This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for ...This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.展开更多
As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.Ho...As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.展开更多
To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),supe...To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),super absorbent resin(SAP).The erosion mode and internal deterioration mechanism under salt freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet cycle were explored.The results show that the addition of enhancing materials can effectively improve the resistance of concrete to salt freezing and sulfate erosion:the relevant indexes of concrete added with X-AP and T-AP are improved after salt freeze-thaw cycles;concrete added with SBTTIA shows optimal sulfate corrosion resistance;and concrete added with AP displays the best resistance to salt freezing.Microanalysis shows that the increase in the number of cycles decreases the generation of internal hydration products and defects in concrete mixed with enhancing materials and improves the related indexes.Based on the Wiener model analysis,the reliability of concrete with different lithologies and enhancing materials is improved,which may provide a reference for the application of manufactured sand concrete and enhancing materials in Northwest China,especially for the study of the improvement effects and mechanism of enhancing materials on the performance of concrete.展开更多
The fuzzy comfortability of a wind-sensitive super-high tower crane is critical to guarantee occupant health and improve construction efficiency.Therefore,the wind-resistant fuzzy comfortability of a super-high tower ...The fuzzy comfortability of a wind-sensitive super-high tower crane is critical to guarantee occupant health and improve construction efficiency.Therefore,the wind-resistant fuzzy comfortability of a super-high tower crane in the Ma’anshan Yangtze River(MYR)Bridge site is analyzed in this paper.First,the membership function model that represents fuzzy comfortability is introduced in the probability density evolution method(PDEM).Second,based on Fechner’s law,the membership function curves are constructed according to three acceleration thresholds in ISO 2631.Then,the fuzzy comfortability for the super-high tower crane under stochastic wind loads is assessed on the basis of different cut-set levelsλ.Results show that the comfortability is over 0.9 under the required maximum operating wind velocity.The low sensitivity toλcan be observed in the reliability curves of ISOⅡandⅢmembership functions.The reliability of the ISOⅠmembership function is not sensitive toλwhenλ<0.7,whereas it becomes sensitive toλwhenλ>0.7.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System(BIS/BAS)scales among stroke survivors.Methods:The cross-sectio...Objective:This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System(BIS/BAS)scales among stroke survivors.Methods:The cross-sectional study was conducted at four comprehensive hospitals in Taizhou,Jiangsu,China.A sample of 232 first-ever stroke survivors were recruited from June to August 2023.Validity was examined using face validity and construct validity,which used confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)and known-group analysis.Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and test-retest reliability.Results:The BIS/BAS scales demonstrated satisfactory face validity.The findings of CFAs supported the original four-factor structure of BAS-reward,BAS-drive,BAS-fun seeking,and BIS with acceptable model fit indices.Discriminative validity,assessed via known-group analysis,indicated that stroke survivors with probable depression had significantly lower mean BAS-reward,BAS-drive,and BAS-fun seeking scores(P<0.001)and a higher mean BIS score(P=0.028)compared to those without probable depression.The internal consistency,measured by Cronbach’s a coefficients for the subscales,ranged from 0.669 to 0.964.Test-retest reliability,assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients,ranged from 0.61 to 0.93.Conclusions:The Chinese version of the BIS/BAS scales could be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring behavioral activation among stroke survivors.展开更多
This study examines the effects of e-banking service quality on customer satisfaction in the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia(CBE)branches in Wolaita Sodo town.Using a causal research design,the study explored the cause-an...This study examines the effects of e-banking service quality on customer satisfaction in the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia(CBE)branches in Wolaita Sodo town.Using a causal research design,the study explored the cause-and-effect relationship between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction.A sample of 385 customers was selected using convenience sampling,with 365 questionnaires returned.Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS V.21.The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.72 from a pilot study confirmed reliability.Descriptive and inferential statistics,including multiple linear regression and one-way ANOVA,were employed.Results revealed that three service quality dimensions-responsiveness,reliability,and assurance-were statistically significant and positively influenced customer satisfaction,while two dimensions showed negative associations.The regression model’s coefficient of determination(R²)was 0.621,indicating a moderate explanatory power.Findings suggest that CBE managers and stakeholders should prioritize improving responsiveness,reliability,and assurance by providing prompt,dependable,and trustworthy services.Due to limitations in time and resources,this study was confined to CBE branches in Wolaita Sodo town;future research could expand to a national level or other service sectors.展开更多
