This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this m...This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this model, one rule corresponds to one state transition of FSM and one template corresponds to one FSM. Rules and information with respect to a FSM can be written in a template. So templates include not only state diagrams, but also information that can not be described by FSM, such as performance requirements. The specification using this model consists of a collection of templates and it is easy for users to understand and to review. After introduced the related researches and principles of the model, this paper specifies requirements of a real-time system with this model, and discusses characters of this model in the end.展开更多
In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as th...In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic in-stream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124×108 m3, including 57×108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63×108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4×108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228×108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis.展开更多
The generally used methods of forecasting coal requirement quantity include the analogy method, the outside push method and the cause effect analysis method. However, the precision of forecasting results using these m...The generally used methods of forecasting coal requirement quantity include the analogy method, the outside push method and the cause effect analysis method. However, the precision of forecasting results using these methods is lower. This paper uses the grey system theory, and sets up grey forecasting model GM (1, 3) to coal requirement quantity. The forecasting result for the Chinese coal requirement quantity coincides with the actual values, and this shows that the model is reliable. Finally, this model are used to forecast Chinese coal requirement quantity in the future ten years.展开更多
The mission of nuclear safety authorities in national radioactive waste disposal programmes is to ensure that people and the environment are protected against the hazards of ionising radiations emitted by the waste.It...The mission of nuclear safety authorities in national radioactive waste disposal programmes is to ensure that people and the environment are protected against the hazards of ionising radiations emitted by the waste.It implies the establishment of safety requirements and the oversight of the activities of the waste management organisation in charge of implementing the programme.In Belgium,the safety requirements for geological disposal rest on the following principles:defence-in-depth,demonstrability and the radiation protection principles elaborated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP).Applying these principles requires notably an appropriate identification and characterisation of the processes upon which the safety functions fulfilled by the disposal system rely and of the processes that may affect the system performance.Therefore,research and development(R&D)on safety-relevant thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)issues is important to build confidence in the safety assessment.This paper points out the key THMC processes that might influence radionuclide transport in a disposal system and its surrounding environment,considering the dynamic nature of these processes.Their nature and significance are expected to change according to prevailing internal and external conditions,which evolve from the repository construction phase to the whole heatingecooling cycle of decaying waste after closure.As these processes have a potential impact on safety,it is essential to identify and to understand them properly when developing a disposal concept to ensure compliance with relevant safety requirements.In particular,the investigation of THMC processes is needed to manage uncertainties.This includes the identification and characterisation of uncertainties as well as for the understanding of their safety-relevance.R&D may also be necessary to reduce uncertainties of which the magnitude does not allow demonstrating the safety of the disposal system.展开更多
System-of-systems （SOS） engineering involves a com- plex process of refining high-level SoS requirements into more detailed systems requirements and assessing the extent to which the performances of to-be systems ma...System-of-systems （SOS） engineering involves a com- plex process of refining high-level SoS requirements into more detailed systems requirements and assessing the extent to which the performances of to-be systems may possibly satisfy SoS capa- bility objectives. The key issue is how to model such requirements to automate the process of analysis and assessment. This paper suggests a meta-model that defines both functional and non- functional features of SoS requirements for command and control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance reconnais- sance （C41SR） systems. A domain-specific modeling language is defined by extending unified modeling language （UML） con- structed of class and association with fuzzy theory in order to model the fuzzy concepts of performance requirements. An effi- ciency evaluation function is introduced, based on Bezier curves, to predict the effectiveness of systems. An algorithm is presented to transform domain models in fuzzy UML into a requirements ontology in description logic （DL） so that requirements verification can be automated with a popular DL reasoner such as Pellet.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)are the most required nutrients for corn and wheat production.Increasing the N application rate usually boosts crop yields.However,many uncertainties remain for K management.Potassium defici...Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)are the most required nutrients for corn and wheat production.Increasing the N application rate usually boosts crop yields.However,many uncertainties remain for K management.Potassium deficiency results in yield losses,but K application rate based on the percentage of K+in the cation exchange capacity(CEC)is doubtful,especially in soil with high CEC.A field trial was conducted to examine the effects of KCl application before sowing corn and wheat,by raising the percentage of K+in CEC at pH 7.0(CECpH7.0)to approximately 2.5%,3.5%,and 4.5%,and adding N as a topdressing(75,150,and 225 kg ha-1 to corn and 40,80,and 120 kg ha-1 to wheat)on the nutrition and yield of corn and wheat under a continuous no-till system(30 years).Exchangeable K+content increased in the topsoil(0–20 cm depth)up to 7.2 mmolc dm-3 after K application at the highest rate,which,however,did not result in significant increases in nutrient uptake and yields for both corn and wheat.The N application rate positively affected the uptake and removal of all macronutrients by corn and wheat.Applying N as a topdressing increased yields of corn and wheat by up to 83%and 22%,respectively.Our results suggest that in the soil with a high CECpH7.0(162.1 mmolc dm-3),the recommendation for K application made by considering the percentage of K+in the CECpH7.0 may result in excessive application of K fertilizer to crops with high K-recycling potential grown under a continuous no-till system.展开更多
Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are deri...Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are derivative from requirements without considering the implementation’s internal structure.Requirement-based testing includes functional and nonfunctional requirements.The objective of this study is to explore the approaches that generate test cases from requirements.A systematic literature review based on two research questions and extensive quality assessment criteria includes studies.The study identies 30 primary studies from 410 studies spanned from 2000 to 2018.The review’s nding shows that 53%of journal papers,42%of conference papers,and 5%of book chapters’address requirementsbased testing.Most of the studies use UML,activity,and use case diagrams for test case generation from requirements.One of the signicant lessons learned is that most software testing errors are traced back to errors in natural language requirements.A substantial amount of work focuses on UML diagrams for test case generations,which cannot capture all the system’s developed attributes.Furthermore,there is a lack of UML-based models that can generate test cases from natural language requirements by rening them in context.Coverage criteria indicate how efciently the testing has been performed 12.37%of studies use requirements coverage,20%of studies cover path coverage,and 17%study basic coverage.展开更多
As the scale of current systems become larger and larger and their complexity is increasing gradually,research on executable models in the design phase becomes significantly important as it is helpful to simulate the ...As the scale of current systems become larger and larger and their complexity is increasing gradually,research on executable models in the design phase becomes significantly important as it is helpful to simulate the execution process and capture defects of a system in advance.Meanwhile,the capability of a system becomes so important that stakeholders tend to emphasize their capability requirements when developing a system.To deal with the lack of official specifications and the fundamental theory basis for capability requirement,we propose a cooperative capability requirements(CCR)meta-model as a theory basis for researchers to refer to in this research domain,in which we provide detailed definition of the CCR concepts,associations and rules.Moreover,we also propose an executable framework,which may enable modelers to simulate the execution process of a system in advance and do well in filling the inconsistency and semantic gaps between stakeholders’requirements and their models.The primary working mechanism of the framework is to transform the Alf activity meta-model into the communicating sequential process(CSP)process meta-model based on some mapping rules,after which the internal communication mechanism between process nodes is designed to smooth the execution of behaviors in a CSP system.Moreover,a validation method is utilized to check the correctness and consistency of the models,and a self-fixing mechanism is used to fix the errors and warnings captured during the validation process automatically.Finally,a validation report is generated and fed back to the modelers for system optimization.展开更多
With the development of medicine,people are becoming more and more aware of the quality of medical water supply,such as dial ysis water,dental water,preparation water,operating room water,supply room water.Therefore,P...With the development of medicine,people are becoming more and more aware of the quality of medical water supply,such as dial ysis water,dental water,preparation water,operating room water,supply room water.Therefore,People are constantly improving the water treatment system and its standardized,and the demand for dialysis water is also becoming more and more strict.Hemodialysis is an effective means of maintaining the life of renal failure patients,120~180L water will be used for a conventional dialysis treatment,and high flux dialysis will consume more.展开更多
A formal specification language iFL based on i* framework is presented in this paper to formally specify and analyze the early requirment of multi-agent system. It is a branching temporal logic which defines the conce...A formal specification language iFL based on i* framework is presented in this paper to formally specify and analyze the early requirment of multi-agent system. It is a branching temporal logic which defines the concepts and models in i* framework in a rigorous way. The method to transform the i* models to iFL formal specification is also put forward. Key words Agent - early requirement - logic - requirement engineering CLC number TP 18 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60373022)Biography: MAO Xin-jun (1970-), male, Ph. D, Associate professor, research direction: object-agent software engineering, Agent theory.展开更多
Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and...Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.展开更多
Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU) and Greywater Treatment Systems (GTS) are onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) designed to treat wastewater to secondary effluent quality standards. Consequently, the electrical, me...Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU) and Greywater Treatment Systems (GTS) are onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) designed to treat wastewater to secondary effluent quality standards. Consequently, the electrical, mechanical and chemical components of these OWTS need to be regularly maintained to ensure their consistent and reliable operation to the required standards. In Western Australia (WA), the Department of Health set out the regulatory requirements for the maintenance of OWTS as well as when and how it is to occur. This paper reviews the maintenance requirements for ATU and GTS in WA and provides recommendations for the proposed changes in guidelines and regulations. State and national guidelines were reviewed and information from industry and regulators was obtained through surveys. The review found that although the guidelines are generally satisfactory there are a number of areas which could be improved and specific recommendations are discussed.展开更多
To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the ...To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the effectiveness of flexibility management strategies under different climate conditions and extreme weather events.Using both typical and extreme weather data from cities in five major climate zones of China,this study investigates the energy flexibility potential of an office building under three short-term HVAC management strategies in the context of different climates.The results show that the peak load flexibility and overall energy performance of the three short-term strategies were affected by the surrounding climate conditions.The peak load reduction rate of the pre-cooling and zone temperature reset strategies declined linearly as outdoor temperature increased.Under extreme climate conditions,the daily peak-load time was found to be over two hours earlier than under typical conditions,and the intensive solar radiation found in the extreme conditions can weaken the correlation between peak load reduction and outdoor temperature,risking the ability of a building’s HVAC system to maintain a comfortable indoor environment.展开更多
The fields of safety and security use different conceptual standards and methods. As a consequence, these two separate but related research areas utilize different approaches. Addressing the integration between safety...The fields of safety and security use different conceptual standards and methods. As a consequence, these two separate but related research areas utilize different approaches. Addressing the integration between safety and security concerns in this context, we would conduct a survey exploring approaches and standards that were created by the scholars to combine safety and security requirement engineering.展开更多
In order to satisfy the spectrum requirements of the future international mobile telecommunication (IMT) systems, to realize scientific allocation and usage of spectrum resources and to avoid spectrum waste brought by...In order to satisfy the spectrum requirements of the future international mobile telecommunication (IMT) systems, to realize scientific allocation and usage of spectrum resources and to avoid spectrum waste brought by allocation in advanced, there is a need to make a reasonable estimation for the spectrum demands of future IMT systems. The estimation results can also provide guidelines for the subsequent spectrum planning and assignment work. This paper gives a description of study progress of related spectrum estimation for future IMT systems. From the analysis of current work and practical situation, the key factors in the estimation methodology are summarized to provide a reference for the following work.展开更多
For a purpose of suitable system product development and acquisition successfully, it is extremely important to specify the quality requirement for target system during system design phase, and developing or selecting...For a purpose of suitable system product development and acquisition successfully, it is extremely important to specify the quality requirement for target system during system design phase, and developing or selecting a most suitable product finally from among the alternative candidate products. However, the quality requirements analysis is a very difficult matter because it is non-formulaic and demands much of product customer’s technical perceptiveness. Traditionally, analysis of quality requirements of a product has been conducted through questionnaires or interviews with customers based on survey investigator’s personal experience. This kind of lack of structure and incompleteness in the traditional approach introduced missing requirements and errors in prioritizing requirements to implement in the requirement analysis of a product. On the other hand, we have been working on developing the techniques (SQuaRE) for quality requirements and evaluation for system and software product for a long time in ISO/IECJTC1/SC7WG 6. For the purpose of specify the quality requirement of system product, the method of quantitative quality requirement definitions based on ISO/IEC9126 [1] quality model that includes six characteristics is widely recognized. However, independency among each quality characteristic is not sure and the suitability of method by using these six quality characteristics for quality requirement is not certified statistically. In this paper, we propose the concept of quality requirements definition method based on the SQuaRE quality models define in ISO/IEC25030 [2,3]. Also, this paper proposes the result of verification about effectiveness of quantitative quality requirement definition approach from the view point of six quality characteristics described in ISO/IEC9126.展开更多
