This is a pedagogical review on TT^(-)deformation of two dimensional quantum field theories.It is based on three lectures which the author gave at ITP-CAS in December 2018.This review consists of four parts.The first ...This is a pedagogical review on TT^(-)deformation of two dimensional quantum field theories.It is based on three lectures which the author gave at ITP-CAS in December 2018.This review consists of four parts.The first part is a general introduction to TT^(-)deformation.Special emphasises are put on the deformed classical Lagrangian and the exact solvability of the spectrum.The second part focuses on the torus partition sum of the TT^(-)/JT^(-)deformed conformal field theories and modular invariance/covariance.In the third part,different perspectives of TT^(-)deformation are presented,including its relation to random geometry,2D topological gravity and holography.We summarize more recent developments until January 2021 in the last part.展开更多
This paper proposed a novel feature selection method LUIFS （ latent utility of irrelevant feature selection） that not only selects the relevant features, but also targets at discovering the latent useful irrelevant ...This paper proposed a novel feature selection method LUIFS （ latent utility of irrelevant feature selection） that not only selects the relevant features, but also targets at discovering the latent useful irrelevant attributes by measuring their supportive importance to other attributes. The method minimizes the information lost and simultaneously maximizes the final classification accuracy. The classification error rates of the LUIFS method on 16 real-life datasets from UCI machine learning repository were evaluated using the ID3, Na^ve-Bayes, and IB （instance-based classifier） learning algorithms, respectively; and compared with those of the same algorithms with no feature selection （NoFS）, feature subset selection （FSS）, and correlation-based feature selection （CFS）. The empirical results demonstrate that the LUIFS can improve the performance of learning algorithms by taking the latent relevance for irrelevant attributes into consideration, and hence including those potentially important attributes into the optimal feature subset for classification.展开更多
Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that...Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that rank reversal can not deny the reasonableness of AHP and the axioms of independences of irrelevant alternatives.展开更多
Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature ...Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature of utterances, and the efforts made by hearers in dealing with utterances are three important aspects in showing humorous effects in sketches, among which sketch actors＇ violating the mutual cognitive environment so as to create an unexpected effect on hearers is the core in creating humor in sketches. Through analyzing some excerpts from the sketch Yesterday.Today.Tomorrow, the author tries to explore the relevance nature of language in sketch and creation of humor in it.展开更多
When the demographics in American public schools became more diverse,educators have faced the challenge of working with diverse student learners.In the education field,culturally relevant pedagogy has been widely reco...When the demographics in American public schools became more diverse,educators have faced the challenge of working with diverse student learners.In the education field,culturally relevant pedagogy has been widely recognized as an effective practice for teaching about diversity and is used across different school subject areas.This article discusses the four aspects in which teachers can implement culturally relevant pedagogy in TPRS language classrooms:a caring learning community,establishing meaning,story asking,and story reading.Teachers can include and empower students by validating them as learning subjects and engaging them in knowledge creation and representation in curriculum and instruction.The goal is to develop academic success,culture and identity,equity,and excellence for all student learners in a multicultural and global society.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the relevance of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in Guilin.[Method] By dint of ground observation data and net radiation of national benchmark climate station in Guilin ...[Objective] The aim was to study the relevance of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in Guilin.[Method] By dint of ground observation data and net radiation of national benchmark climate station in Guilin from 2007 to 2009,the changes of grassland temperature and ground net radiation were expounded and their relations were pointed out.[Result] The annual changes trends of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in Guilin were basically the same.Monthly average maximum value all appeared in summer(July to August).Monthly average lowest value appeared in winter(December to next January);monthly average grassland temperature and monthly average ground net radiation had positive relation.Grassland temperature and ground net radiation had basically same distribution in four seasons.The average largest value of ground net radiation in summer was the largest and average smallest value was the smallest;the average largest value of ground net radiation in cloudy days was the smallest and average minimum value was the largest;the daily difference was the largest in sunny day and daily difference was the smallest in cloudy day.The daily changes trend of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in different weather state were basically the same;when it was sunny or cloudy,the daily largest value of grassland temperature and ground net radiation occurred between 15:00 and 19:00;when it was overcast,there was no distinct peak and daily changes.The largest value of the daily extreme value of grassland temperature and ground net radiation took place from 12:00 to 15:00.The daily lowest value took place from 20:00 to 07:00 on the next day.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the analysis of temperature changes in Guilin.展开更多
