Zirconium,titanium,and other hexagonally close-packed(HCP)metals and their alloys are representative high specific strength,high reaction enthalpy,and high thermal conductivity structural materials.In this study,two t...Zirconium,titanium,and other hexagonally close-packed(HCP)metals and their alloys are representative high specific strength,high reaction enthalpy,and high thermal conductivity structural materials.In this study,two typical HCP metals,zirconium,and titanium,were applied to reactive materials(RMs)to prepare Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs,validating the feasibility of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs.The impact response process of typical HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs under high-velocity dynamic loads was studied using shock equations of state(EOS)based on porous mixtures and chemical reaction kinetics equations.An improved hemispherical quasi-sealed test chamber was employed to measure the energy release characteristic curves of 10 types of Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs under impact velocities ranging from 500 m/s to 1300 m/s.The datasets of the impact-induced energy release characteristics of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs were established.Additionally,the energy release efficiency of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs under impact was predicted using the support vector regression(SVR)kernel function model.The datasets of Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs with W contents of 0%,25%,50%,and 75%were used as test sets,respectively.The model predictions showed a high degree of agreement with the experimental data,with mean absolute errors(MAE)of 4.8,6.5,4.6,and 4.1,respectively.展开更多
The electrochemical corrosion of ductile pipes(DPs)in drinking water distribution systems(DWDS)has a crucial impact on cement-mortar lining(CML)failure and metal release,potentially leading to drinking water quality d...The electrochemical corrosion of ductile pipes(DPs)in drinking water distribution systems(DWDS)has a crucial impact on cement-mortar lining(CML)failure and metal release,potentially leading to drinking water quality deterioration and posing a risk to public health.An in-situ scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET)with micron-scale resolution,microscopic scale detection and water quality analysis were used to investigate the corrosion behavior and metal release from DPs throughout the whole CML failure process.Metal pollutants release occurred at three different stages of CML failure process,and there are potential risks of water quality deterioration exceeding the maximum allowable levels set by national standards in the partial failure stage and lining peeling stage.Furthermore,the effects of water chemistry(Cl^(−),SO_(4)^(2−),NO_(3)−,and Ca^(2+))on corrosion scale growth and iron release activity,were investigated during the CML partial failure stage.Results showed that the CML failure process in DPs was accelerated by the autocatalysis of localized corrosion.Cl^(−)was found to damage the uncorroded metal surface,while SO_(4)^(2−)mainly dissolved the corrosion scale surface,increasing iron release.Both the oxidation of NO_(3)−and selective sedimentation of Ca2+were found to enhance the stability of corrosion scales and inhibit iron release.展开更多
Phase Change Material(PCM)-based cold energy storage system(CESS)can effectively utilize the peak and valley power resources to reduce the excessive dependence on the power grid.In this study,a PCM-based CESS was desi...Phase Change Material(PCM)-based cold energy storage system(CESS)can effectively utilize the peak and valley power resources to reduce the excessive dependence on the power grid.In this study,a PCM-based CESS was designed for cold storage applications.The optimal number of PCM plates was determined through numerical simulations to meet the required cold storage temperature and control time.Additionally,the air temperature field,flow field,and melting characteristics of the PCMplates during the cooling release process were analyzed.The effects of plate positioning and thickness on the cooling release performance were further investigated.The results indicated that when 64PCMplateswere used,the duration formaintaining temperatures below−18℃increased from0.6 h to approximately 16.94 h.During the cooling release process,the temperature field in the cold storage exhibited stratification,and the melting of the PCM plates was non-uniform.Placing the PCM plates at the top or within the interlayers without cargo above proved more effective,with their cooling release power being approximately twice that of the PCM plates placed in the interlayers with cargo above.Furthermore,reducing the thickness of the PCMplates from15 to 7.5mmresulted in a 3.6-h increase in the time below−18℃and a 4.5-h reduction in the time required to reach 80%liquid phase fraction.展开更多
Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug deliv...Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug delivery often results in a burst release of the drug,leading to transient retention(inefficacy)and undesirable diffusion(toxicity)in vivo.Therefore,a drug delivery system that responds to changes in the microenvironment of tissue regeneration and controls vascular endothelial growth factor release is crucial to improve the treatment of ischemic stroke.Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)is gradually upregulated after cerebral ischemia.Herein,vascular endothelial growth factor mimic peptide QK was self-assembled with MMP-2-cleaved peptide PLGLAG(TIMP)and customizable peptide amphiphilic(PA)molecules to construct nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK.PA-TIMP-QK was found to control the delivery of QK by MMP-2 upregulation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and had a similar biological activity with vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro.The results indicated that PA-TIMP-QK promoted neuronal survival,restored local blood circulation,reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and restored motor function.These findings suggest that the self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK may provide an intelligent drug delivery system that responds to the microenvironment and promotes regeneration and repair after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.展开更多
Naturally degradable capsule provides a platform for sustained fragrance release.However,practical challenges such as low encapsulation efficiency and difficulty in sustained release are still limited in using fragran...Naturally degradable capsule provides a platform for sustained fragrance release.However,practical challenges such as low encapsulation efficiency and difficulty in sustained release are still limited in using fragranceloaded capsules.In this work,the natural materials sodium alginate and gelatine are dissolved and act as the aqueous phase,lavender is dissolved in caprylic/capric triglyceride(GTCC)as the oil phase,and SiO_(2) nanoparticles with neutralwettability as a solid emulsifier to form O/W Pickering emulsions simultaneously.Finally,multi-core capsules are prepared using the drop injection method with emulsions as templates.The results show that the capsules have been successfully prepared with a spherical morphology and multi-core structure,and the encapsulation rate of multi-core capsules can reach up to 99.6%.In addition,the multi-core capsules possess desirable sustained release performance,the cumulative sustained release rate of fragrance at 25℃over 49 days is only 32.5%.It is attributed to the significant protection of multi-core structure,Pickering emulsion nanoparticle membranes,and hydrogel network shell for encapsulated fragrance.This study is designed to deliver a new strategy for using sustained-release technology with fragrance in food,cosmetics,textiles,and other fields.展开更多
Slow/controlled release fertilizers （SRFs/CRFs） have been paid more at- tentions by the researchersin recent years. In this paper, the application effects and methods, types, current problem and development prospect...Slow/controlled release fertilizers （SRFs/CRFs） have been paid more at- tentions by the researchersin recent years. In this paper, the application effects and methods, types, current problem and development prospect of SRFs/CRFsboth at home and abroad were reviewed. The production principles and processes of urea- formaldehyde slow release fertilizers were introduced; and It is suggested that the urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizers show great development to ease energy and environment pressure.展开更多