Delivering IPTV services entails a complex integration of a variety of industries as well as the support of network,computer,and image processing technologies.That is to say,the IPTV architecture should carry a myriad...Delivering IPTV services entails a complex integration of a variety of industries as well as the support of network,computer,and image processing technologies.That is to say,the IPTV architecture should carry a myriad of services and technologies.In light of current telecom/TV status,the IPTV architecture can be set up on the convergence of the three networks to deliver comprehensive services and make Live TV,TV on Demand(TVOD),and Time-shifted TV services accessible on one platform.It also supports local and cross-regional user and service certification,provides EPG and smooth TV images and guarantees secured content as well.展开更多
Identifying stakeholder’s needs, eliciting, categorizing and translating them into specifications is the requirement analysis process. Requirement analysis can be a long and arduous process during which many delicate...Identifying stakeholder’s needs, eliciting, categorizing and translating them into specifications is the requirement analysis process. Requirement analysis can be a long and arduous process during which many delicate psychological skills are involved. For any software, it is important to identify all stakeholders, collect their requirements and ensure they understand the implications of the software. The gap between stakeholders’ vision of the proposed software and the analysis's depiction of that software is the cause of shortcomings in analysis. If the requirements specified by analysts can be tested against stakeholders' expectations, then this gap might be narrowed, and better solutions might be resulted. This paper discusses the impact of the activities of the analysis phase on the development process and on the software itself. It describes the development of the ReqVerifier tool and proposes a systematic approach on how to test software requirements and verify them against stakeholders’ vision in order to develop a good software requirement for a quality software.展开更多
Multimedia Interactive Informative Systems (MIIS) are software applications resulting from the convergence of multiples technologies such as audiovisual, computing and communication. They aim to transmit information t...Multimedia Interactive Informative Systems (MIIS) are software applications resulting from the convergence of multiples technologies such as audiovisual, computing and communication. They aim to transmit information to a large, diverse and dispersed public. As with other mass media, the fulfillment of MIIS goals depends largely on the quality of communication between the system and end users. Therefore, those systems should be developed in order to ensure that this quality requirement is satisfied. If MIIS are constructed according to usual software engineering practices, the analysis discipline of the development process includes requirements identification and specification;however, these techniques are focused on functional requirements, and they do not give much importance to non-functional requirements. In this paper, we propose a development process based on the production of videogames which has two different phases: preproduction and production. The first phase, corresponding to requirements identification, derives into the concept of system. In order to translate this concept into a specification, we propose the use of new communicational attributes and a MIIS metamodel. The establishment of MIIS non-functional specification is the result of analyzing class diagrams through quality attributes. In order to evaluate if the specifications are responding to communicational attributes, a functional prototype is built and evaluated with end users. The proposed methodology is applied to a real case study.展开更多
The ageing population in developed countries brings many benefits but also many challenges, particularly in terms of the development of appropriate technology to support their ability to remain in their own home envir...The ageing population in developed countries brings many benefits but also many challenges, particularly in terms of the development of appropriate technology to support their ability to remain in their own home environment. One particular challenge reported for such Home Care Systems (HCS) is the identification of an appropriate requirements development technique for dealing with the typical diverse stakeholders involved. Agile Methods (AMs) recognize this challenge and propose techniques that could be useful. This paper examines the desirable characteristics identified for requirements development in HCS and investigates the extent to which agile practices conform to these. It also sets out future work to improve the situation for the non compliant points found.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science F oundation of China(6 98730 35 ) and the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Hi
文摘This paper presents a model specifying requirements of real-time systems. Different from existing researches, this model mainly uses rules and templates to represent hierarchical FSMs (Finite State Machine). In this model, one rule corresponds to one state transition of FSM and one template corresponds to one FSM. Rules and information with respect to a FSM can be written in a template. So templates include not only state diagrams, but also information that can not be described by FSM, such as performance requirements. The specification using this model consists of a collection of templates and it is easy for users to understand and to review. After introduced the related researches and principles of the model, this paper specifies requirements of a real-time system with this model, and discusses characters of this model in the end.