This paper introduces the Integrated Security Embedded Resilience Architecture (ISERA) as an advanced resilience mechanism for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Operational Technology (OT) environments. The ISERA f...This paper introduces the Integrated Security Embedded Resilience Architecture (ISERA) as an advanced resilience mechanism for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Operational Technology (OT) environments. The ISERA framework integrates security by design principles, micro-segmentation, and Island Mode Operation (IMO) to enhance cyber resilience and ensure continuous, secure operations. The methodology deploys a Forward-Thinking Architecture Strategy (FTAS) algorithm, which utilises an industrial Intrusion Detection System (IDS) implemented with Python’s Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) library. The FTAS algorithm successfully identified and responded to cyber-attacks, ensuring minimal system disruption. ISERA has been validated through comprehensive testing scenarios simulating Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and malware intrusions, at both the IT and OT layers where it successfully mitigates the impact of malicious activity. Results demonstrate ISERA’s efficacy in real-time threat detection, containment, and incident response, thus ensuring the integrity and reliability of critical infrastructure systems. ISERA’s decentralised approach contributes to global net zero goals by optimising resource use and minimising environmental impact. By adopting a decentralised control architecture and leveraging virtualisation, ISERA significantly enhances the cyber resilience and sustainability of critical infrastructure systems. This approach not only strengthens defences against evolving cyber threats but also optimises resource allocation, reducing the system’s carbon footprint. As a result, ISERA ensures the uninterrupted operation of essential services while contributing to broader net zero goals.展开更多
BACKGROUND With the growing scholarly and clinical fascination with somatic symptom dis-order(SSD),a bibliometric analysis is lacking.AIM To conduct a bibliometric analysis to investigate the current status and fronti...BACKGROUND With the growing scholarly and clinical fascination with somatic symptom dis-order(SSD),a bibliometric analysis is lacking.AIM To conduct a bibliometric analysis to investigate the current status and frontiers of SSD.METHODS The documents related to SSD are obtained from the web of science core collection database(WoSCC),and VOSviewer 1.6.16 from January 1,2000 to December 31,2023,and the WoSCC’s literature analysis wire were used to conduct the biblio-metric analysis.RESULTS A total of 567 documents related to SSD were included,and 2325 authors across 947 institutions from 57 countries/regions have contributed to SSD research,published in 277 journals.The most productive author,institution,country and journal were Löwe B,University of Hamburg,Germany,and Journal of Psycho-somatic Research respectively.The first high-cited document was published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research in 2013 by Dimsdale JE and colleagues,which explored the rationale behind the SSD diagnosis introduction in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.CONCLUSION In conclusion,the main research hotspots and frontiers in the field of SSD are validity and reliability of the SSD criteria,functional impairment of SSD,and the treatment for SSD.More high-quality studies are needed to assess the diagnosis and treatment of SSD.展开更多
Objective:Pelvic floor dysfunction is common among pregnant and postpartum women and significantly impacts quality of life.This study aims to translate the German Pelvic Floor Questionnaire for Pregnant and Postpartum...Objective:Pelvic floor dysfunction is common among pregnant and postpartum women and significantly impacts quality of life.This study aims to translate the German Pelvic Floor Questionnaire for Pregnant and Postpartum Women into Chinese and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the Chinese population.Methods:The questionnaire was translated using the Brislin model.A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and postpartum women to assess the content validity,construct validity,Cronbach’sαcoefficient,test-retest reliability,and split-half reliability of the Chinese version.Results:A total of 72 women were included,with 6.9% being pregnant and 93.1% postpartum;the age was(32.3±3.6)years.The Chinese version of the questionnaire contains 4 dimensions and 45 items.The content validity index of individual items ranged from 0.833 to 1.000,with a scale-level content validity index of 0.977 and intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs)exceeding 0.90.The overall Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.891,with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.732 to 0.884(all ICCs>0.70).The testretest reliability of the total scale was 0.833,and for the 4 dimensions,bladder,bowel,prolapse,and sexual function,the values were 0.776,0.579,0.732,and 0.645,respectively.The split-half reliability was 0.74.Conclusion:The Chinese version of the questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity,indicating its applicability in assessing pelvic floor dysfunction and associated risk factors during pregnancy and postpartum.展开更多
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUVs)are pivotal for deep-sea exploration and resource exploitation,yet their reliability in extreme underwater environments remains a critical barrier to widespread deployment.Through s...Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUVs)are pivotal for deep-sea exploration and resource exploitation,yet their reliability in extreme underwater environments remains a critical barrier to widespread deployment.Through systematic analysis of 150 peer-reviewed studies employing mixed-methods research,this review yields three principal advancements to the reliability analysis of AUVs.First,based on the hierarchical functional division of AUVs into six subsystems(propulsion system,navigation system,communication system,power system,environmental detection system,and emergency system),this study systematically identifies the primary failure modes and potential failure causes of each subsystem,providing theoretical support for fault diagnosis and reliability optimization.Subsequently,a comprehensive review of AUV reliability analysis methods is conducted from three perspectives:analytical methods,simulated methods,and surrogate model methods.The applicability and limitations of each method are critically analyzed to offer insights into their suitability for engineering applications.Finally,the study highlights key challenges and research hotpots in AUV reliability analysis,including reliability analysis under limited data,AI-driven reliability analysis,and human reliability analysis.Furthermore,the potential of multi-sensor data fusion,edge computing,and advanced materials in enhancing AUV environmental adaptability and reliability is explored.展开更多