The high necessity to develop novel and optimized technologies for crop production is very high due to the exponential growth in term of world population of the last years.In this field a novel use of fertilizers and ...The high necessity to develop novel and optimized technologies for crop production is very high due to the exponential growth in term of world population of the last years.In this field a novel use of fertilizers and pesticides can ameliorate the life conditions around the world due to the higher productivity with lower losses and consequent less environmental problems related to pollution.To address these challenges a very promising solution is constituted by devices able to control and sustain the release of fertilizers and pesticide optimizing their efficacy preserving the environment.In the last decade a lot of efforts,in terms of research,were dedicated to the development of smart devices that can address those issues maintaining also low costs and easy production processes.In this review we will point the attention on devices that can be used as slow release systems for fertilizers and/or pesticides.In details strong consideration will be devoted to their formulation to increase the knowledge on the high number of possibilities behind these novel and smart devices.展开更多
The induction of antitumor immunity by tumor antigens released from cancer cells following regional photothermal therapy(PTT)alone may not be adequate for achieving complete tumor elimination.Combination therapy with ...The induction of antitumor immunity by tumor antigens released from cancer cells following regional photothermal therapy(PTT)alone may not be adequate for achieving complete tumor elimination.Combination therapy with immune adjuvants enhances antitumor immune responses,but faces challenges such as targeting deficiencies,systemic toxicity,and uncontrolled release behavior.Herein,we introduce a novel dual-functional hybrid membrane nanoparticle(HM-NP)incorporating gold nanorods(GNRs)and a thermally responsive polymer shell.HM-NP demonstrates exceptional homotypic targeting efficacy beneath the tumor cell membrane(TM),leading to substantial tumor accumulation.Upon in situ near-infrared(NIR)stimulation,GNRs within HM-NP generate heat,triggering the burst release of HM by facilitating the contraction and disintegration of the thermally responsive polymer shell.HM-NP exhibits excellent photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR irradiation,enabling effective destruction of primary tumors,release of tumor-associated antigens,and stimulation of potent anti-cancer immune.Simultaneously,the immune responses are strengthened by TM and Escherichia coli membrane(EM)through promoting the maturation of antigen presenting cells(APCs)and activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs).Moreover,the use of polymer shells enables efficient cancer therapy with minimal host clearance and adverse effects.This photothermally triggered immunotherapy holds promise for precise and personalized treatment of tumors.展开更多
C-glycosides have been demonstrated to have distinct biological functions and therefore display notable pharmacological values,whereas the access to the versatile structural analog of C-glycosides is a significant cha...C-glycosides have been demonstrated to have distinct biological functions and therefore display notable pharmacological values,whereas the access to the versatile structural analog of C-glycosides is a significant challenge to their advancement as therapeutic agents.We herein disclose a facial and efficient catalytic C-glycosylation using a glycosyl ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbony lcyclopropylbenzoate(CCBz)as the donor.The trailblazing glycosyl donor can be simply activated by a non-toxic and easily accessible Sc(Ⅲ)catalyst.The ring-strain release of the incorporated donor-acceptor cyclopropane(DAC)serves as a powerful driving force of the glycosylation system.The adaptability of current methods to different types of donors and acceptors was exemplified.Examinations on the synthetic potential were done with the one-pot synthesis of free C-indolyl-glycosides and the subsequent biological studies,unlocking the antibacterial potentials of these compounds.展开更多
Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causin...Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causing significant yield losses. This study to optimize biological control of this pest was carried out in Niger in the laboratory and in a farming environment. In the laboratory, the larval paralysis and emergence of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were compared between release jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In a farming environment, direct releases were carried out with plastic boxes and releases with jute bags in 12 villages of the Maradi region during the cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. The results indicated that 25 larvae of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the boxes were all paralyzed by 2 females of H. hebetor within 7 hours 30 minutes. The emergence of adults began on the 7th day after the beginning of the experiment for a period of two weeks and three weeks respectively in the boxes and jute bags. The production varied from 107.08 to 110.17 parasitoids and was comparable between the Jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In Farmers’ fields, the parasitoid release with the two methods caused the parasitism rates that varied from 64.32 to 66.52% depending on the year but in 2022 the rate of parasitism was higher in the fields with direct releases using plastic boxes (72.66%) compared to those released with jute bags (56.35%). Plastic boxes and cardboard boxes can be used for the production of the H. hebetor parasitoids. These results can be recommended to the cottage industries in the Sahel in order to improve the production and release methods of H. hebetor and make them more adapted to farmers’ fields.展开更多
Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems(nDDSs)present significant opportunities for improving disease treatment,offering advantages in drug encapsulation,solubilization,stability enhancement,and optimized pharmacokine...Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems(nDDSs)present significant opportunities for improving disease treatment,offering advantages in drug encapsulation,solubilization,stability enhancement,and optimized pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.n DDSs,comprising lipid,polymeric,protein,and inorganic nanovehicles,can be guided by or respond to biological cues for precise disease treatment and management.Equipping nanocarriers with tissue/celltargeted ligands enables effective navigation in complex environments,while functionalization with stimuli-responsive moieties facilitates site-specific controlled release.These strategies enhance drug delivery efficiency,augment therapeutic efficacy,and reduce side effects.This article reviews recent strategies and ongoing advancements in n DDSs for targeted drug delivery and controlled release,examining lesion-targeted nanomedicines through surface modification with small molecules,peptides,antibodies,carbohydrates,or cell membranes,and controlled-release nanocarriers responding to endogenous signals such as pH,redox conditions,enzymes,or external triggers like light,temperature,and magnetism.The article also discusses perspectives on future developments.展开更多