基金Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KZ951-A1-203 Knowledge Innovation Project of Institute of Geographic Sciences and N
文摘In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources development and utilization, this paper proposes a concept of environmental and ecological water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods on calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic in-stream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124×108 m3, including 57×108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63×108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4×108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228×108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis.
文摘The generally used methods of forecasting coal requirement quantity include the analogy method, the outside push method and the cause effect analysis method. However, the precision of forecasting results using these methods is lower. This paper uses the grey system theory, and sets up grey forecasting model GM (1, 3) to coal requirement quantity. The forecasting result for the Chinese coal requirement quantity coincides with the actual values, and this shows that the model is reliable. Finally, this model are used to forecast Chinese coal requirement quantity in the future ten years.
文摘The mission of nuclear safety authorities in national radioactive waste disposal programmes is to ensure that people and the environment are protected against the hazards of ionising radiations emitted by the waste.It implies the establishment of safety requirements and the oversight of the activities of the waste management organisation in charge of implementing the programme.In Belgium,the safety requirements for geological disposal rest on the following principles:defence-in-depth,demonstrability and the radiation protection principles elaborated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection(ICRP).Applying these principles requires notably an appropriate identification and characterisation of the processes upon which the safety functions fulfilled by the disposal system rely and of the processes that may affect the system performance.Therefore,research and development(R&D)on safety-relevant thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical(THMC)issues is important to build confidence in the safety assessment.This paper points out the key THMC processes that might influence radionuclide transport in a disposal system and its surrounding environment,considering the dynamic nature of these processes.Their nature and significance are expected to change according to prevailing internal and external conditions,which evolve from the repository construction phase to the whole heatingecooling cycle of decaying waste after closure.As these processes have a potential impact on safety,it is essential to identify and to understand them properly when developing a disposal concept to ensure compliance with relevant safety requirements.In particular,the investigation of THMC processes is needed to manage uncertainties.This includes the identification and characterisation of uncertainties as well as for the understanding of their safety-relevance.R&D may also be necessary to reduce uncertainties of which the magnitude does not allow demonstrating the safety of the disposal system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61273210)
文摘System-of-systems （SOS） engineering involves a com- plex process of refining high-level SoS requirements into more detailed systems requirements and assessing the extent to which the performances of to-be systems may possibly satisfy SoS capa- bility objectives. The key issue is how to model such requirements to automate the process of analysis and assessment. This paper suggests a meta-model that defines both functional and non- functional features of SoS requirements for command and control, communication, computer, intelligence, surveillance reconnais- sance （C41SR） systems. A domain-specific modeling language is defined by extending unified modeling language （UML） con- structed of class and association with fuzzy theory in order to model the fuzzy concepts of performance requirements. An effi- ciency evaluation function is introduced, based on Bezier curves, to predict the effectiveness of systems. An algorithm is presented to transform domain models in fuzzy UML into a requirements ontology in description logic （DL） so that requirements verification can be automated with a popular DL reasoner such as Pellet.