Stilbenes are natural phenolic compounds which function as antimicrobial phytoalexins in plants and affect human health as cardioprotective, antibaceteria, antioxidative and antineoplastic agents. In this review, the ...Stilbenes are natural phenolic compounds which function as antimicrobial phytoalexins in plants and affect human health as cardioprotective, antibaceteria, antioxidative and antineoplastic agents. In this review, the progresses of study on relevant enzymes, genes, and regulation mechanism in biosynthesis pathway of stilbenes are described. Here we introduce a holistic and systematic method of researching relevant enzymes, genes and other regulatory factors in biosynthesis pathway of stilbenes—Systems biology. The application of knowledge of relative enzymes, genes and regulation mechanisms in stilbenes biosynthesis in metabolic engineering which is used as a tool of improving the disease resistance of plants and health caring quality of crops is also discussed.展开更多
Researchers often publish the numerical findings of their intervention studies while overlooking the experiential findings that could help promote more appropriate and effective interventions in the future. The presen...Researchers often publish the numerical findings of their intervention studies while overlooking the experiential findings that could help promote more appropriate and effective interventions in the future. The present paper describes the process by which we developed a culturally relevant preventive intervention for Korean American adolescents aged 11 to 14 years and their parents. We discuss the main findings of a series of pilot studies and demonstrated how lessons learned from each study guided the development process and informed the research that followed. Program development is an iterative process that incorporates feedback from study participants. Cultural relevance is ensured when participants’ voices are reflected in the program development, implementation, and evaluation process. The final outcome of the development process was the preventive intervention improving parent-child relationships, increasing parental knowledge, enhancing parental self-efficacy, and decreasing parental stress among Korean American parents, and ultimately promoting Korean American adolescents’ mental health. The specific aims of this two-group, repeated-measures, controlled randomized study were to test the feasibility of the PRIDE (Promoting Intergenerational Dialogue about Emotional Problems) intervention and to compare its efficacy with an attention control (AC) group regarding parental knowledge, parental and filial self-efficacy, parent-child (P-C) communication, P-C conflicts, and P-C satisfaction.展开更多
Correction to:J.For.Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01306-y The article“The dissemination of relevant information on wildlife utilization and its connection with the illegal trade in wildlife”,written by Zhif...Correction to:J.For.Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01306-y The article“The dissemination of relevant information on wildlife utilization and its connection with the illegal trade in wildlife”,written by Zhifan Song·Qiang Wang·Zhen Miao·Wei Zhang and Xuehong Zhou,was originally pub-lished electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 11th March 2021 without open access.展开更多
Pd-Rh nanoparticles are known to easily undergo surface restructuring in reactive environment. This study quantifies, with the help of density functional(DFT) calculations and a novel topological approach, atomic orde...Pd-Rh nanoparticles are known to easily undergo surface restructuring in reactive environment. This study quantifies, with the help of density functional(DFT) calculations and a novel topological approach, atomic ordering and surface segregation effects in Pd-Rh particles with compositions 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 containing up to 201 atoms(ca. 1.7 nm). The obtained data are used to reliably optimise energetically preferred atomic orderings in inaccessible by DFT Pd-Rh particles containing thousands of atoms and exhibiting sizes exceeding 5 nm, which are typical for catalytic metal particles. It is outlined, how segregation effects on the surface arrangement of Pd-Rh nanoalloy catalysts induced by adsorbates can be evaluated in a simple way within the present modelling setup.展开更多
