Low-grade fly ash (rejected fly ash,rFA),a significant portion of the pulverized fuel ash (PFA) produced from coal-fired power plants and rejected from the ash classifying process,remains unused due to its high carbon...Low-grade fly ash (rejected fly ash,rFA),a significant portion of the pulverized fuel ash (PFA) produced from coal-fired power plants and rejected from the ash classifying process,remains unused due to its high carbon content and large particle size (>45μm).But it is thought that the rejected ash may have potential uses in chemical stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes which need relatively lower strengths and a lower chemical reactivity.Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) sludge is a by-product of air pollution control equipment in coal fired power plants whose chemical composition is mainly gypsum.As there is no effective usage of both of these two materials,it is of interest to research on the possible activation of rFA using FGD.This paper presents experimental results of a study on the properties of rFA activated by the FGD in rFA-cement pastes.Different percentages of FGD were added into the mix to study the effects of the FGD on the reaction of the rFA blended cement pastes.The results show that FGD takes effect as an activator only at late curing ages.Adding Ca(OH) 2 enhances the effect of FGD on activating the hydration of rFA.Also,10% FGD by weight of rFA is the optimal addition in the rFA-cement pastes.The results of the compressive strength measurements correlate well with the porosity results.展开更多
The recycling rate of rejected electrolytic manganese metal(EMM)scrap can be increased by inhibiting the manganese metal(MM)vaporization during the remelting process with electroslag.However,if the latter is achieved ...The recycling rate of rejected electrolytic manganese metal(EMM)scrap can be increased by inhibiting the manganese metal(MM)vaporization during the remelting process with electroslag.However,if the latter is achieved by reducing the remelting temperature,the desulfurization behavior will deteriorate.Therefore,Na_(2)O-containing electroslag and metallic additive were used to increase the rejected EMM scrap recovery ratio.The respective high-temperature experiment was conducted in a MoSi_(2) electrical resistance furnace filled with fluid argon at 1673 K using five different types of electroslag with the Na_(2)O content ranging from 5.81%to 15.71%.High-purity metallic magnesium and magnesium calcium alloy additives were used as deoxidizers.The addition of Na_(2)O and metallic additives effectively promoted the desulfurization and deoxidization of MM.The removal of sulfur and oxygen by the interaction between Na_(2)O-containing electroslag melt and molten MM with metallic additive was analyzed from the thermodynamic and kinetic standpoints.The effect of Na_(2)O-containing electroslag volatilization on desulfurization and deoxidization was considered.With an increase in Na_(2)O content in the slag,the mass loss rates of Na_(2)O and electroslag rose,as well as the final sulfur partition ratio.If the Na_(2)O content volatilized in the slag melt did not exceed 10.44%,the sulfur removal ratio was increased by high sulfide capacity and CaO activity in all slags due to the addition of Na_(2)O.The rejected EMM scrap deoxidization ratio grew with the increased activity of CaO and reduced activity of Al_(2)O_(3) in the molten slag,caused by the increased Na_(2)O content in the molten slag.The addition of metallic Mg and Mg-Ca alloy indirectly promoted desulfurization and deoxidization by reducing the MnO content in the rejected EMM scrap and growing slag oxidability.The Mg-Ca alloy could also react with dissolved sulfur and oxygen,directly promoting desulfurization and deoxidization processes.The Na_(2)O content in slag should not exceed 10.44%to ensure the high desulfurization and deoxidization abilities,fluidity and low volatilization of slag.展开更多
Remelting rejected electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) scrap was investigated by electroslag remelting (ESR) process through industrial experiment. The results indicated that the ANF-6 slag (70 wt.% CaF_(2) + 30 wt.% A...Remelting rejected electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) scrap was investigated by electroslag remelting (ESR) process through industrial experiment. The results indicated that the ANF-6 slag (70 wt.% CaF_(2) + 30 wt.% Al_(2)O_(3)) and deoxidizer could promote the desulfurization of ESR manganese in an air atmosphere. Under an air atmosphere, the sulfur in the ingot decreased to 0.0534 wt.% with a desulfurization ratio of ESR manganese of 53.2% by using ANF-6 slag and water-cooled copper electrode electroslag remelting rejected EMM scrap, suggesting its efficient removal. The electroslag ingots exhibited uneven chemical composition in an air atmosphere and cooling condition of the ESR process. The metal manganese could be oxidized by electroslag remelting of rejected EMM scrap in an air atmosphere with MnO content in the final slag of 21.9 wt.%. Besides, the activity of MnO in slag increased with increasing remelting temperature, resulting in a reduction in the slag–manganese sulfur partition ratio and desulfurization ratio. Moreover, with the accumulation of sulfur in slag and the oxidation of metallic manganese liquid, the slag showed a lower cleanliness and more oxidation, leading to an increase in sulfur and oxygen content in the electroslag ingot with the increase in ingot height.展开更多