文摘Nitrogen(N)and potassium(K)are the most required nutrients for corn and wheat production.Increasing the N application rate usually boosts crop yields.However,many uncertainties remain for K management.Potassium deficiency results in yield losses,but K application rate based on the percentage of K+in the cation exchange capacity(CEC)is doubtful,especially in soil with high CEC.A field trial was conducted to examine the effects of KCl application before sowing corn and wheat,by raising the percentage of K+in CEC at pH 7.0(CECpH7.0)to approximately 2.5%,3.5%,and 4.5%,and adding N as a topdressing(75,150,and 225 kg ha-1 to corn and 40,80,and 120 kg ha-1 to wheat)on the nutrition and yield of corn and wheat under a continuous no-till system(30 years).Exchangeable K+content increased in the topsoil(0–20 cm depth)up to 7.2 mmolc dm-3 after K application at the highest rate,which,however,did not result in significant increases in nutrient uptake and yields for both corn and wheat.The N application rate positively affected the uptake and removal of all macronutrients by corn and wheat.Applying N as a topdressing increased yields of corn and wheat by up to 83%and 22%,respectively.Our results suggest that in the soil with a high CECpH7.0(162.1 mmolc dm-3),the recommendation for K application made by considering the percentage of K+in the CECpH7.0 may result in excessive application of K fertilizer to crops with high K-recycling potential grown under a continuous no-till system.
文摘Software testing is an important and cost intensive activity in software development.The major contribution in cost is due to test case generations.Requirement-based testing is an approach in which test cases are derivative from requirements without considering the implementation’s internal structure.Requirement-based testing includes functional and nonfunctional requirements.The objective of this study is to explore the approaches that generate test cases from requirements.A systematic literature review based on two research questions and extensive quality assessment criteria includes studies.The study identies 30 primary studies from 410 studies spanned from 2000 to 2018.The review’s nding shows that 53%of journal papers,42%of conference papers,and 5%of book chapters’address requirementsbased testing.Most of the studies use UML,activity,and use case diagrams for test case generation from requirements.One of the signicant lessons learned is that most software testing errors are traced back to errors in natural language requirements.A substantial amount of work focuses on UML diagrams for test case generations,which cannot capture all the system’s developed attributes.Furthermore,there is a lack of UML-based models that can generate test cases from natural language requirements by rening them in context.Coverage criteria indicate how efciently the testing has been performed 12.37%of studies use requirements coverage,20%of studies cover path coverage,and 17%study basic coverage.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC0806900)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2018M633757)+1 种基金the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2016904,BE2017616,BE2018754,BE2019762)Jiangsu Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2019K185).
文摘As the scale of current systems become larger and larger and their complexity is increasing gradually,research on executable models in the design phase becomes significantly important as it is helpful to simulate the execution process and capture defects of a system in advance.Meanwhile,the capability of a system becomes so important that stakeholders tend to emphasize their capability requirements when developing a system.To deal with the lack of official specifications and the fundamental theory basis for capability requirement,we propose a cooperative capability requirements(CCR)meta-model as a theory basis for researchers to refer to in this research domain,in which we provide detailed definition of the CCR concepts,associations and rules.Moreover,we also propose an executable framework,which may enable modelers to simulate the execution process of a system in advance and do well in filling the inconsistency and semantic gaps between stakeholders’requirements and their models.The primary working mechanism of the framework is to transform the Alf activity meta-model into the communicating sequential process(CSP)process meta-model based on some mapping rules,after which the internal communication mechanism between process nodes is designed to smooth the execution of behaviors in a CSP system.Moreover,a validation method is utilized to check the correctness and consistency of the models,and a self-fixing mechanism is used to fix the errors and warnings captured during the validation process automatically.Finally,a validation report is generated and fed back to the modelers for system optimization.
基金Guangdong Obers Blood Purification Aca demician Work station(2013B090400004)Science and technology plan project of Guangdong industrial high and new technology field(2013B010203019)+3 种基金Guangzhou entrepreneurial leader talent/LCY201215Guangdong Inno vation Fund Project(2014A010101123)Guangdong Provincial Center for clinical en gineering of blood purification(507204531040)Guangdong University blood purification technology and Engineering Research Center(GCZX-A1104)
文摘With the development of medicine,people are becoming more and more aware of the quality of medical water supply,such as dial ysis water,dental water,preparation water,operating room water,supply room water.Therefore,People are constantly improving the water treatment system and its standardized,and the demand for dialysis water is also becoming more and more strict.Hemodialysis is an effective means of maintaining the life of renal failure patients,120~180L water will be used for a conventional dialysis treatment,and high flux dialysis will consume more.