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular radioresistance, clinically relevant radioresistant cell lines were established via long-term exposure to X-rays with stepwise dose escalation. Established cel...To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular radioresistance, clinically relevant radioresistant cell lines were established via long-term exposure to X-rays with stepwise dose escalation. Established cells continue to proliferate despite exposure to 2 Gy X-rays/day for more than 30 days, a standard protocol in cancer radiotherapy. DNA repair fidelity in radioresistant and the parental cells by evaluating the mutation frequency at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus after exposure to X-rays was determined. Mutation spectrum at the HPRT locus was examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Rejoining kinetics of X-ray-induced DNA double strand breaks (dsbs) was evaluated by the detection of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) after X-irradiation. The fold increase in the HPRT mutation frequency due to acute radiation was similar between radioresistant and the parental cell lines. However, fractionated radiation (FR) consisting of 2 Gy X-rays/day increased the mutation frequency at the HPRT locus in parental but not in radioresistant cells. Analysis of the FR-induced mutations at the HPRT locus revealed a high frequency of deletion mutations (>70%) in parental but not in radioresistant cells. As assessed by γH2AX immunostaining, DNA dsbs induced by acute exposure to 10 Gy of X-rays were repaired to the control level within 7 days in radioresistant but not in the parental cells. Moreover, 2 Gy × 5 FR increased the number of γH2AX-positive cells in parental cultures but not in radioresistant cultures. DNA dsbs induced by 2 Gy/day FR are repaired with fidelity in radioresistant but not in parental cells.展开更多
The existing dataset for visual dialog comprises multiple rounds of questions and a diverse range of image contents.However,it faces challenges in overcoming visual semantic limitations,particularly in obtaining suffi...The existing dataset for visual dialog comprises multiple rounds of questions and a diverse range of image contents.However,it faces challenges in overcoming visual semantic limitations,particularly in obtaining sufficient context from visual and textual aspects of images.This paper proposes a new visual dialog dataset called Diverse History-Dialog(DS-Dialog)to address the visual semantic limitations faced by the existing dataset.DS-Dialog groups relevant histories based on their respective Microsoft Common Objects in Context(MSCOCO)image categories and consolidates them for each image.Specifically,each MSCOCO image category consists of top relevant histories extracted based on their semantic relationships between the original image caption and historical context.These relevant histories are consolidated for each image,and DS-Dialog enhances the current dataset by adding new context-aware relevant history to provide more visual semantic context for each image.The new dataset is generated through several stages,including image semantic feature extraction,keyphrase extraction,relevant question extraction,and relevant history dialog generation.The DS-Dialog dataset contains about 2.6 million question-answer pairs,where 1.3 million pairs correspond to existing VisDial’s question-answer pairs,and the remaining 1.3 million pairs include a maximum of 5 image features for each VisDial image,with each image comprising 10-round relevant question-answer pairs.Moreover,a novel adaptive relevant history selection is proposed to resolve missing visual semantic information for each image.DS-Dialog is used to benchmark the performance of previous visual dialog models and achieves better performance than previous models.Specifically,the proposed DSDialog model achieves an 8% higher mean reciprocal rank(MRR),11% higher R@1%,6% higher R@5%,5% higher R@10%,and 8% higher normalized discounted cumulative gain(NDCG)compared to LF.DS-Dialog also achieves approximately 1 point improvement on R@k,mean,MRR,and NDCG compared to the original RVA,and 2 points improvement compared to LF andDualVD.These results demonstrates the importance of the relevant semantic historical context in enhancing the visual semantic relationship between textual and visual representations of the images and questions.展开更多
Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF)has continued to compromise patient recovery post-pancreatectomy despite decades of research seeking to improve risk prediction and diagnosis.The current di...Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF)has continued to compromise patient recovery post-pancreatectomy despite decades of research seeking to improve risk prediction and diagnosis.The current diagnostic criteria for CR-POPF requires elevated drain fluid amylase to present alongside POPFrelated complications including infection,haemorrhage and organ failure.These worrying sequelae necessitate earlier and easily obtainable biomarkers capable of reflecting evolving CR-POPF.Drain fluid has recently emerged as a promising source of biomarkers as it is derived from the pancreas and hence,capable of reflecting its postoperative condition.The present review aims to summarise the current knowledge of CR-POPF drain fluid biomarkers and identify gaps in the field to invigorate future research in this critical area of clinical need.These findings may provide robust diagnostic alternatives for CR-POPF and hence,to clarify their clinical utility require further reports detailing their diagnostic and/or predictive accuracy.展开更多
基金It is a pleasure to thank Ofer Aharony,Shouvik Datta,Amit Giveon and David Kutasov for collaborations on the relevant projects that lead to this review.I thank Gang Yang for kind invitation and hospitality at ITP-CAS.Tm also indebted to Luis Apolo,Wei Li,Pujian Mao,Wei Song,Junbao Wu and Gang Yang for various helpful discussions.Many thanks to Alex Belin,Shouvik Datta,Amit Giveon,Madalena Lemos,Kostas Siampos,Wei Song,Roberto Tateo,Junbao Wu and Gang Yang for valuable feedbacks.