Eutrophication is a significant challenge for surface water,with sediment phosphorus(P)release being a key contributor.Although biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(BA-PIA)has shown effectiveness in controll...Eutrophication is a significant challenge for surface water,with sediment phosphorus(P)release being a key contributor.Although biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(BA-PIA)has shown effectiveness in controlling P release from sediment,the efficiency and mechanism by BA-PIA capping is still not fully understood.This study explored the efficiency and mechanism of using BA-PIA capping controlling P release from sediment.The main mechanisms controlling P release from sediment via BA-PIA capping involved transforming mobile and less stable fractions into stable ones,passivating DGT-labile P and establishing a 13 mm’P static layer’within the sediment.Additionally,BA-PIA’s impact on Fe redox processes significantly influenced P release from the sediment.After BA-PIA capping,notable reductionswere observed in total P,soluble reactive P(SRP),and diffusive gradient in thin-films(DGT)-measured labile P(DGT-labile P)concentration in the overlying water,with reduction rates of 95.6%,92.7%,and 96.5%,respectively.After BA-PIA capping,the diffusion flux of SRP across the sediment-water interface and the apparent P diffusion flux decreased by 91.3%and 97.8%,respectively.Additionally,BA-PIA capping led to reduced concentrations of SRP,DGT-labile P,and DGT-measured labile Fe(II)in the sediment interstitial water.Notably,BA-PIA capping significantly reduced P content and facilitated transformation in the 0∼30 mm sediment layers but not in the 30∼45 mm and 45∼60 mm sediment layers for NaOH-extractable inorganic P and HCl-extracted P.These findings offer a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application of BA-PIA capping to control P release from sediment.展开更多
The advent of three-dimensional(3D)printed porous Mg alloys is considered a significant milestone in the development of metal-based degradable implants.However,the poor corrosion resistance of additively manufactured ...The advent of three-dimensional(3D)printed porous Mg alloys is considered a significant milestone in the development of metal-based degradable implants.However,the poor corrosion resistance of additively manufactured Mg alloys,along with the occurrences of inflammation and bacterial infections following implantation,pose critical challenges.In this study,two drug-loaded coatings were prepared within a porous Mg alloy using in situ incorporation and post-deposition of layered double hydroxides(LDHs)to enhance corrosion resistance,antibacterial properties,and biological compatibility combined with plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO).The results revealed that in situ incorporation of LDH capsules effectively reduced the porosity of the PEO layer and improved the long-term corrosion resistance of the coating.The postdeposited LDH layer effectively sealed the PEO layer,demonstrating highly stable corrosion resistance during 7 d electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)test,with the impedance modulus at 10^(-2) Hz stabilizing at 5×10^(5)Ω·cm^(2).After soaking,the surface morphology of the in situ drug-loaded PEO coating exhibited more cracks and defects,whereas the PEO-LDH coating maintained a relatively dense morphology.Among the tested samples,the PEO-LDH coating showed the best performance in terms of corrosion resistance,cell proliferation and differentiation capabilities,and antibacterial efficacy(>99%).Its strong compatibility with the porous structure of 3D-printed Mg alloy highlights the potential of this coating system for biomedical applications.The design strategy proposed in this study offers valuable insights for future development of drug-loaded coatings for 3D-printed porous materials.展开更多
Nifedipine(NF),a widely prescribed antihypertensive agent,necessitates long-term administration to maintain therapeutic efficacy.Although osmotic pump formulations,such as Bayer’s Adalat^(®),are well-established...Nifedipine(NF),a widely prescribed antihypertensive agent,necessitates long-term administration to maintain therapeutic efficacy.Although osmotic pump formulations,such as Bayer’s Adalat^(®),are well-established for achieving zero-order drug release,their complex manufacturing requirements significantly elevate production costs.In this study,we employed mesoporous silica as a drug carrier for nifedipine and incorporated it with an organic polymer matrix to construct an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite(OIN).This nanostructured system demonstrated robust sustained-release properties in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations,with the in vitro release profile exhibiting classical first-order kinetics.To further optimize the release behavior,we combined OIN with conventional tablet-forming techniques to create an oral nanocomposite system(ONS)capable of achieving near-zero-order release.Remarkably,the cumulative release profiles of ONS closely mirrored those of the commercially available Adalat^(®)osmotic formulation across multiple time points.Moreover,we conducted a theoretical analysis of the release mechanisms underlying both OIN and ONS systems,offering novel mechanistic insights that could inform the future design of advanced sustained-release drug delivery platforms.展开更多
Climate warming has intensified the global hydrological cycle,amplifying the differences in precipitation and soil moisture between arid and humid areas.Such a change under regional drought may alter nitrogen(N)and ph...Climate warming has intensified the global hydrological cycle,amplifying the differences in precipitation and soil moisture between arid and humid areas.Such a change under regional drought may alter nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)releases during litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems,but how these biogeochemical processes respond to drought differently between arid and humid areas remains unclear.Here,we compiled 259 and 138 paired observations(with and without drought conditions)to assess the global variations in the drought effects on N and P releases during litter decomposition between arid(aridity index<0.5)and humid(aridity index>0.5)areas.Litter N release increased under drought in both arid(0.35%)and humid(3.62%)areas,and P release decreased by 7.32%in arid areas but increased by 2.22%in humid areas under drought.These changes in N and P releases from decomposing litter were positively correlated with drought duration in arid areas,dependent on microclimate,edaphic factors,and litter quality.Our findings highlight the contrasting effects of drought on litter N and P releases between arid and humid ecosystems,and this differential influence will greatly improve our capability to evaluate and forecast nutrient cycling during litter decomposition under different precipitation patterns.展开更多
To investigate the differences in combustion and energy release characteristics of metastable intermolecular composite materials composed of aluminum alloys and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with different compositions...To investigate the differences in combustion and energy release characteristics of metastable intermolecular composite materials composed of aluminum alloys and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with different compositions,two types of alloys were selected:Al-Mg and Al-Si.Pure aluminum powder of the same size was also chosen for comparison.The PVDF-coated metal particle composites and the mixtures of PVDF with metal particles were prepared using electrospray(ES)and physical blending methods(PM),respectively.A systematic study was conducted on the morphology,compositional structure,combustion performance,energy release characteristics,and thermal reactivity of the fabricated composites and their combustion products through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),combustion performance experiments,closed vessel pressure tests,and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC).The experimental results indicated that the PVDF-coated metal particles prepared by the electrospray method exhibited a distinct core-shell structure,with the metal particles in close contact with the PVDF matrix.Compared to the PM blended materials,the ES composites demonstrated superior combustion performance and energy release characteristics during combustion.Analysis of different metal fuel systems under identical preparation conditions revealed that Al-Mg and Al-Si fuels modulate the combustion and energy release properties of aluminum alloy-PVDF MICs through two distinct pathways.展开更多
