Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of envi...Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of environmental sustainability and resource management.Therefore,the development and implementation of efficient LFP battery recycling methods are crucial to address these challenges.This article presents a novel,comprehensive evaluation framework for comparing different lithium iron phosphate relithiation techniques.The framework includes three main sets of criteria:direct production cost,electrochemical performance,and environmental impact.Each criterion is scored on a scale of 0–100,with higher scores indicating better performance.The direct production cost is rated based on material costs,energy consumption,key equipment costs,process duration and space requirements.Electrochemical performance is assessed by rate capability and cycle stability.Environmental impact is assessed based on CO_(2)emissions.The framework provides a standardized technique for researchers and industry professionals to objectively compare relithiation methods,facilitating the identification of the most promising approaches for further development and scale-up.The total average score across the three criterion groups for electrochemical,chemical,and hydrothermal relithiation methods was approximately 60 points,while sintering scored 39 points,making it the least attractive relithiation technique.Combining approaches outlined in publications with scores exceeding 60,a relithiation scheme was proposed to achieve optimal electrochemical performance with minimal resource consumption and environmental impact.The results demonstrate the framework’s applicability and highlight areas for future research and optimization in lithium iron phosphate cathode recycling.展开更多
Enormous LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries retired from the market need urgent rational disposal and reutilization based on the degradation analysis of the evolutional mechanism for electrodes.Typically,Li inventory ...Enormous LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries retired from the market need urgent rational disposal and reutilization based on the degradation analysis of the evolutional mechanism for electrodes.Typically,Li inventory loss is one of the main reasons for the degradation of LFP-based batteries.The reduced portion of lithium in a cathode is inevitably consumed to form solid electrolyte interphase or trapped in the anode.Herein,we propose a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling and conduct the work by simply regenerating the degraded LFP materials directly with the extracted lithium compounds from spent anodes.Moreover,inter-particle three-dimensional(3D)conductive networks are built via an in situ carbonization to reinforce the electronic conductivity of regenerated cathodes.An improved electrochemical performance was achieved in the regenerated LFP materials even compared with the pristine LFP.This integrated recycling strategy not only brings more added value to the recycled materials by leveraging the recycling process but also aims to apply the concept of“treating waste with waste”and spur innovations in battery recycling technologies in the future.展开更多
基金state assignments of Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry,Russian Academy of Sciences(No.124013000692-4 and 122112100037-4).
文摘Lithium iron phosphate(LFP)has found many applications in the field of electric vehicles and energy storage systems.However,the increasing volume of end-of-life LFP batteries poses an urgent challenge in terms of environmental sustainability and resource management.Therefore,the development and implementation of efficient LFP battery recycling methods are crucial to address these challenges.This article presents a novel,comprehensive evaluation framework for comparing different lithium iron phosphate relithiation techniques.The framework includes three main sets of criteria:direct production cost,electrochemical performance,and environmental impact.Each criterion is scored on a scale of 0–100,with higher scores indicating better performance.The direct production cost is rated based on material costs,energy consumption,key equipment costs,process duration and space requirements.Electrochemical performance is assessed by rate capability and cycle stability.Environmental impact is assessed based on CO_(2)emissions.The framework provides a standardized technique for researchers and industry professionals to objectively compare relithiation methods,facilitating the identification of the most promising approaches for further development and scale-up.The total average score across the three criterion groups for electrochemical,chemical,and hydrothermal relithiation methods was approximately 60 points,while sintering scored 39 points,making it the least attractive relithiation technique.Combining approaches outlined in publications with scores exceeding 60,a relithiation scheme was proposed to achieve optimal electrochemical performance with minimal resource consumption and environmental impact.The results demonstrate the framework’s applicability and highlight areas for future research and optimization in lithium iron phosphate cathode recycling.
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant no.51788104,the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2021YFB2400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.21905286,21773264,51772301)the“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration,”Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,grant no.XDA21070300.
文摘Enormous LiFePO_(4)(LFP)/graphite batteries retired from the market need urgent rational disposal and reutilization based on the degradation analysis of the evolutional mechanism for electrodes.Typically,Li inventory loss is one of the main reasons for the degradation of LFP-based batteries.The reduced portion of lithium in a cathode is inevitably consumed to form solid electrolyte interphase or trapped in the anode.Herein,we propose a comprehensive strategy for battery recycling and conduct the work by simply regenerating the degraded LFP materials directly with the extracted lithium compounds from spent anodes.Moreover,inter-particle three-dimensional(3D)conductive networks are built via an in situ carbonization to reinforce the electronic conductivity of regenerated cathodes.An improved electrochemical performance was achieved in the regenerated LFP materials even compared with the pristine LFP.This integrated recycling strategy not only brings more added value to the recycled materials by leveraging the recycling process but also aims to apply the concept of“treating waste with waste”and spur innovations in battery recycling technologies in the future.