文摘This is a pedagogical review on TT^(-)deformation of two dimensional quantum field theories.It is based on three lectures which the author gave at ITP-CAS in December 2018.This review consists of four parts.The first part is a general introduction to TT^(-)deformation.Special emphasises are put on the deformed classical Lagrangian and the exact solvability of the spectrum.The second part focuses on the torus partition sum of the TT^(-)/JT^(-)deformed conformal field theories and modular invariance/covariance.In the third part,different perspectives of TT^(-)deformation are presented,including its relation to random geometry,2D topological gravity and holography.We summarize more recent developments until January 2021 in the last part.
基金The Science and Technology Development Fund from Macao Government (No007/2006/A)
文摘This paper proposed a novel feature selection method LUIFS （ latent utility of irrelevant feature selection） that not only selects the relevant features, but also targets at discovering the latent useful irrelevant attributes by measuring their supportive importance to other attributes. The method minimizes the information lost and simultaneously maximizes the final classification accuracy. The classification error rates of the LUIFS method on 16 real-life datasets from UCI machine learning repository were evaluated using the ID3, Na^ve-Bayes, and IB （instance-based classifier） learning algorithms, respectively; and compared with those of the same algorithms with no feature selection （NoFS）, feature subset selection （FSS）, and correlation-based feature selection （CFS）. The empirical results demonstrate that the LUIFS can improve the performance of learning algorithms by taking the latent relevance for irrelevant attributes into consideration, and hence including those potentially important attributes into the optimal feature subset for classification.
文摘Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that rank reversal can not deny the reasonableness of AHP and the axioms of independences of irrelevant alternatives.
文摘Based on the relevant theory, this paper makes an analysis of humor in Chinese popular art form --sketch. It is believed that the maximal relevance and the optimal relevance of utterances, explicature and implicature of utterances, and the efforts made by hearers in dealing with utterances are three important aspects in showing humorous effects in sketches, among which sketch actors＇ violating the mutual cognitive environment so as to create an unexpected effect on hearers is the core in creating humor in sketches. Through analyzing some excerpts from the sketch Yesterday.Today.Tomorrow, the author tries to explore the relevance nature of language in sketch and creation of humor in it.
文摘When the demographics in American public schools became more diverse,educators have faced the challenge of working with diverse student learners.In the education field,culturally relevant pedagogy has been widely recognized as an effective practice for teaching about diversity and is used across different school subject areas.This article discusses the four aspects in which teachers can implement culturally relevant pedagogy in TPRS language classrooms:a caring learning community,establishing meaning,story asking,and story reading.Teachers can include and empower students by validating them as learning subjects and engaging them in knowledge creation and representation in curriculum and instruction.The goal is to develop academic success,culture and identity,equity,and excellence for all student learners in a multicultural and global society.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the relevance of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in Guilin.[Method] By dint of ground observation data and net radiation of national benchmark climate station in Guilin from 2007 to 2009,the changes of grassland temperature and ground net radiation were expounded and their relations were pointed out.[Result] The annual changes trends of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in Guilin were basically the same.Monthly average maximum value all appeared in summer(July to August).Monthly average lowest value appeared in winter(December to next January);monthly average grassland temperature and monthly average ground net radiation had positive relation.Grassland temperature and ground net radiation had basically same distribution in four seasons.The average largest value of ground net radiation in summer was the largest and average smallest value was the smallest;the average largest value of ground net radiation in cloudy days was the smallest and average minimum value was the largest;the daily difference was the largest in sunny day and daily difference was the smallest in cloudy day.The daily changes trend of grassland temperature and ground net radiation in different weather state were basically the same;when it was sunny or cloudy,the daily largest value of grassland temperature and ground net radiation occurred between 15:00 and 19:00;when it was overcast,there was no distinct peak and daily changes.The largest value of the daily extreme value of grassland temperature and ground net radiation took place from 12:00 to 15:00.The daily lowest value took place from 20:00 to 07:00 on the next day.[Conclusion] The study provided reference for the analysis of temperature changes in Guilin.