Safety evaluation of a bridge under Moving Abnormal Indivisible Loads(MAILs)directly relates to whether an oversized and/or overweight Large-Cargo Transportation(LCT)vehicle is permitted to pass the bridge.Safety eval...Safety evaluation of a bridge under Moving Abnormal Indivisible Loads(MAILs)directly relates to whether an oversized and/or overweight Large-Cargo Transportation(LCT)vehicle is permitted to pass the bridge.Safety evaluation can be updated by fusing bridge inspection data and load test data,but there are two fundamental difficulties in updating.The first difficulty is to develop an updating scheme to utilize the unstructured inspection data.The second difficulty is to develop a successive updating scheme using load test data based on the previous updating results of the inspection data.This paper proposed a framework,consisting of three modules,to tackle these two fundamental difficulties of updating.Module one is the updating of Finite Element Model(FEM)and resistance of the bridge based on fusing bridge inspection data and load test data.The first difficulty in utilizing the unstructured inspection data is tackled by introducing updating guidelines using the unstructured inspection data.The second difficulty in conducting a successively updating scheme using load test data based on previous updating results is tackled by Bayesian updating.Module two is the simulation of a bridge under a MAIL,updating the ProbabilityDensity Functions(PDFs)of Load Effects(LEs)of critical sections of critical components based on the updated FEM and the givenMAIL.Module three is the safety evaluation of the bridge based on the load-bearing capacity index and reliability index,updating indices based on the updated resistance and LE.Theillustrative examples consist of a simulated example and an engineering example,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed framework.The simulated example is the safety evaluation of a bridge under a MAIL,and the engineering example is the safety evaluation of the Anning River Bridge of the Yazhong-Jiangxi Ultra-High-Voltage Direct Current(UHVDC)MAIL project.The results show that it is crucial to fuse bridge inspection data and load test data for updating the safety evaluation of bridges under MAILs.展开更多
1. Introduction Prognostics, known as ‘Remaining Useful Life(RUL) prediction', plays a crucial role in health management of critical systems, which is vital for maintaining the operating safety and reliability, a...1. Introduction Prognostics, known as ‘Remaining Useful Life(RUL) prediction', plays a crucial role in health management of critical systems, which is vital for maintaining the operating safety and reliability, and reducing the management costs.1Here, the RUL is usually defined as the length from the current time to the end of the useful life.展开更多
In this paper,an improved error-rate sliding window decoder is proposed for spatially coupled low-density parity-check(SC-LDPC)codes.For the conventional sliding window decoder,the message retention mechanism causes u...In this paper,an improved error-rate sliding window decoder is proposed for spatially coupled low-density parity-check(SC-LDPC)codes.For the conventional sliding window decoder,the message retention mechanism causes unreliable messages along the edges of belief propagation(BP)decoding in the current window to be kept for subsequent window decoding.To improve the reliability of the retained messages during the window transition,a reliable termination method is embedded,where the retained messages undergo more reliable parity checks.Additionally,decoding failure is unavoidable and even causes error propagation when the number of errors exceeds the error-correcting capability of the window.To mitigate this problem,a channel value reuse mechanism is designed,where the received channel values are utilized to reinitialize the window.Furthermore,considering the complexity and performance of decoding,a feasible sliding optimized window decoding(SOWD)scheme is introduced.Finally,simulation results confirm the superior performance of the proposed SOWD scheme in both the waterfall and error floor regions.This work has great potential in the applications of wireless optical communication and fiber optic communication.展开更多
Objectives:To compare the frequency of passing scores of nursing students participating in objective structured clinical examination(OSCE)by 4 methods of fixed score,Angoff,yes/no Angoff,and 3-level Angoff.The OSCE is...Objectives:To compare the frequency of passing scores of nursing students participating in objective structured clinical examination(OSCE)by 4 methods of fixed score,Angoff,yes/no Angoff,and 3-level Angoff.The OSCE is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the competency of nursing students.To have a fair judgment in OSCE,it is important to determine the standard setting.Methods:In this descriptive-analytical study,which was conducted in 2022,the 7-station OSCE scores and the passing rates of students were compared based on fixed score,Angoff,yes/no Angoff,and the 3-level Angoff by a panel of experts.The research population included nursing teachers(n=13)and nursing students(n=65).Due to the small number of participants,the number of samples in each of these 2 groups was equal to the total number of people in the research population.Results:Findings revealed that of the 13 nursing teachers who participated in the study,the majority were female and had a master’s degree.Among the 65 students taking part in OSCE,the majority were males.Results showed that the passing rate varied depending on the type of OSCE station and the standard-setting methods used.Differences in some cases were statistically significant(P<0.001).Conclusions:Findings suggest that the frequency of passing can vary depending on the method used.It is advisable to consider the average score from multiple methods to accurately determine the passing rate and achieve a more accurate acceptance rate.展开更多
In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracte...In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracted much attention,and formulating scientific and reasonable environmental test plans has become an important step to ensure product quality and reliability.展开更多