The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the...The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the defect formation energy.Here,a flexible molecule 5-maleimidovaleric acid(5-MVA)was introduced as a strain buffer to release the residual strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite.Maleic anhydride and carboxyl groups in 5-MVA interact strongly with the uncoordinated Pb^(2+)through Lewis acid-base reaction,thus tightly“pull”the perovskite lattice.The in-between soft carbon chain increased the structural flexibility of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite materials,which effectively relieved the intrinsic internal strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15),resisted the corrosion of external strain,and also reduced the formation of defects such as VIand Pb0.In addition,the introduction of 5-MVA improved crystal quality,passivated residual defects,and narrowed energy level barriers.Eventually,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of NiOxbased inverted IPSCs increased from 19.25%to 20.82%with the open-circuit voltage enhanced from 1.164 V to 1.230 V.The release of strain also improved the stability of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite films and devices.展开更多
Understanding the coupling relationships among lake physicochemical properties,internal nutrient recycling,and related microbes is key for the control of freshwater eutrophication.In this study,seasonal variations in ...Understanding the coupling relationships among lake physicochemical properties,internal nutrient recycling,and related microbes is key for the control of freshwater eutrophication.In this study,seasonal variations in microorganisms at the sediment–water interface(SWI)of the eutrophic Lake Chaohu in China were analyzed,in order to reveal changes in phosphorus(P)-cycling-related microbes in the sediments and its association with internal P release during the cyanobacterial life cycle.The identified P-cycling-related microbes include phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria(PSB)(dominant of Bacillus,Thiobacillus and Acinetobacter),sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(dominant of Sva0081_sediment_group,norank_c__Thermodesulfovibrionia and Desulfatiglans)and iron-reducing bacteria(FeRB)(dominant of Geothermobacter,Anaeromyxobacter,Thermoanaerobaculum and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1).Increased PSB and reduced proportions of iron-aluminum–bound P(Fe/Al-P)and calcium–bound P(Ca-P)from the benthic stage to initial cyanobacterial growth indicated that internal phosphorus was released through the solubilization of Fe/Al-P and Ca-P by PSB.Growth of cyanobacteria was accompanied by cyanobacteria death,deposition,and degradation during early algal blooms,which increased SRB caused by high organic matter and the net deposition of phosphorus in the western lake.Conversely,phosphorus release in eastern lake was observed because of organic phosphorus mineralization.High linear discriminant analysis effect size of SRB and FeRB and the decreased Fe/Al-P in sediments indicated sulfide-mediated chemical iron reduction(SCIR)and FeRB-mediated microbial iron reduction mechanisms for internal phosphorus release during late algal blooms.The observed seasonal pattern of P-cycling-related microbes and its mediation on internal phosphorus release provides a foundation for internal P management in Lake Chaohu.展开更多
The deterioration of rock mass in the Three Gorges reservoir area results from the coupled damage effects of macro-micro cracks and dry-wet cycles,and the coupled damage progression can be characterized by energy rele...The deterioration of rock mass in the Three Gorges reservoir area results from the coupled damage effects of macro-micro cracks and dry-wet cycles,and the coupled damage progression can be characterized by energy release rate.In this study,a series of dry-wet cycle uniaxial compression tests was conducted on fractured sandstone,and a method was developed for calculating macro-micro damage(D_(R))and energy release rates(Y_(R))of fractured sandstone subjected to dry-wet cycles by considering energy release rate,dry-wet damage and macro-micro damage.Therewith,the damage mechanisms and complex microcrack propagation patterns of rocks were investigated.Research indicates that sandstone degradation after a limited cycle count primarily exhibits exsolution of internal fillers,progressing to grain skeleton alteration and erosion with increased cycles.Compared with conventional methods,the D_(R) and Y_(R) methodologies exhibit heightened sensitivity to microcrack closure during compaction and abrupt energy release at the point of failure.Based on D_(R) and Y_(R),the failure process of fractured sandstone can be classified into six stages:stress adjustment(I),microcracks equal closure(II),nonlinear slow closure(III),low-speed extension(IV),rapid extension(V),and macroscopic main fracture emergence(VI).The abrupt change in damage energy release rate during stage V may serve as a reliable precursor for inducing failure.The stage-based classification may enhance traditional methods by tracking damage progression and accurately identifying rock failure precursors.The findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for understanding damage mechanisms and enabling early warning of reservoir-bank slope failure.展开更多
Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus spe...Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus species within sludge was difficult to release into the fermentation liquor.To address this,this study evaluated the enhanced phosphorus release performance from sludge containing iron-phosphorus compounds(Fe-P)via co-fermenting it with agriculture wastes.Specifically,protein-rich feather(Feather Group)and polysaccharide-rich tea residue(Tea Group)was respectively dosed into batch-scale fermentation jar.Results showed that the Feather Group exhibited significantly higher levels of released soluble phosphorus(2.1 folds)and volatile fatty acids(41.4 folds)compared to the Control Group,with concentrations reaching up to 280 mg/L and 9366 mg chemical oxygen demand/L,respectively.The activities ofα-glucosidase,neutral protease and acetate kinase in the Feather group were increased by 11.1%,92.3%and 37.6%,respectively,compared with the Control group.Methanogen abundance decreased while hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria increased significantly after supplying agricultural wastes.Metagenomic analysis demonstrated a significant increase in genes related to acetic acid synthesis.Mechanism elucidation suggested that increased iron-reducing bacteria abundance promoted Fe3+reduction into Fe2+,thus enhancing phosphorus release from Fe-P compounds.This work may provide valuable information for developing effective strategy to extract phosphorus resource from complex environmental wastes.展开更多
基金sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2241285,62201267)。
文摘Zirconium,titanium,and other hexagonally close-packed(HCP)metals and their alloys are representative high specific strength,high reaction enthalpy,and high thermal conductivity structural materials.In this study,two typical HCP metals,zirconium,and titanium,were applied to reactive materials(RMs)to prepare Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs,validating the feasibility of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs.The impact response process of typical HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs under high-velocity dynamic loads was studied using shock equations of state(EOS)based on porous mixtures and chemical reaction kinetics equations.An improved hemispherical quasi-sealed test chamber was employed to measure the energy release characteristic curves of 10 types of Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs under impact velocities ranging from 500 m/s to 1300 m/s.The datasets of the impact-induced energy release characteristics of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs were established.Additionally,the energy release efficiency of HCP metal/PTFE/W RMs under impact was predicted using the support vector regression(SVR)kernel function model.The datasets of Zr/PTFE/W RMs and Ti/PTFE/W RMs with W contents of 0%,25%,50%,and 75%were used as test sets,respectively.The model predictions showed a high degree of agreement with the experimental data,with mean absolute errors(MAE)of 4.8,6.5,4.6,and 4.1,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51808158,52170101,and 52200116)Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.23JCYBJC00640).