AIM:To study the impact of rejection at different levels of health care by retrospectively reviewing records of dried blood spot samples received at the molecular laboratory for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)early ...AIM:To study the impact of rejection at different levels of health care by retrospectively reviewing records of dried blood spot samples received at the molecular laboratory for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)early infant diagnosis(EID)between January 2008 and December 2012.METHODS:The specimen rejection rate,reasons for rejection and the impact of rejection at different levels of health care was examined.The extracted data were cleaned and checked for consistency and then deduplicated using the unique patient and clinic identifiers.The cleaned data were ciphered and exported to SPSS version 19(SPSS 2010 IBM Corp,New York,United States)for statistical analyses.RESULTS:Sample rejection rate of 2.4%(n=786/32552)and repeat rate of 8.8%(n=69/786)were established.The mean age of infants presenting for first HIV molecular test among accepted valid samples was 17.83 wk(95%CI:17.65-18.01)vs 20.30 wk(95%CI:16.53-24.06)for repeated samples.HIV infection rate was 9.8%vs 15.9%for accepted and repeated samples.Compared to tertiary healthcare clinics,secondary and primary clinics had twofold and three-fold higher likelihood of sample rejection,respectively(P<0.05).We observed a significant increase in sample rejection rate with increasing number of EID clinics(r=0.893,P=0.041).The major reasons for rejection were improper sample collection(26.3%),improper labeling(16.4%)and insufficient blood(14.8%).CONCLUSION:Programs should monitor pre-analytical variables and incorporate continuous quality improvement interventions to reduce errors associated with sample rejection and improve patient retention.展开更多
Academic papers are the cornerstone of knowledge dissemination and crucial for researchers’career development.This is particularly true for rapidly evolving research domains such as transportation,as evidenced by the...Academic papers are the cornerstone of knowledge dissemination and crucial for researchers’career development.This is particularly true for rapidly evolving research domains such as transportation,as evidenced by the surge of journals and papers in the past decade.While abundant literature offers guidance on successful publication strategies,insights into the reasons for rejection are rare.This study fills in this gap by examining why papers are rejected in the area of transportation.We present concrete evidence based on data from over 5,000 rejected transport papers.Quantitative analyses are conducted to reveal the impacts of similarity rate,duplication submission rate,and topic on desk rejections.Additionally,we shed light on the distinct focus reviewers have when serving different journals.We hope the results could equip transport researchers with a deeper comprehension of publication criteria and a better awareness of common but avoidable mistakes.展开更多
The effect of the initial(Al+Si)/MnO molar ratio and slag composition on MnO recovery from electroslag by remelting at 1773 K was investigated.High-purity aluminum metal and silicon were employed as the deoxidizers to...The effect of the initial(Al+Si)/MnO molar ratio and slag composition on MnO recovery from electroslag by remelting at 1773 K was investigated.High-purity aluminum metal and silicon were employed as the deoxidizers to effectively promote the recovery of manganese metal(MM).The reduction of MnO in slag,through the interaction between molten MM with a deoxidizer and the Na_(2)O-enriched electroslag melt,was assessed both thermodynamically and kinetically.The sulfur content of high-sulfur rejected electrolytic manganese metal(EMM)scrap decreased to 0.58%with high-temperature pretreatment.The mass ratio between slag and high-sulfur rejected EMM scrap is 2/3.When the Al_(2)O_(3)content in the initial slags decreased and the Na_(2)O content increased,the MnO reduction ratio increased.The residual MnO concentration of the slag reduced with increasing the Al–Si deoxidizer content.When the(Al+Si)/MnO molar ratio reached 0.83,the MnO concentration in the final slag was only 3%.A deoxidizer mainly containing aluminum and a small amount of Si could be added to recover MnO from the slag,resulting in the improvement in the cleanliness of final Mn metal.展开更多
General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Afliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.We ...General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Afliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.We welcome original research articles,review articles,editorials,and others from any part of the world.Manuscripts are reviewed by members of the international editorial board and our expert peer reviewers,then either accepted for publication or rejected by the chief editor.Manuscripts should be submitted via https://mc03.mamuscrlptcen tral.com/hbpdint.展开更多
Copyright 2025,Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International.All rights reserved.www.hbpdint.com General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the En...Copyright 2025,Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International.All rights reserved.www.hbpdint.com General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.We welcome original research articles,review articles,editorials,and others from any part of the world.Manuscripts are reviewed by members of the international editorial board and our expert peer reviewers,then either accepted for publication or rejected by the chief editor.Manuscripts should be submitted via https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/hbpdint.展开更多