文摘Stilbenes are natural phenolic compounds which function as antimicrobial phytoalexins in plants and affect human health as cardioprotective, antibaceteria, antioxidative and antineoplastic agents. In this review, the progresses of study on relevant enzymes, genes, and regulation mechanism in biosynthesis pathway of stilbenes are described. Here we introduce a holistic and systematic method of researching relevant enzymes, genes and other regulatory factors in biosynthesis pathway of stilbenes—Systems biology. The application of knowledge of relative enzymes, genes and regulation mechanisms in stilbenes biosynthesis in metabolic engineering which is used as a tool of improving the disease resistance of plants and health caring quality of crops is also discussed.
文摘Researchers often publish the numerical findings of their intervention studies while overlooking the experiential findings that could help promote more appropriate and effective interventions in the future. The present paper describes the process by which we developed a culturally relevant preventive intervention for Korean American adolescents aged 11 to 14 years and their parents. We discuss the main findings of a series of pilot studies and demonstrated how lessons learned from each study guided the development process and informed the research that followed. Program development is an iterative process that incorporates feedback from study participants. Cultural relevance is ensured when participants’ voices are reflected in the program development, implementation, and evaluation process. The final outcome of the development process was the preventive intervention improving parent-child relationships, increasing parental knowledge, enhancing parental self-efficacy, and decreasing parental stress among Korean American parents, and ultimately promoting Korean American adolescents’ mental health. The specific aims of this two-group, repeated-measures, controlled randomized study were to test the feasibility of the PRIDE (Promoting Intergenerational Dialogue about Emotional Problems) intervention and to compare its efficacy with an attention control (AC) group regarding parental knowledge, parental and filial self-efficacy, parent-child (P-C) communication, P-C conflicts, and P-C satisfaction.
文摘Correction to:J.For.Res.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01306-y The article“The dissemination of relevant information on wildlife utilization and its connection with the illegal trade in wildlife”,written by Zhifan Song·Qiang Wang·Zhen Miao·Wei Zhang and Xuehong Zhou,was originally pub-lished electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 11th March 2021 without open access.
基金financed by the Generalitat de Catalunya via a pre-doctoral grant 2018FI-B-00384the Operational program“Science and Education for Smart Growth”,project BG05M2OP001-2.009-0028 for funding his research stay in the University of Barcelona+2 种基金financial support by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Research Programme“Low-carbon Energy for the Transportsupport by the Spanish grants PGC2018-093863-B-C22,CTQ2015-64618-RMDM-2017-0767 as well as by the grant 2017SGR13 of the Generalitat de Catalunya
文摘Pd-Rh nanoparticles are known to easily undergo surface restructuring in reactive environment. This study quantifies, with the help of density functional(DFT) calculations and a novel topological approach, atomic ordering and surface segregation effects in Pd-Rh particles with compositions 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 containing up to 201 atoms(ca. 1.7 nm). The obtained data are used to reliably optimise energetically preferred atomic orderings in inaccessible by DFT Pd-Rh particles containing thousands of atoms and exhibiting sizes exceeding 5 nm, which are typical for catalytic metal particles. It is outlined, how segregation effects on the surface arrangement of Pd-Rh nanoalloy catalysts induced by adsorbates can be evaluated in a simple way within the present modelling setup.