文摘The electrochemical corrosion of ductile pipes(DPs)in drinking water distribution systems(DWDS)has a crucial impact on cement-mortar lining(CML)failure and metal release,potentially leading to drinking water quality deterioration and posing a risk to public health.An in-situ scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET)with micron-scale resolution,microscopic scale detection and water quality analysis were used to investigate the corrosion behavior and metal release from DPs throughout the whole CML failure process.Metal pollutants release occurred at three different stages of CML failure process,and there are potential risks of water quality deterioration exceeding the maximum allowable levels set by national standards in the partial failure stage and lining peeling stage.Furthermore,the effects of water chemistry(Cl^(−),SO_(4)^(2−),NO_(3)−,and Ca^(2+))on corrosion scale growth and iron release activity,were investigated during the CML partial failure stage.Results showed that the CML failure process in DPs was accelerated by the autocatalysis of localized corrosion.Cl^(−)was found to damage the uncorroded metal surface,while SO_(4)^(2−)mainly dissolved the corrosion scale surface,increasing iron release.Both the oxidation of NO_(3)−and selective sedimentation of Ca2+were found to enhance the stability of corrosion scales and inhibit iron release.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51806092,52201410)Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute under the Shanghai Class IV Peak Disciplinary Development Program,High-End Foreign Experts Recruitment Plan of China(G2022013028L).
文摘Phase Change Material(PCM)-based cold energy storage system(CESS)can effectively utilize the peak and valley power resources to reduce the excessive dependence on the power grid.In this study,a PCM-based CESS was designed for cold storage applications.The optimal number of PCM plates was determined through numerical simulations to meet the required cold storage temperature and control time.Additionally,the air temperature field,flow field,and melting characteristics of the PCMplates during the cooling release process were analyzed.The effects of plate positioning and thickness on the cooling release performance were further investigated.The results indicated that when 64PCMplateswere used,the duration formaintaining temperatures below−18℃increased from0.6 h to approximately 16.94 h.During the cooling release process,the temperature field in the cold storage exhibited stratification,and the melting of the PCM plates was non-uniform.Placing the PCM plates at the top or within the interlayers without cargo above proved more effective,with their cooling release power being approximately twice that of the PCM plates placed in the interlayers with cargo above.Furthermore,reducing the thickness of the PCMplates from15 to 7.5mmresulted in a 3.6-h increase in the time below−18℃and a 4.5-h reduction in the time required to reach 80%liquid phase fraction.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2023MC168the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31670989the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,No.2019GSF107037(all to CS).
文摘Vascular endothelial growth factor and its mimic peptide KLTWQELYQLKYKGI(QK)are widely used as the most potent angiogenic factors for the treatment of multiple ischemic diseases.However,conventional topical drug delivery often results in a burst release of the drug,leading to transient retention(inefficacy)and undesirable diffusion(toxicity)in vivo.Therefore,a drug delivery system that responds to changes in the microenvironment of tissue regeneration and controls vascular endothelial growth factor release is crucial to improve the treatment of ischemic stroke.Matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)is gradually upregulated after cerebral ischemia.Herein,vascular endothelial growth factor mimic peptide QK was self-assembled with MMP-2-cleaved peptide PLGLAG(TIMP)and customizable peptide amphiphilic(PA)molecules to construct nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK.PA-TIMP-QK was found to control the delivery of QK by MMP-2 upregulation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and had a similar biological activity with vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro.The results indicated that PA-TIMP-QK promoted neuronal survival,restored local blood circulation,reduced blood-brain barrier permeability,and restored motor function.These findings suggest that the self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel PA-TIMP-QK may provide an intelligent drug delivery system that responds to the microenvironment and promotes regeneration and repair after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
文摘Naturally degradable capsule provides a platform for sustained fragrance release.However,practical challenges such as low encapsulation efficiency and difficulty in sustained release are still limited in using fragranceloaded capsules.In this work,the natural materials sodium alginate and gelatine are dissolved and act as the aqueous phase,lavender is dissolved in caprylic/capric triglyceride(GTCC)as the oil phase,and SiO_(2) nanoparticles with neutralwettability as a solid emulsifier to form O/W Pickering emulsions simultaneously.Finally,multi-core capsules are prepared using the drop injection method with emulsions as templates.The results show that the capsules have been successfully prepared with a spherical morphology and multi-core structure,and the encapsulation rate of multi-core capsules can reach up to 99.6%.In addition,the multi-core capsules possess desirable sustained release performance,the cumulative sustained release rate of fragrance at 25℃over 49 days is only 32.5%.It is attributed to the significant protection of multi-core structure,Pickering emulsion nanoparticle membranes,and hydrogel network shell for encapsulated fragrance.This study is designed to deliver a new strategy for using sustained-release technology with fragrance in food,cosmetics,textiles,and other fields.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Construction of National Tea Industry Technology System(CARS-23)Funding Project of Hubei Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center(2011-620-005-003-04)~~
文摘Slow/controlled release fertilizers （SRFs/CRFs） have been paid more at- tentions by the researchersin recent years. In this paper, the application effects and methods, types, current problem and development prospect of SRFs/CRFsboth at home and abroad were reviewed. The production principles and processes of urea- formaldehyde slow release fertilizers were introduced; and It is suggested that the urea-formaldehyde slow release fertilizers show great development to ease energy and environment pressure.