Objectives This study aimed to validate the Russian version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(R-CBI)among nurses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and explored factors contributing to burnout.Methods The original Copenha...Objectives This study aimed to validate the Russian version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(R-CBI)among nurses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and explored factors contributing to burnout.Methods The original Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(CBI)was translated into the R-CBI using a rigorous forward-backward method and reviewed by experts.Between July and November 2022,1,530 nurses were recruited through convenience sampling method from various nursing settings in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to test the scale’s reliability and validity,including confirmatory factor analysis(CFA),internal consistency reliability,and concurrent validity.A linear regression analysis was conducted to identify influencing factors of burnout.Results The content of the R-CBI is consistent with the original CBI,consisting of 19 items with three dimensions.The Cronbach’sαcoefficient is 0.926 in Kazakhstan and 0.922 in Kyrgyzstan,ranging from 0.830 to 0.898 for three dimensions.The CFA results among nurses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan supported the three-factor structure of R-CBI with good fit indices.Concurrent validity was established through significant correlations(P<0.001)with job satisfaction questionnaire(r=−0.457),Depression Anxiety Stress Scales(r=0.506 in depression,r=0.485 in anxiety,r=0.564 in stress),and WHO-5 Well-Being Index(r=−0.528).The overall burnout level was 36.1±17.6 and 37.5±17.4 in Kazakhstani and Kyrgyzstani nurses,respectively.Significant influencing factors of burnout included gender,age,educational level,and COVID-19 infection history.Conclusions The R-CBI was proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing nurses’burnout in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R...The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R with those of the DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) based on the SCID-5-CT in a group of university students in Tehran, Iran. The study used the stratified random sampling technique to collect data from 541 students (19 to 24 years old) who used cannabis in Tehran universities in 2024. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the uni-dimensionality of the CUDIT-R-Pr. We checked the reliability of the CUDIT-R-Pr using Cronbach Alpha, split-half, inter-rater, test-retest stability over time, and parallel testing equivalence. The results indicated that CUDIT-R-Pr is reliable, reproducible, and responsive, with substantial agreement and adequate interpretability. The CUDIT-R shows that it can tell the difference between different levels of cannabis use severity, which is known as discriminant validity. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed this, using an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC = 0.95) at a cutoff of ten or less. This allowed CUDIT-R-Pr to accurately predict any DSM-5 based on the highest correctly classified value (0.89), demonstrating high levels of sensitivity (0.96), specificity (0.69), and Youden value (0.65). The exact maximum Youden index (0.72) showed that CUDIT-R-Pr could also predict moderate DSM-5 with a cutoff of twelve or less. To validate and generalize the CUDIT-R-Pr for use among Iranian cannabis users, we need more research.展开更多
BACKGROUND During the gradual decline of physical and social functioning associated with end-stage renal disease,patients might experience a premonition of impending death,resulting in a series of pre-mourning grief r...BACKGROUND During the gradual decline of physical and social functioning associated with end-stage renal disease,patients might experience a premonition of impending death,resulting in a series of pre-mourning grief responses called preparatory grief.The preparatory grief in advanced cancer patients(PGAC)scale is the most widely used preparatory grief scale for patients on hemodialysis in China.AIM To verify the reliability and validity of the PGAC scale in patients on hemodialysis.METHODS In total,327 patients undergoing regular hemodialysis in the blood purification center of three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong and Guizhou provinces were selected by convenience sampling.The assessment was administered using the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of PGAC.SPSS 25.0 and Amos 24.0 were used for item analysis,confirmatory factor analysis(CFA),convergent validity,and internal consistency reliability estimation.RESULTS In the modified Chinese version of PGAC,7 dimensions covering 27 total items were retained.CFA revealed a good fit of the factor model(chi-square degree of freedom=2.056,standardized root mean square residual=0.0479,root mean square error of approximation=0.0570,GFI=0.872,AGFI=0.841,IFI=0.931,CFI=0.930,TLI=0.919).The factor loadings of the items ranged 0.503-0.884.The composite reliability ranged 0.664-0.914,and the average variance extracted ranged 0.366-0.747.Cronbach’sαof the scale was 0.945,and Cronbach’sαfor various dimensions ranged 0.662-0.914.CONCLUSION The modified PGAC has good reliability and validity,and it can effectively measure preparatory grief in patients on hemodialysis.展开更多
Continuously increasing inflation is a major challenge in presenting reliable and relevant financial reports,especially in developing countries like Indonesia.This study aims to analyze the role of inflation accountin...Continuously increasing inflation is a major challenge in presenting reliable and relevant financial reports,especially in developing countries like Indonesia.This study aims to analyze the role of inflation accounting in increasing the reliability of financial reports during times of high inflation.With a qualitative-descriptive approach,this research examines two main methods in inflation accounting,namely General Price Level Accounting(GPLA)and Current Cost Accounting(CCA),and their impact on the value of assets,liabilities,income,and costs.The analysis results show that historical cost-based financial reports do not reflect actual economic conditions during inflation,so they can be misleading in decision making.The application of inflation accounting,through adjustments to purchasing power and current prices,has been proven to be able to increase the relevance and reliability of financial information.However,limitations in implementation in Indonesia are due to the lack of regulations and practical understanding regarding this method.Therefore,the application of inflation accounting is important in supporting the quality of financial reports and more accurate decision making amidst economic instability.展开更多
基金supported by Istanbul Technical University(Project No.45698)supported through the“Young Researchers’Career Development Project-training of doctoral students”of the Croatian Science Foundation.
