup>2</sup> fish nest and days of fish nest (P < 0.01). The economic benefits of artificial fish nests were RMB 11.81 million. The artificial fish nest can not only increase the population of fish, but also has significant economic benefits.
文摘The analytical method of total resource reallocation effect is an evolution of the analytical method of the factors of economic growth. Since the marketization reform in China in 1978, market mechanism has played a more and more important role in resource allocation, and Chinese economy has developed greatly, which is called "the Chinese Miracle". This paper analyzes the economic growth in China from 1978 to 2004 with the analytical method of total resource reallocation effect. The result shows that the annual growth rate of total resource reallocation effect was 0.2%, which was 5.1% of the comprehensive productivity and 0.21% of the gross output growth, i.e. the total resource allocation played a weak role in the economic growth in China. When analyzing it in Chenery's multinational model, we find that Chinese comprehensive productivity growth rate was higher than that in all the income phases of the model, but the total resource allocation effect was obviously lower than that in all the income phases of the model. It indicates that the total resource allocation in China has a great potential, and that to accelerate marketization reform is one of the important issues for Chinese economic development.
基金supported by the projects of the China Geological Survey(DD20230043,DD20240048)the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42102123)。
文摘Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.
基金Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province in 2025“Research on Government Procurement-Driven Green Governance of Hebei’s Manufacturing Industry”(Project No.:QN2025662)Social Science Fund of Hebei Province in 2024“Research on Informal Environmental Regulation Promoting Green Development of Hebei’s Manufacturing Industry”(Project No.:HB24GL036)Hebei Provincial Social Science Development Research Project,“Study on the Constraints and Implementation Paths of the Transformation from Dual Control of Energy Consumption to Dual Control of Carbon Emissions in Hebei Province”(Project No.:HBSKFZ25QN199)。
文摘Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibility(CSR).We find that the reform motivated firms to improve CSR performance.The reform has a“resource”effect,increasing internal funds and reducing financing costs,thereby enhancing firms’ability to undertake CSR.The reform also has a“reputation”effect,stimulating firms’willingness to engage in CSR to improve their reputations.CSR following the reform increases firm values and reduces bankruptcy risk.Our study provides fresh insights into VAT neutrality theory and is a reference for tax reform in emerging economies.
文摘Supply chain partnerships are an essential component of business innovations.This study uses data on A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from 2012 to 2022 to conduct a multi-period difference-in-differences analysis based on a list of green supply chain management(GSM)companies.We find that GSM significantly promotes low-carbon technology innovations(LCT)of upstream enterprises.The mechanism analysis indicates that GSM has a resource effect and signal effect that generate LCT spillovers.In terms of the resource effect,GSM companies offer green credit and support green procurement,thereby providing financial support for green investments in upstream LCT.In terms of a signaling effect,GSM strengthens the effectiveness of institutional investors,the public,and online media in supervising upstream suppliers’green credentials,thereby promoting upstream LCT.A heterogeneity analysis shows that when midstream companies are state-owned enterprises or industry leaders,and when the concentration and stability of supply chain purchase relationships are higher,the LCT spillover effects of GSM are more pronounced.Further analysis reveals that GSM has bidirectional horizontal spillover effects and that upstream unidirectional vertical spillover effects are limited to first-level suppliers.Additionally,under the premise of not compromising economic benefits and stability,GSM shows an emerging trend of transitioning from environmentally compliant“light green”supply chains to“deep green”supply chains focused on pollution reduction,carbon reduction,and energy conservation.
基金Major Special Items of National Oil and Gas(No.:2011ZX05018-001)National Key Basic Research&Development Plan(Plan 973)project(No.:2013CB228001).
文摘In the past five years,shale gas exploration and development has grown in a leaping-forward way in China.Following USA and Canada,China is now the third country where industrial shale gas production is realized,with the cumulative production exceeding 60×10^(8) m^(3) until the end of 2015.In this paper,the main achievements of shale gas exploration and development in China in recent years were reviewed and the future development prospect was analyzed.It is pointed out that shale gas exploration and development in China is,on the whole,still at its early stage.Especially,marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has dominated the recent exploration and development.For the realization of shale gas scale development in China,one key point lies in the breakthrough and industrial production of transitional facies and continental facies shale gas.Lowemoderate yield of shale gas wells is the normal in China,so it is crucial to develop key exploration and development technologies.Especially,strictly controlling single well investment and significantly reducing cost are the important means to increase shale gas exploration and development benefits.And finally,suggestions were proposed in five aspects.First,continuously strengthen theoretical and technical re-searches,actively carry out appraisal on shale gas“sweet spots”,and gradually accumulate development basis.Second,stress on primary evaluation of exploration and development,highlight the effective implementation of shale gas resources,and control the rhythm of appraisal drilling and productivity construction.Third,highlight fine description and evaluation of shale gas reservoirs and increase the overall devel-opment level.Fourth,intensify the research on exploration and development technologies in order to stand out simple and practical technologies with low costs.And fifth,summarize the experiences in fast growth of shale gas exploration and development,highlight the demonstration and evaluation of key indicators,and try to achieve more breakthroughs and replacement in new areas,new domains and new strata.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42322303)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0804404)。
文摘1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth's different spheres,and gives rise to a series of geological,resource,and environmental effects(Plank and Manning,2019;Zheng,2023;Sun,2024).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60961004/F0104)
文摘Heterogeneous network （Het-Net） is part of the long-term evolution advanced （LTE-A） study item and represents cellular deployments with a mixture of cells of different overlapping coverage areas, e.g., a number of relay and pico cells overlaid by a macro cell in the same frequency. Traffic balancing and interference management are required in Het-Net design for LTE-A to maintain system performance. In this paper, we propose an inter-domain cooperative traffic balancing scheme focusing on reducing the effective resource cost and mitigating the co-channel interference in multi-domain Het-Net. We first set up the conception of multi-domain in Het-Net and incorporate the co-channel interference into the proposed traffic balancing scheme. Then we model the traffic balancing issue as a multi-domain traffic resource optimization problem for minimizing the effective resource cost. The detailed implementation for the proposed traffic balancing scheme is designed. In the numerical evaluation, the genetic algorithm （GA） as an optimization method is used to demonstrate that the total effective resource cost is significantly reduced through our proposed inter-domain traffic balancing scheme, comparing with the intra-domain traffic balancing scheme. The 43% of the resource cost is saved. In the system level simulation, the performance results of signal interference noise ratio （SINR） and throughput demonstrate that the proposed scheme has great advantages in interference management in Het-Net.
基金supported financially by the Major Program of the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.20ZDA052)and the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.22BJY163).
文摘Drawing on Dutch disease theory,we assess how the recent housing boom has contributed to a decline in China's manufacturing exports.Using Chinese city and enterprise panel data from 2004 to 2013,our analysis reveals that Dutch disease indeed exists and that the housing price increase has played a very important role in affecting China's manufacturing exports through two key channels:resource movement effect and spending effect.Specifically,this paper found that:(i)the housing price increase hindered labor flowing into China's manufacturing industry(resource movement efect)and caused higher inflation(spending effect);(ii)the housing boom clearly impeded China's manufacturing exports,especially after the outbreak of the global economic crisis in 2008;(ii)the impacts of the housing price increase on China's manufacturing exports were heterogenous,and were more significant for labor-intensive manufacturing businesses,businesses that were foreign owned,less R&D intensive,or located in the central and western regions.