文摘The high necessity to develop novel and optimized technologies for crop production is very high due to the exponential growth in term of world population of the last years.In this field a novel use of fertilizers and pesticides can ameliorate the life conditions around the world due to the higher productivity with lower losses and consequent less environmental problems related to pollution.To address these challenges a very promising solution is constituted by devices able to control and sustain the release of fertilizers and pesticide optimizing their efficacy preserving the environment.In the last decade a lot of efforts,in terms of research,were dedicated to the development of smart devices that can address those issues maintaining also low costs and easy production processes.In this review we will point the attention on devices that can be used as slow release systems for fertilizers and/or pesticides.In details strong consideration will be devoted to their formulation to increase the knowledge on the high number of possibilities behind these novel and smart devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92059112,82072821 and 31470964)University of Shanghai for Science and Technology(No.10-21302-405)+1 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(No.22XD1404700)the Shanghai Songjiang Municipal Science and Technology Commission Natural Science Foundation(No.20SJKJGG250)。
文摘The induction of antitumor immunity by tumor antigens released from cancer cells following regional photothermal therapy(PTT)alone may not be adequate for achieving complete tumor elimination.Combination therapy with immune adjuvants enhances antitumor immune responses,but faces challenges such as targeting deficiencies,systemic toxicity,and uncontrolled release behavior.Herein,we introduce a novel dual-functional hybrid membrane nanoparticle(HM-NP)incorporating gold nanorods(GNRs)and a thermally responsive polymer shell.HM-NP demonstrates exceptional homotypic targeting efficacy beneath the tumor cell membrane(TM),leading to substantial tumor accumulation.Upon in situ near-infrared(NIR)stimulation,GNRs within HM-NP generate heat,triggering the burst release of HM by facilitating the contraction and disintegration of the thermally responsive polymer shell.HM-NP exhibits excellent photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR irradiation,enabling effective destruction of primary tumors,release of tumor-associated antigens,and stimulation of potent anti-cancer immune.Simultaneously,the immune responses are strengthened by TM and Escherichia coli membrane(EM)through promoting the maturation of antigen presenting cells(APCs)and activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs).Moreover,the use of polymer shells enables efficient cancer therapy with minimal host clearance and adverse effects.This photothermally triggered immunotherapy holds promise for precise and personalized treatment of tumors.
基金Ministry of Education(MOE-T2EP30120-0007,Tier-1 RG107/23)of Singapore for the financial support.
文摘C-glycosides have been demonstrated to have distinct biological functions and therefore display notable pharmacological values,whereas the access to the versatile structural analog of C-glycosides is a significant challenge to their advancement as therapeutic agents.We herein disclose a facial and efficient catalytic C-glycosylation using a glycosyl ortho-2,2-dimethoxycarbony lcyclopropylbenzoate(CCBz)as the donor.The trailblazing glycosyl donor can be simply activated by a non-toxic and easily accessible Sc(Ⅲ)catalyst.The ring-strain release of the incorporated donor-acceptor cyclopropane(DAC)serves as a powerful driving force of the glycosylation system.The adaptability of current methods to different types of donors and acceptors was exemplified.Examinations on the synthetic potential were done with the one-pot synthesis of free C-indolyl-glycosides and the subsequent biological studies,unlocking the antibacterial potentials of these compounds.
文摘Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Leeke) R. Br, is the main cereal crop in Niger. This crop is seriously attacked by the millet Head miner (MHM), Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) causing significant yield losses. This study to optimize biological control of this pest was carried out in Niger in the laboratory and in a farming environment. In the laboratory, the larval paralysis and emergence of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were compared between release jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In a farming environment, direct releases were carried out with plastic boxes and releases with jute bags in 12 villages of the Maradi region during the cropping seasons of 2021 and 2022. The results indicated that 25 larvae of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the boxes were all paralyzed by 2 females of H. hebetor within 7 hours 30 minutes. The emergence of adults began on the 7th day after the beginning of the experiment for a period of two weeks and three weeks respectively in the boxes and jute bags. The production varied from 107.08 to 110.17 parasitoids and was comparable between the Jute bags, plastic boxes and cardboard boxes. In Farmers’ fields, the parasitoid release with the two methods caused the parasitism rates that varied from 64.32 to 66.52% depending on the year but in 2022 the rate of parasitism was higher in the fields with direct releases using plastic boxes (72.66%) compared to those released with jute bags (56.35%). Plastic boxes and cardboard boxes can be used for the production of the H. hebetor parasitoids. These results can be recommended to the cottage industries in the Sahel in order to improve the production and release methods of H. hebetor and make them more adapted to farmers’ fields.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82273876)the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China(No.171028)+1 种基金the Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems(No.DSQZZD-200301)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(No.2632022YC02)。
文摘Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems(nDDSs)present significant opportunities for improving disease treatment,offering advantages in drug encapsulation,solubilization,stability enhancement,and optimized pharmacokinetics and biodistribution.n DDSs,comprising lipid,polymeric,protein,and inorganic nanovehicles,can be guided by or respond to biological cues for precise disease treatment and management.Equipping nanocarriers with tissue/celltargeted ligands enables effective navigation in complex environments,while functionalization with stimuli-responsive moieties facilitates site-specific controlled release.These strategies enhance drug delivery efficiency,augment therapeutic efficacy,and reduce side effects.This article reviews recent strategies and ongoing advancements in n DDSs for targeted drug delivery and controlled release,examining lesion-targeted nanomedicines through surface modification with small molecules,peptides,antibodies,carbohydrates,or cell membranes,and controlled-release nanocarriers responding to endogenous signals such as pH,redox conditions,enzymes,or external triggers like light,temperature,and magnetism.The article also discusses perspectives on future developments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878300)the National Natural Science Foundation of Xiamen City(No.3502Z202373041)the Water Conservancy Science and Technology Plan Project(No.RC2127).