文摘This paper investigates the reliability of internal marine combustion engines using an integrated approach that combines Fault Tree Analysis(FTA)and Bayesian Networks(BN).FTA provides a structured,top-down method for identifying critical failure modes and their root causes,while BN introduces flexibility in probabilistic reasoning,enabling dynamic updates based on new evidence.This dual methodology overcomes the limitations of static FTA models,offering a comprehensive framework for system reliability analysis.Critical failures,including External Leakage(ELU),Failure to Start(FTS),and Overheating(OHE),were identified as key risks.By incorporating redundancy into high-risk components such as pumps and batteries,the likelihood of these failures was significantly reduced.For instance,redundant pumps reduced the probability of ELU by 31.88%,while additional batteries decreased the occurrence of FTS by 36.45%.The results underscore the practical benefits of combining FTA and BN for enhancing system reliability,particularly in maritime applications where operational safety and efficiency are critical.This research provides valuable insights for maintenance planning and highlights the importance of redundancy in critical systems,especially as the industry transitions toward more autonomous vessels.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT),South Korea(RS-2024-00421181)financially supported in part by National R&D Program(2021M3H4A3A02086430)through NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT+2 种基金the National Research Council of Science&Technology(NST)grant by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.GTL25021-210)The Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center,Institute of Engineering Research,and Soft Foundry Institute at Seoul National University provided research facilities for this workhe grant by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NSF)supported by the Korea government(MIST)(RS-2025-16903034)。
文摘As silicon-based transistors face fundamental scaling limits,the search for breakthrough alternatives has led to innovations in 3D architectures,heterogeneous integration,and sub-3 nm semiconductor body thicknesses.However,the true effectiveness of these advancements lies in the seamless integration of alternative semiconductors tailored for next-generation transistors.In this review,we highlight key advances that enhance both scalability and switching performance by leveraging emerging semiconductor materials.Among the most promising candidates are 2D van der Waals semiconductors,Mott insulators,and amorphous oxide semiconductors,which offer not only unique electrical properties but also low-power operation and high carrier mobility.Additionally,we explore the synergistic interactions between these novel semiconductors and advanced gate dielectrics,including high-K materials,ferroelectrics,and atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride layers.Beyond introducing these novel material configurations,we address critical challenges such as leakage current and long-term device reliability,which become increasingly crucial as transistors scale down to atomic dimensions.Through concrete examples showcasing the potential of these materials in transistors,we provide key insights into overcoming fundamental obstacles—such as device reliability,scaling down limitations,and extended applications in artificial intelligence—ultimately paving the way for the development of future transistor technologies.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52178216)the Research on the Durability and Application of High-performance Concrete for Highway Engineering in the Cold and Arid Salt Areas of Northwest China(No.2022-24)the Construction Project of the Scientific Research Platform of Provincial Enterprises Supported by the Capital Operating Budget of Gansu Province(No.2023GZ018)。
文摘To study the durability of concrete in harsh environments in Northwest China,concrete was prepared with various durability-improving materials such as concrete anti-erosion inhibitor(SBT-TIA),acrylate polymer(AP),super absorbent resin(SAP).The erosion mode and internal deterioration mechanism under salt freeze-thaw cycle and dry-wet cycle were explored.The results show that the addition of enhancing materials can effectively improve the resistance of concrete to salt freezing and sulfate erosion:the relevant indexes of concrete added with X-AP and T-AP are improved after salt freeze-thaw cycles;concrete added with SBTTIA shows optimal sulfate corrosion resistance;and concrete added with AP displays the best resistance to salt freezing.Microanalysis shows that the increase in the number of cycles decreases the generation of internal hydration products and defects in concrete mixed with enhancing materials and improves the related indexes.Based on the Wiener model analysis,the reliability of concrete with different lithologies and enhancing materials is improved,which may provide a reference for the application of manufactured sand concrete and enhancing materials in Northwest China,especially for the study of the improvement effects and mechanism of enhancing materials on the performance of concrete.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52108274,52208481,52338011)State Scholarship Fund of China Scholarship Council(No.202306090285).
文摘The fuzzy comfortability of a wind-sensitive super-high tower crane is critical to guarantee occupant health and improve construction efficiency.Therefore,the wind-resistant fuzzy comfortability of a super-high tower crane in the Ma’anshan Yangtze River(MYR)Bridge site is analyzed in this paper.First,the membership function model that represents fuzzy comfortability is introduced in the probability density evolution method(PDEM).Second,based on Fechner’s law,the membership function curves are constructed according to three acceleration thresholds in ISO 2631.Then,the fuzzy comfortability for the super-high tower crane under stochastic wind loads is assessed on the basis of different cut-set levelsλ.Results show that the comfortability is over 0.9 under the required maximum operating wind velocity.The low sensitivity toλcan be observed in the reliability curves of ISOⅡandⅢmembership functions.The reliability of the ISOⅠmembership function is not sensitive toλwhenλ<0.7,whereas it becomes sensitive toλwhenλ>0.7.
文摘Objective:This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System(BIS/BAS)scales among stroke survivors.Methods:The cross-sectional study was conducted at four comprehensive hospitals in Taizhou,Jiangsu,China.A sample of 232 first-ever stroke survivors were recruited from June to August 2023.Validity was examined using face validity and construct validity,which used confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)and known-group analysis.Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and test-retest reliability.Results:The BIS/BAS scales demonstrated satisfactory face validity.The findings of CFAs supported the original four-factor structure of BAS-reward,BAS-drive,BAS-fun seeking,and BIS with acceptable model fit indices.Discriminative validity,assessed via known-group analysis,indicated that stroke survivors with probable depression had significantly lower mean BAS-reward,BAS-drive,and BAS-fun seeking scores(P<0.001)and a higher mean BIS score(P=0.028)compared to those without probable depression.The internal consistency,measured by Cronbach’s a coefficients for the subscales,ranged from 0.669 to 0.964.Test-retest reliability,assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients,ranged from 0.61 to 0.93.Conclusions:The Chinese version of the BIS/BAS scales could be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring behavioral activation among stroke survivors.