文摘A formal specification language iFL based on i* framework is presented in this paper to formally specify and analyze the early requirment of multi-agent system. It is a branching temporal logic which defines the concepts and models in i* framework in a rigorous way. The method to transform the i* models to iFL formal specification is also put forward. Key words Agent - early requirement - logic - requirement engineering CLC number TP 18 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60373022)Biography: MAO Xin-jun (1970-), male, Ph. D, Associate professor, research direction: object-agent software engineering, Agent theory.
基金funding this work through research group no.RG-1441-490.
文摘Requirements elicitation is a fundamental phase of software development in which an analyst discovers the needs of different stakeholders and transforms them into requirements.This phase is cost-and time-intensive,and a project may fail if there are excessive costs and schedule overruns.COVID-19 has affected the software industry by reducing interactions between developers and customers.Such a lack of interaction is a key reason for the failure of software projects.Projects can also fail when customers do not know precisely what they want.Furthermore,selecting the unsuitable elicitation technique can also cause project failure.The present study,therefore,aimed to identify which requirements elicitation technique is the most cost-effective for large-scale projects when time to market is a critical issue or when the customer is not available.To that end,we conducted a systematic literature review on requirements elicitation techniques.Most primary studies identified introspection as the best technique,followed by survey and brainstorming.This finding suggests that introspection should be the first choice of elicitation technique,especially when the customer is not available or the project has strict time and cost constraints.Moreover,introspection should also be used as the starting point in the elicitation process of a large-scale project,and all known requirements should be elicited using this technique.
文摘Aerobic Treatment Units (ATU) and Greywater Treatment Systems (GTS) are onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) designed to treat wastewater to secondary effluent quality standards. Consequently, the electrical, mechanical and chemical components of these OWTS need to be regularly maintained to ensure their consistent and reliable operation to the required standards. In Western Australia (WA), the Department of Health set out the regulatory requirements for the maintenance of OWTS as well as when and how it is to occur. This paper reviews the maintenance requirements for ATU and GTS in WA and provides recommendations for the proposed changes in guidelines and regulations. State and national guidelines were reviewed and information from industry and regulators was obtained through surveys. The review found that although the guidelines are generally satisfactory there are a number of areas which could be improved and specific recommendations are discussed.
基金National Key R&D Program of China of the 13th Five-Year Plan(No.2018YFD1100704)。
文摘To meet the challenge of mismatches between power supply and demand,modern buildings must schedule flexible energy loads in order to improve the efficiency of power grids.Furthermore,it is essential to understand the effectiveness of flexibility management strategies under different climate conditions and extreme weather events.Using both typical and extreme weather data from cities in five major climate zones of China,this study investigates the energy flexibility potential of an office building under three short-term HVAC management strategies in the context of different climates.The results show that the peak load flexibility and overall energy performance of the three short-term strategies were affected by the surrounding climate conditions.The peak load reduction rate of the pre-cooling and zone temperature reset strategies declined linearly as outdoor temperature increased.Under extreme climate conditions,the daily peak-load time was found to be over two hours earlier than under typical conditions,and the intensive solar radiation found in the extreme conditions can weaken the correlation between peak load reduction and outdoor temperature,risking the ability of a building’s HVAC system to maintain a comfortable indoor environment.
文摘The fields of safety and security use different conceptual standards and methods. As a consequence, these two separate but related research areas utilize different approaches. Addressing the integration between safety and security concerns in this context, we would conduct a survey exploring approaches and standards that were created by the scholars to combine safety and security requirement engineering.
文摘In order to satisfy the spectrum requirements of the future international mobile telecommunication (IMT) systems, to realize scientific allocation and usage of spectrum resources and to avoid spectrum waste brought by allocation in advanced, there is a need to make a reasonable estimation for the spectrum demands of future IMT systems. The estimation results can also provide guidelines for the subsequent spectrum planning and assignment work. This paper gives a description of study progress of related spectrum estimation for future IMT systems. From the analysis of current work and practical situation, the key factors in the estimation methodology are summarized to provide a reference for the following work.