Over the past six decades,liver transplantation(LT)has evolved from an experimental procedure into a standardized and life-saving intervention,reshaping the landscape of organ transplantation.Driven by pioneering brea...Over the past six decades,liver transplantation(LT)has evolved from an experimental procedure into a standardized and life-saving intervention,reshaping the landscape of organ transplantation.Driven by pioneering breakthroughs,technological advancements,and a deepened understanding of immunology,LT has seen remarkable progress.Some of the most notable breakthroughs in the field include advances in immunosuppression,a revised model for end-stage liver disease,and artificial intelligence(AI)-integrated imaging modalities serving diagnostic and therapeutic roles in LT,paired with ever-evolving technological advances.Additionally,the refinement of transplantation procedures,resulting in the introduction of alternative transplantation methods,such as living donor LT,split LT,and the use of marginal grafts,has addressed the challenge of organ shortage.Moreover,precision medicine,guiding personalized immunosuppressive strategies,has significantly improved patient and graft survival rates while addressing emergent issues,such as short-term complications and early allograft dysfunction,leading to a more refined strategy and enhanced postoperative recovery.Looking ahead,ongoing research explores regenerative medicine,diagnostic tools,and AI to optimize organ allocation and posttransplantation car.In summary,the past six decades have marked a transformative journey in LT with a commitment to advancing science,medicine,and patient-centered care,offering hope and extending life to individuals worldwide.展开更多
Permanent magnet synchronous motor based electro-mechanical actuation servo drives have widespread applications in the aviation field,such as unmanned aerial vehicle electric servos,electric cabin doors,and mechanical...Permanent magnet synchronous motor based electro-mechanical actuation servo drives have widespread applications in the aviation field,such as unmanned aerial vehicle electric servos,electric cabin doors,and mechanical arms.The performance of the servo drive,which encompasses the response to the torque,efficiency,control bandwidth and the steady-state positioning accuracy,significantly influences the performance of the aviation actuation.Consequently,enhancing the control bandwidth and refining the positioning accuracy of aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo drives have emerged as a focal point of research.This paper investigates the multi-source disturbances present in aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo systems and summarizes recent research on high-performance servo control methods based on active disturbance rejection control(ADRC).We present a comprehensive overview of the research status pertaining to servo control architecture,strategies for suppressing disturbances in the current loop,and ADRC-based strategies for the position loop.We delineate the research challenges and difficulties encountered by aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo drive control technology.展开更多
Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal regeneration.Furthermore,such peripher...Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal regeneration.Furthermore,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune system.In contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian degeneration.The relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this study.We hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral recovery.We examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal fusion.Ablation-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–Dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host axons.Similar to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days postoperatively.Other morphological signs of rejection,such as collapsed Schwann cell basal lamina tubes,were absent in polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts but commonly observed in negative control and loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts at 21 days postoperatively.Loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts had more pro-inflammatory and less anti-inflammatory macrophages than negative control peripheral nerve allografts.While T cell counts were similarly high in loose-sutured-polyethylene glycol and negative control peripheral nerve allografts,loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts expressed some cytokines/chemokines important for T cell activation at much lower levels at 14 days postoperatively.MHCI expression was elevated in loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts,but MHCII expression was modestly lower compared to negative control at 21 days postoperatively.We conclude that,while polyethylene glycol per se reduces some immune responses of peripheral nerve allografts,successful polyethylene glycol-fusion repair of some axons is necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration of those axons and immune rejection of peripheral nerve allografts,and produce recovery of sensory/motor functions and voluntary behaviors.Translation of polyethylene glycol-fusion technologies would produce a paradigm shift from the current clinical practice of waiting days to months to repair ablation peripheral nerve injuries.展开更多