文摘This study examines the effects of e-banking service quality on customer satisfaction in the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia(CBE)branches in Wolaita Sodo town.Using a causal research design,the study explored the cause-and-effect relationship between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction.A sample of 385 customers was selected using convenience sampling,with 365 questionnaires returned.Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS V.21.The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.72 from a pilot study confirmed reliability.Descriptive and inferential statistics,including multiple linear regression and one-way ANOVA,were employed.Results revealed that three service quality dimensions-responsiveness,reliability,and assurance-were statistically significant and positively influenced customer satisfaction,while two dimensions showed negative associations.The regression model’s coefficient of determination(R²)was 0.621,indicating a moderate explanatory power.Findings suggest that CBE managers and stakeholders should prioritize improving responsiveness,reliability,and assurance by providing prompt,dependable,and trustworthy services.Due to limitations in time and resources,this study was confined to CBE branches in Wolaita Sodo town;future research could expand to a national level or other service sectors.
基金funded by the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets(Ofgem)and supported by De Montfort University(DMU)and Nottingham Trent University(NTU),UK.
文摘This paper introduces the Integrated Security Embedded Resilience Architecture (ISERA) as an advanced resilience mechanism for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Operational Technology (OT) environments. The ISERA framework integrates security by design principles, micro-segmentation, and Island Mode Operation (IMO) to enhance cyber resilience and ensure continuous, secure operations. The methodology deploys a Forward-Thinking Architecture Strategy (FTAS) algorithm, which utilises an industrial Intrusion Detection System (IDS) implemented with Python’s Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) library. The FTAS algorithm successfully identified and responded to cyber-attacks, ensuring minimal system disruption. ISERA has been validated through comprehensive testing scenarios simulating Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and malware intrusions, at both the IT and OT layers where it successfully mitigates the impact of malicious activity. Results demonstrate ISERA’s efficacy in real-time threat detection, containment, and incident response, thus ensuring the integrity and reliability of critical infrastructure systems. ISERA’s decentralised approach contributes to global net zero goals by optimising resource use and minimising environmental impact. By adopting a decentralised control architecture and leveraging virtualisation, ISERA significantly enhances the cyber resilience and sustainability of critical infrastructure systems. This approach not only strengthens defences against evolving cyber threats but also optimises resource allocation, reducing the system’s carbon footprint. As a result, ISERA ensures the uninterrupted operation of essential services while contributing to broader net zero goals.
文摘BACKGROUND With the growing scholarly and clinical fascination with somatic symptom dis-order(SSD),a bibliometric analysis is lacking.AIM To conduct a bibliometric analysis to investigate the current status and frontiers of SSD.METHODS The documents related to SSD are obtained from the web of science core collection database(WoSCC),and VOSviewer 1.6.16 from January 1,2000 to December 31,2023,and the WoSCC’s literature analysis wire were used to conduct the biblio-metric analysis.RESULTS A total of 567 documents related to SSD were included,and 2325 authors across 947 institutions from 57 countries/regions have contributed to SSD research,published in 277 journals.The most productive author,institution,country and journal were Löwe B,University of Hamburg,Germany,and Journal of Psycho-somatic Research respectively.The first high-cited document was published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Research in 2013 by Dimsdale JE and colleagues,which explored the rationale behind the SSD diagnosis introduction in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.CONCLUSION In conclusion,the main research hotspots and frontiers in the field of SSD are validity and reliability of the SSD criteria,functional impairment of SSD,and the treatment for SSD.More high-quality studies are needed to assess the diagnosis and treatment of SSD.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2024JJ6626)the Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Hereditary Birth Defects Prevention and Control(HPKL202320),China.
文摘Objective:Pelvic floor dysfunction is common among pregnant and postpartum women and significantly impacts quality of life.This study aims to translate the German Pelvic Floor Questionnaire for Pregnant and Postpartum Women into Chinese and to evaluate its reliability and validity in the Chinese population.Methods:The questionnaire was translated using the Brislin model.A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant and postpartum women to assess the content validity,construct validity,Cronbach’sαcoefficient,test-retest reliability,and split-half reliability of the Chinese version.Results:A total of 72 women were included,with 6.9% being pregnant and 93.1% postpartum;the age was(32.3±3.6)years.The Chinese version of the questionnaire contains 4 dimensions and 45 items.The content validity index of individual items ranged from 0.833 to 1.000,with a scale-level content validity index of 0.977 and intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs)exceeding 0.90.The overall Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.891,with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.732 to 0.884(all ICCs>0.70).The testretest reliability of the total scale was 0.833,and for the 4 dimensions,bladder,bowel,prolapse,and sexual function,the values were 0.776,0.579,0.732,and 0.645,respectively.The split-half reliability was 0.74.Conclusion:The Chinese version of the questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity,indicating its applicability in assessing pelvic floor dysfunction and associated risk factors during pregnancy and postpartum.
基金The National Key R&D Program Projects(Grant No.2022YFC2803601)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2021YQ29)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.YQ2024E036)the Taishan Scholars Project(Grant No.tsqn202312317).