文摘Eutrophication is a significant challenge for surface water,with sediment phosphorus(P)release being a key contributor.Although biological aluminum-based P-inactivation agent(BA-PIA)has shown effectiveness in controlling P release from sediment,the efficiency and mechanism by BA-PIA capping is still not fully understood.This study explored the efficiency and mechanism of using BA-PIA capping controlling P release from sediment.The main mechanisms controlling P release from sediment via BA-PIA capping involved transforming mobile and less stable fractions into stable ones,passivating DGT-labile P and establishing a 13 mm’P static layer’within the sediment.Additionally,BA-PIA’s impact on Fe redox processes significantly influenced P release from the sediment.After BA-PIA capping,notable reductionswere observed in total P,soluble reactive P(SRP),and diffusive gradient in thin-films(DGT)-measured labile P(DGT-labile P)concentration in the overlying water,with reduction rates of 95.6%,92.7%,and 96.5%,respectively.After BA-PIA capping,the diffusion flux of SRP across the sediment-water interface and the apparent P diffusion flux decreased by 91.3%and 97.8%,respectively.Additionally,BA-PIA capping led to reduced concentrations of SRP,DGT-labile P,and DGT-measured labile Fe(II)in the sediment interstitial water.Notably,BA-PIA capping significantly reduced P content and facilitated transformation in the 0∼30 mm sediment layers but not in the 30∼45 mm and 45∼60 mm sediment layers for NaOH-extractable inorganic P and HCl-extracted P.These findings offer a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application of BA-PIA capping to control P release from sediment.
基金Natural Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0949)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023ZYD0115)+1 种基金LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2403026)Shenyang Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Talent Support Program(RC231178).
文摘The advent of three-dimensional(3D)printed porous Mg alloys is considered a significant milestone in the development of metal-based degradable implants.However,the poor corrosion resistance of additively manufactured Mg alloys,along with the occurrences of inflammation and bacterial infections following implantation,pose critical challenges.In this study,two drug-loaded coatings were prepared within a porous Mg alloy using in situ incorporation and post-deposition of layered double hydroxides(LDHs)to enhance corrosion resistance,antibacterial properties,and biological compatibility combined with plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO).The results revealed that in situ incorporation of LDH capsules effectively reduced the porosity of the PEO layer and improved the long-term corrosion resistance of the coating.The postdeposited LDH layer effectively sealed the PEO layer,demonstrating highly stable corrosion resistance during 7 d electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)test,with the impedance modulus at 10^(-2) Hz stabilizing at 5×10^(5)Ω·cm^(2).After soaking,the surface morphology of the in situ drug-loaded PEO coating exhibited more cracks and defects,whereas the PEO-LDH coating maintained a relatively dense morphology.Among the tested samples,the PEO-LDH coating showed the best performance in terms of corrosion resistance,cell proliferation and differentiation capabilities,and antibacterial efficacy(>99%).Its strong compatibility with the porous structure of 3D-printed Mg alloy highlights the potential of this coating system for biomedical applications.The design strategy proposed in this study offers valuable insights for future development of drug-loaded coatings for 3D-printed porous materials.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A20412,81821004,U22A20384,82225044,52273136)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFC3501900,2023YFC2605004)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.L222127,L212013)the AI+Health Collaborative Innovation Cultivation Project(Grant No.Z211100003521002).
文摘Nifedipine(NF),a widely prescribed antihypertensive agent,necessitates long-term administration to maintain therapeutic efficacy.Although osmotic pump formulations,such as Bayer’s Adalat^(®),are well-established for achieving zero-order drug release,their complex manufacturing requirements significantly elevate production costs.In this study,we employed mesoporous silica as a drug carrier for nifedipine and incorporated it with an organic polymer matrix to construct an organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite(OIN).This nanostructured system demonstrated robust sustained-release properties in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations,with the in vitro release profile exhibiting classical first-order kinetics.To further optimize the release behavior,we combined OIN with conventional tablet-forming techniques to create an oral nanocomposite system(ONS)capable of achieving near-zero-order release.Remarkably,the cumulative release profiles of ONS closely mirrored those of the commercially available Adalat^(®)osmotic formulation across multiple time points.Moreover,we conducted a theoretical analysis of the release mechanisms underlying both OIN and ONS systems,offering novel mechanistic insights that could inform the future design of advanced sustained-release drug delivery platforms.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFF1305500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32022056,32101509,and 32171641)。
文摘Climate warming has intensified the global hydrological cycle,amplifying the differences in precipitation and soil moisture between arid and humid areas.Such a change under regional drought may alter nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)releases during litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems,but how these biogeochemical processes respond to drought differently between arid and humid areas remains unclear.Here,we compiled 259 and 138 paired observations(with and without drought conditions)to assess the global variations in the drought effects on N and P releases during litter decomposition between arid(aridity index<0.5)and humid(aridity index>0.5)areas.Litter N release increased under drought in both arid(0.35%)and humid(3.62%)areas,and P release decreased by 7.32%in arid areas but increased by 2.22%in humid areas under drought.These changes in N and P releases from decomposing litter were positively correlated with drought duration in arid areas,dependent on microclimate,edaphic factors,and litter quality.Our findings highlight the contrasting effects of drought on litter N and P releases between arid and humid ecosystems,and this differential influence will greatly improve our capability to evaluate and forecast nutrient cycling during litter decomposition under different precipitation patterns.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.52176114 and 52306145)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20230929)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M731693)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant No.30924010505Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talentthe Center of Analytical Facilities,Nanjing University of Science and Technology for providing technical equipment support for this article。
文摘To investigate the differences in combustion and energy release characteristics of metastable intermolecular composite materials composed of aluminum alloys and polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)with different compositions,two types of alloys were selected:Al-Mg and Al-Si.Pure aluminum powder of the same size was also chosen for comparison.The PVDF-coated metal particle composites and the mixtures of PVDF with metal particles were prepared using electrospray(ES)and physical blending methods(PM),respectively.A systematic study was conducted on the morphology,compositional structure,combustion performance,energy release characteristics,and thermal reactivity of the fabricated composites and their combustion products through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),combustion performance experiments,closed vessel pressure tests,and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC).The experimental results indicated that the PVDF-coated metal particles prepared by the electrospray method exhibited a distinct core-shell structure,with the metal particles in close contact with the PVDF matrix.Compared to the PM blended materials,the ES composites demonstrated superior combustion performance and energy release characteristics during combustion.Analysis of different metal fuel systems under identical preparation conditions revealed that Al-Mg and Al-Si fuels modulate the combustion and energy release properties of aluminum alloy-PVDF MICs through two distinct pathways.