文摘To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular radioresistance, clinically relevant radioresistant cell lines were established via long-term exposure to X-rays with stepwise dose escalation. Established cells continue to proliferate despite exposure to 2 Gy X-rays/day for more than 30 days, a standard protocol in cancer radiotherapy. DNA repair fidelity in radioresistant and the parental cells by evaluating the mutation frequency at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus after exposure to X-rays was determined. Mutation spectrum at the HPRT locus was examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Rejoining kinetics of X-ray-induced DNA double strand breaks (dsbs) was evaluated by the detection of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) after X-irradiation. The fold increase in the HPRT mutation frequency due to acute radiation was similar between radioresistant and the parental cell lines. However, fractionated radiation (FR) consisting of 2 Gy X-rays/day increased the mutation frequency at the HPRT locus in parental but not in radioresistant cells. Analysis of the FR-induced mutations at the HPRT locus revealed a high frequency of deletion mutations (>70%) in parental but not in radioresistant cells. As assessed by γH2AX immunostaining, DNA dsbs induced by acute exposure to 10 Gy of X-rays were repaired to the control level within 7 days in radioresistant but not in the parental cells. Moreover, 2 Gy × 5 FR increased the number of γH2AX-positive cells in parental cultures but not in radioresistant cultures. DNA dsbs induced by 2 Gy/day FR are repaired with fidelity in radioresistant but not in parental cells.
文摘The existing dataset for visual dialog comprises multiple rounds of questions and a diverse range of image contents.However,it faces challenges in overcoming visual semantic limitations,particularly in obtaining sufficient context from visual and textual aspects of images.This paper proposes a new visual dialog dataset called Diverse History-Dialog(DS-Dialog)to address the visual semantic limitations faced by the existing dataset.DS-Dialog groups relevant histories based on their respective Microsoft Common Objects in Context(MSCOCO)image categories and consolidates them for each image.Specifically,each MSCOCO image category consists of top relevant histories extracted based on their semantic relationships between the original image caption and historical context.These relevant histories are consolidated for each image,and DS-Dialog enhances the current dataset by adding new context-aware relevant history to provide more visual semantic context for each image.The new dataset is generated through several stages,including image semantic feature extraction,keyphrase extraction,relevant question extraction,and relevant history dialog generation.The DS-Dialog dataset contains about 2.6 million question-answer pairs,where 1.3 million pairs correspond to existing VisDial’s question-answer pairs,and the remaining 1.3 million pairs include a maximum of 5 image features for each VisDial image,with each image comprising 10-round relevant question-answer pairs.Moreover,a novel adaptive relevant history selection is proposed to resolve missing visual semantic information for each image.DS-Dialog is used to benchmark the performance of previous visual dialog models and achieves better performance than previous models.Specifically,the proposed DSDialog model achieves an 8% higher mean reciprocal rank(MRR),11% higher R@1%,6% higher R@5%,5% higher R@10%,and 8% higher normalized discounted cumulative gain(NDCG)compared to LF.DS-Dialog also achieves approximately 1 point improvement on R@k,mean,MRR,and NDCG compared to the original RVA,and 2 points improvement compared to LF andDualVD.These results demonstrates the importance of the relevant semantic historical context in enhancing the visual semantic relationship between textual and visual representations of the images and questions.
文摘Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula(CR-POPF)has continued to compromise patient recovery post-pancreatectomy despite decades of research seeking to improve risk prediction and diagnosis.The current diagnostic criteria for CR-POPF requires elevated drain fluid amylase to present alongside POPFrelated complications including infection,haemorrhage and organ failure.These worrying sequelae necessitate earlier and easily obtainable biomarkers capable of reflecting evolving CR-POPF.Drain fluid has recently emerged as a promising source of biomarkers as it is derived from the pancreas and hence,capable of reflecting its postoperative condition.The present review aims to summarise the current knowledge of CR-POPF drain fluid biomarkers and identify gaps in the field to invigorate future research in this critical area of clinical need.These findings may provide robust diagnostic alternatives for CR-POPF and hence,to clarify their clinical utility require further reports detailing their diagnostic and/or predictive accuracy.