文摘Autonomous Underwater Vehicles(AUVs)are pivotal for deep-sea exploration and resource exploitation,yet their reliability in extreme underwater environments remains a critical barrier to widespread deployment.Through systematic analysis of 150 peer-reviewed studies employing mixed-methods research,this review yields three principal advancements to the reliability analysis of AUVs.First,based on the hierarchical functional division of AUVs into six subsystems(propulsion system,navigation system,communication system,power system,environmental detection system,and emergency system),this study systematically identifies the primary failure modes and potential failure causes of each subsystem,providing theoretical support for fault diagnosis and reliability optimization.Subsequently,a comprehensive review of AUV reliability analysis methods is conducted from three perspectives:analytical methods,simulated methods,and surrogate model methods.The applicability and limitations of each method are critically analyzed to offer insights into their suitability for engineering applications.Finally,the study highlights key challenges and research hotpots in AUV reliability analysis,including reliability analysis under limited data,AI-driven reliability analysis,and human reliability analysis.Furthermore,the potential of multi-sensor data fusion,edge computing,and advanced materials in enhancing AUV environmental adaptability and reliability is explored.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Development Fund(SKLIOTSC(UM)-2021-2023)the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City(University of Macao)(SKL-IoTSC(UM)-2024-2026/ORP/GA07/2023)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Modern Civil Engineering Technology(2021B1212040003).
文摘Safety evaluation of a bridge under Moving Abnormal Indivisible Loads(MAILs)directly relates to whether an oversized and/or overweight Large-Cargo Transportation(LCT)vehicle is permitted to pass the bridge.Safety evaluation can be updated by fusing bridge inspection data and load test data,but there are two fundamental difficulties in updating.The first difficulty is to develop an updating scheme to utilize the unstructured inspection data.The second difficulty is to develop a successive updating scheme using load test data based on the previous updating results of the inspection data.This paper proposed a framework,consisting of three modules,to tackle these two fundamental difficulties of updating.Module one is the updating of Finite Element Model(FEM)and resistance of the bridge based on fusing bridge inspection data and load test data.The first difficulty in utilizing the unstructured inspection data is tackled by introducing updating guidelines using the unstructured inspection data.The second difficulty in conducting a successively updating scheme using load test data based on previous updating results is tackled by Bayesian updating.Module two is the simulation of a bridge under a MAIL,updating the ProbabilityDensity Functions(PDFs)of Load Effects(LEs)of critical sections of critical components based on the updated FEM and the givenMAIL.Module three is the safety evaluation of the bridge based on the load-bearing capacity index and reliability index,updating indices based on the updated resistance and LE.Theillustrative examples consist of a simulated example and an engineering example,demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed framework.The simulated example is the safety evaluation of a bridge under a MAIL,and the engineering example is the safety evaluation of the Anning River Bridge of the Yazhong-Jiangxi Ultra-High-Voltage Direct Current(UHVDC)MAIL project.The results show that it is crucial to fuse bridge inspection data and load test data for updating the safety evaluation of bridges under MAILs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62450056 and 62233017).
文摘1. Introduction Prognostics, known as ‘Remaining Useful Life(RUL) prediction', plays a crucial role in health management of critical systems, which is vital for maintaining the operating safety and reliability, and reducing the management costs.1Here, the RUL is usually defined as the length from the current time to the end of the useful life.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62275193)。
文摘In this paper,an improved error-rate sliding window decoder is proposed for spatially coupled low-density parity-check(SC-LDPC)codes.For the conventional sliding window decoder,the message retention mechanism causes unreliable messages along the edges of belief propagation(BP)decoding in the current window to be kept for subsequent window decoding.To improve the reliability of the retained messages during the window transition,a reliable termination method is embedded,where the retained messages undergo more reliable parity checks.Additionally,decoding failure is unavoidable and even causes error propagation when the number of errors exceeds the error-correcting capability of the window.To mitigate this problem,a channel value reuse mechanism is designed,where the received channel values are utilized to reinitialize the window.Furthermore,considering the complexity and performance of decoding,a feasible sliding optimized window decoding(SOWD)scheme is introduced.Finally,simulation results confirm the superior performance of the proposed SOWD scheme in both the waterfall and error floor regions.This work has great potential in the applications of wireless optical communication and fiber optic communication.
基金supported by vice-chancellery for research of Bushehr University and the National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education(NASR)of Tehran(Code:4010071).
文摘Objectives:To compare the frequency of passing scores of nursing students participating in objective structured clinical examination(OSCE)by 4 methods of fixed score,Angoff,yes/no Angoff,and 3-level Angoff.The OSCE is a valid and reliable tool to evaluate the competency of nursing students.To have a fair judgment in OSCE,it is important to determine the standard setting.Methods:In this descriptive-analytical study,which was conducted in 2022,the 7-station OSCE scores and the passing rates of students were compared based on fixed score,Angoff,yes/no Angoff,and the 3-level Angoff by a panel of experts.The research population included nursing teachers(n=13)and nursing students(n=65).Due to the small number of participants,the number of samples in each of these 2 groups was equal to the total number of people in the research population.Results:Findings revealed that of the 13 nursing teachers who participated in the study,the majority were female and had a master’s degree.Among the 65 students taking part in OSCE,the majority were males.Results showed that the passing rate varied depending on the type of OSCE station and the standard-setting methods used.Differences in some cases were statistically significant(P<0.001).Conclusions:Findings suggest that the frequency of passing can vary depending on the method used.It is advisable to consider the average score from multiple methods to accurately determine the passing rate and achieve a more accurate acceptance rate.