文摘For a purpose of suitable system product development and acquisition successfully, it is extremely important to specify the quality requirement for target system during system design phase, and developing or selecting a most suitable product finally from among the alternative candidate products. However, the quality requirements analysis is a very difficult matter because it is non-formulaic and demands much of product customer’s technical perceptiveness. Traditionally, analysis of quality requirements of a product has been conducted through questionnaires or interviews with customers based on survey investigator’s personal experience. This kind of lack of structure and incompleteness in the traditional approach introduced missing requirements and errors in prioritizing requirements to implement in the requirement analysis of a product. On the other hand, we have been working on developing the techniques (SQuaRE) for quality requirements and evaluation for system and software product for a long time in ISO/IECJTC1/SC7WG 6. For the purpose of specify the quality requirement of system product, the method of quantitative quality requirement definitions based on ISO/IEC9126 [1] quality model that includes six characteristics is widely recognized. However, independency among each quality characteristic is not sure and the suitability of method by using these six quality characteristics for quality requirement is not certified statistically. In this paper, we propose the concept of quality requirements definition method based on the SQuaRE quality models define in ISO/IEC25030 [2,3]. Also, this paper proposes the result of verification about effectiveness of quantitative quality requirement definition approach from the view point of six quality characteristics described in ISO/IEC9126.
文摘Delivering IPTV services entails a complex integration of a variety of industries as well as the support of network,computer,and image processing technologies.That is to say,the IPTV architecture should carry a myriad of services and technologies.In light of current telecom/TV status,the IPTV architecture can be set up on the convergence of the three networks to deliver comprehensive services and make Live TV,TV on Demand(TVOD),and Time-shifted TV services accessible on one platform.It also supports local and cross-regional user and service certification,provides EPG and smooth TV images and guarantees secured content as well.
文摘Identifying stakeholder’s needs, eliciting, categorizing and translating them into specifications is the requirement analysis process. Requirement analysis can be a long and arduous process during which many delicate psychological skills are involved. For any software, it is important to identify all stakeholders, collect their requirements and ensure they understand the implications of the software. The gap between stakeholders’ vision of the proposed software and the analysis's depiction of that software is the cause of shortcomings in analysis. If the requirements specified by analysts can be tested against stakeholders' expectations, then this gap might be narrowed, and better solutions might be resulted. This paper discusses the impact of the activities of the analysis phase on the development process and on the software itself. It describes the development of the ReqVerifier tool and proposes a systematic approach on how to test software requirements and verify them against stakeholders’ vision in order to develop a good software requirement for a quality software.
文摘Multimedia Interactive Informative Systems (MIIS) are software applications resulting from the convergence of multiples technologies such as audiovisual, computing and communication. They aim to transmit information to a large, diverse and dispersed public. As with other mass media, the fulfillment of MIIS goals depends largely on the quality of communication between the system and end users. Therefore, those systems should be developed in order to ensure that this quality requirement is satisfied. If MIIS are constructed according to usual software engineering practices, the analysis discipline of the development process includes requirements identification and specification;however, these techniques are focused on functional requirements, and they do not give much importance to non-functional requirements. In this paper, we propose a development process based on the production of videogames which has two different phases: preproduction and production. The first phase, corresponding to requirements identification, derives into the concept of system. In order to translate this concept into a specification, we propose the use of new communicational attributes and a MIIS metamodel. The establishment of MIIS non-functional specification is the result of analyzing class diagrams through quality attributes. In order to evaluate if the specifications are responding to communicational attributes, a functional prototype is built and evaluated with end users. The proposed methodology is applied to a real case study.
文摘The ageing population in developed countries brings many benefits but also many challenges, particularly in terms of the development of appropriate technology to support their ability to remain in their own home environment. One particular challenge reported for such Home Care Systems (HCS) is the identification of an appropriate requirements development technique for dealing with the typical diverse stakeholders involved. Agile Methods (AMs) recognize this challenge and propose techniques that could be useful. This paper examines the desirable characteristics identified for requirements development in HCS and investigates the extent to which agile practices conform to these. It also sets out future work to improve the situation for the non compliant points found.