基金financial support of National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB04200302)joint funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62104115)+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2072)Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation of Higher Education of China(Grant No.B16027)Key R&D Program of Hebei Province(No.19214301D)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(No.202302A0370009)Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical TransformationsFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University。
文摘The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the defect formation energy.Here,a flexible molecule 5-maleimidovaleric acid(5-MVA)was introduced as a strain buffer to release the residual strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite.Maleic anhydride and carboxyl groups in 5-MVA interact strongly with the uncoordinated Pb^(2+)through Lewis acid-base reaction,thus tightly“pull”the perovskite lattice.The in-between soft carbon chain increased the structural flexibility of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite materials,which effectively relieved the intrinsic internal strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15),resisted the corrosion of external strain,and also reduced the formation of defects such as VIand Pb0.In addition,the introduction of 5-MVA improved crystal quality,passivated residual defects,and narrowed energy level barriers.Eventually,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of NiOxbased inverted IPSCs increased from 19.25%to 20.82%with the open-circuit voltage enhanced from 1.164 V to 1.230 V.The release of strain also improved the stability of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite films and devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20616).
文摘Understanding the coupling relationships among lake physicochemical properties,internal nutrient recycling,and related microbes is key for the control of freshwater eutrophication.In this study,seasonal variations in microorganisms at the sediment–water interface(SWI)of the eutrophic Lake Chaohu in China were analyzed,in order to reveal changes in phosphorus(P)-cycling-related microbes in the sediments and its association with internal P release during the cyanobacterial life cycle.The identified P-cycling-related microbes include phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria(PSB)(dominant of Bacillus,Thiobacillus and Acinetobacter),sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(dominant of Sva0081_sediment_group,norank_c__Thermodesulfovibrionia and Desulfatiglans)and iron-reducing bacteria(FeRB)(dominant of Geothermobacter,Anaeromyxobacter,Thermoanaerobaculum and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1).Increased PSB and reduced proportions of iron-aluminum–bound P(Fe/Al-P)and calcium–bound P(Ca-P)from the benthic stage to initial cyanobacterial growth indicated that internal phosphorus was released through the solubilization of Fe/Al-P and Ca-P by PSB.Growth of cyanobacteria was accompanied by cyanobacteria death,deposition,and degradation during early algal blooms,which increased SRB caused by high organic matter and the net deposition of phosphorus in the western lake.Conversely,phosphorus release in eastern lake was observed because of organic phosphorus mineralization.High linear discriminant analysis effect size of SRB and FeRB and the decreased Fe/Al-P in sediments indicated sulfide-mediated chemical iron reduction(SCIR)and FeRB-mediated microbial iron reduction mechanisms for internal phosphorus release during late algal blooms.The observed seasonal pattern of P-cycling-related microbes and its mediation on internal phosphorus release provides a foundation for internal P management in Lake Chaohu.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51978106)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022MD723831)Graduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.CYB240039).
文摘The deterioration of rock mass in the Three Gorges reservoir area results from the coupled damage effects of macro-micro cracks and dry-wet cycles,and the coupled damage progression can be characterized by energy release rate.In this study,a series of dry-wet cycle uniaxial compression tests was conducted on fractured sandstone,and a method was developed for calculating macro-micro damage(D_(R))and energy release rates(Y_(R))of fractured sandstone subjected to dry-wet cycles by considering energy release rate,dry-wet damage and macro-micro damage.Therewith,the damage mechanisms and complex microcrack propagation patterns of rocks were investigated.Research indicates that sandstone degradation after a limited cycle count primarily exhibits exsolution of internal fillers,progressing to grain skeleton alteration and erosion with increased cycles.Compared with conventional methods,the D_(R) and Y_(R) methodologies exhibit heightened sensitivity to microcrack closure during compaction and abrupt energy release at the point of failure.Based on D_(R) and Y_(R),the failure process of fractured sandstone can be classified into six stages:stress adjustment(I),microcracks equal closure(II),nonlinear slow closure(III),low-speed extension(IV),rapid extension(V),and macroscopic main fracture emergence(VI).The abrupt change in damage energy release rate during stage V may serve as a reliable precursor for inducing failure.The stage-based classification may enhance traditional methods by tracking damage progression and accurately identifying rock failure precursors.The findings are expected to provide a scientific basis for understanding damage mechanisms and enabling early warning of reservoir-bank slope failure.
基金supported by the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(No.2023C03149).
文摘Anaerobic fermentation is an efficient method to extract phosphorus from excess sludge,thereby facilitating its recovery and mitigating the phosphorus resource shortage.However,the prevalent metal-bound phosphorus species within sludge was difficult to release into the fermentation liquor.To address this,this study evaluated the enhanced phosphorus release performance from sludge containing iron-phosphorus compounds(Fe-P)via co-fermenting it with agriculture wastes.Specifically,protein-rich feather(Feather Group)and polysaccharide-rich tea residue(Tea Group)was respectively dosed into batch-scale fermentation jar.Results showed that the Feather Group exhibited significantly higher levels of released soluble phosphorus(2.1 folds)and volatile fatty acids(41.4 folds)compared to the Control Group,with concentrations reaching up to 280 mg/L and 9366 mg chemical oxygen demand/L,respectively.The activities ofα-glucosidase,neutral protease and acetate kinase in the Feather group were increased by 11.1%,92.3%and 37.6%,respectively,compared with the Control group.Methanogen abundance decreased while hydrolytic acid-producing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria increased significantly after supplying agricultural wastes.Metagenomic analysis demonstrated a significant increase in genes related to acetic acid synthesis.Mechanism elucidation suggested that increased iron-reducing bacteria abundance promoted Fe3+reduction into Fe2+,thus enhancing phosphorus release from Fe-P compounds.This work may provide valuable information for developing effective strategy to extract phosphorus resource from complex environmental wastes.