文摘In recent years,the application scenarios of electrical and electronic products have become increasingly diverse worldwide.The impact of climatic environmental tests on the performance of related products has attracted much attention,and formulating scientific and reasonable environmental test plans has become an important step to ensure product quality and reliability.
文摘Objectives This study aimed to validate the Russian version of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(R-CBI)among nurses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and explored factors contributing to burnout.Methods The original Copenhagen Burnout Inventory(CBI)was translated into the R-CBI using a rigorous forward-backward method and reviewed by experts.Between July and November 2022,1,530 nurses were recruited through convenience sampling method from various nursing settings in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan to test the scale’s reliability and validity,including confirmatory factor analysis(CFA),internal consistency reliability,and concurrent validity.A linear regression analysis was conducted to identify influencing factors of burnout.Results The content of the R-CBI is consistent with the original CBI,consisting of 19 items with three dimensions.The Cronbach’sαcoefficient is 0.926 in Kazakhstan and 0.922 in Kyrgyzstan,ranging from 0.830 to 0.898 for three dimensions.The CFA results among nurses in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan supported the three-factor structure of R-CBI with good fit indices.Concurrent validity was established through significant correlations(P<0.001)with job satisfaction questionnaire(r=−0.457),Depression Anxiety Stress Scales(r=0.506 in depression,r=0.485 in anxiety,r=0.564 in stress),and WHO-5 Well-Being Index(r=−0.528).The overall burnout level was 36.1±17.6 and 37.5±17.4 in Kazakhstani and Kyrgyzstani nurses,respectively.Significant influencing factors of burnout included gender,age,educational level,and COVID-19 infection history.Conclusions The R-CBI was proved to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing nurses’burnout in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to look into how reliable and valid the Persian version of the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R-Pr) is. It will also compare the screening features of the CUDIT-R with those of the DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) based on the SCID-5-CT in a group of university students in Tehran, Iran. The study used the stratified random sampling technique to collect data from 541 students (19 to 24 years old) who used cannabis in Tehran universities in 2024. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the uni-dimensionality of the CUDIT-R-Pr. We checked the reliability of the CUDIT-R-Pr using Cronbach Alpha, split-half, inter-rater, test-retest stability over time, and parallel testing equivalence. The results indicated that CUDIT-R-Pr is reliable, reproducible, and responsive, with substantial agreement and adequate interpretability. The CUDIT-R shows that it can tell the difference between different levels of cannabis use severity, which is known as discriminant validity. Receiver operating characteristic analyses confirmed this, using an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC = 0.95) at a cutoff of ten or less. This allowed CUDIT-R-Pr to accurately predict any DSM-5 based on the highest correctly classified value (0.89), demonstrating high levels of sensitivity (0.96), specificity (0.69), and Youden value (0.65). The exact maximum Youden index (0.72) showed that CUDIT-R-Pr could also predict moderate DSM-5 with a cutoff of twelve or less. To validate and generalize the CUDIT-R-Pr for use among Iranian cannabis users, we need more research.
文摘BACKGROUND During the gradual decline of physical and social functioning associated with end-stage renal disease,patients might experience a premonition of impending death,resulting in a series of pre-mourning grief responses called preparatory grief.The preparatory grief in advanced cancer patients(PGAC)scale is the most widely used preparatory grief scale for patients on hemodialysis in China.AIM To verify the reliability and validity of the PGAC scale in patients on hemodialysis.METHODS In total,327 patients undergoing regular hemodialysis in the blood purification center of three grade-A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong and Guizhou provinces were selected by convenience sampling.The assessment was administered using the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of PGAC.SPSS 25.0 and Amos 24.0 were used for item analysis,confirmatory factor analysis(CFA),convergent validity,and internal consistency reliability estimation.RESULTS In the modified Chinese version of PGAC,7 dimensions covering 27 total items were retained.CFA revealed a good fit of the factor model(chi-square degree of freedom=2.056,standardized root mean square residual=0.0479,root mean square error of approximation=0.0570,GFI=0.872,AGFI=0.841,IFI=0.931,CFI=0.930,TLI=0.919).The factor loadings of the items ranged 0.503-0.884.The composite reliability ranged 0.664-0.914,and the average variance extracted ranged 0.366-0.747.Cronbach’sαof the scale was 0.945,and Cronbach’sαfor various dimensions ranged 0.662-0.914.CONCLUSION The modified PGAC has good reliability and validity,and it can effectively measure preparatory grief in patients on hemodialysis.
文摘Continuously increasing inflation is a major challenge in presenting reliable and relevant financial reports,especially in developing countries like Indonesia.This study aims to analyze the role of inflation accounting in increasing the reliability of financial reports during times of high inflation.With a qualitative-descriptive approach,this research examines two main methods in inflation accounting,namely General Price Level Accounting(GPLA)and Current Cost Accounting(CCA),and their impact on the value of assets,liabilities,income,and costs.The analysis results show that historical cost-based financial reports do not reflect actual economic conditions during inflation,so they can be misleading in decision making.The application of inflation accounting,through adjustments to purchasing power and current prices,has been proven to be able to increase the relevance and reliability of financial information.However,limitations in implementation in Indonesia are due to the lack of regulations and practical understanding regarding this method.Therefore,the application of inflation accounting is important in supporting the quality of financial reports and more accurate decision making amidst economic instability.