In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in ped...In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in pediatric liver transpl-antation(LT),as well as the relationship between immune rejection after LT and DSA.Currently,LT remains the standard of care for pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease or severe acute liver failure.However,acute and chronic re-jection continues to be a significant cause of graft dysfunction and loss.HLA mismatch significantly reduces graft survival and increases the risk of acute rejection.Among them,D→R one-way mismatch at three loci was significantly related to graft-versus-host disease incidence after LT.The adverse impact of HLA-DSAs on LT recipients is already established.Therefore,the evaluation of HLA and DSA is crucial in pediatric LT.展开更多
The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated...The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.展开更多
In recent years, the use of new biomarkers in different phases of the diagnosis andtreatment of several diseases has allowed substantial improvement in clinicalpractice. The use of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDN...In recent years, the use of new biomarkers in different phases of the diagnosis andtreatment of several diseases has allowed substantial improvement in clinicalpractice. The use of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in organ transplantationhas led to significant progress in the treatment of post-transplantoutcomes, particularly after kidney transplantation. In addition, the use of ddcfDNAin organ transplantation has led to significant advancements in posttransplantoutcome monitoring. The aim of this study is to review many of therecent studies on the use of this biomarker and to evaluate its most relevantadvantages and limitations. dd-cfDNA is released from several types of cells ofthe transplanted organ, most often from endothelial cells and this happens in thecase of organ damage, most often rejection. Its presence in the bloodstream of therecipients is an important sign of graft damage;its principal advantage is in theavoidance of invasive tools such as renal biopsy. Additionally, several studiesreported that the finding of dd-cfDNA in the serum may precede histologicalabnormalities;its utility in the diagnosis of subclinical rejection is extremelyimportant. Among the principal limitations of this tool are the difficulty in distinguishingdifferent forms of graft damage. According to several studies this toolhas several limitations in diagnosing T-cell mediated rejection. In addition,particular care should be taken in distinguishing dd-cfDNA from recipientderivedcfDNA.展开更多
1 Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC):a brief survey Since its inception,Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)has re-centered feedback controller design around two fundamental ideas—along with a consequen...1 Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC):a brief survey Since its inception,Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)has re-centered feedback controller design around two fundamental ideas—along with a consequential design simplification:real-time estimation and online cancellation of the“total disturbance”conceived as the lumped effect of unknown internal dynamics and external inputs.The simplified design then proceeds in a customary fashion for the ideally remaining system model,which is devoid of the total disturbance.展开更多
Antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)represents a major challenge in kidney transplantation,significantly contributing to tissue injury and graft failure.AMR is primarily driven by donor-specific alloantibodies(DSAs),which...Antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)represents a major challenge in kidney transplantation,significantly contributing to tissue injury and graft failure.AMR is primarily driven by donor-specific alloantibodies(DSAs),which recognize and bind to specific target antigens present within the transplanted kidney tissue.Upon binding,these DSAs commonly initiate activation of the complement system within the graft.The activation of the complement cascade sets off a powerful inflammatory response characterized by the recruitment and activation of immune cells,endothelial damage,and subsequent tissue injury.This inflammation underlies many clinical and histological manifestations of AMR,making complement activation a critical player in the disease process.Advancements in our understanding of how complement pathways contribute to kidney graft injury have opened new avenues for therapeutic intervention.Recent research has facilitated the development and application of novel therapies specifically designed to inhibit complement activation.Such targeted complement-inhibitory strategies have shown promise in improving graft outcomes by inhibiting complement-mediated damage and extending graft survival.This review comprehensively discusses the critical role of complement activation in inducing kidney graft injury with a focus on its role in AMR.By elucidating the detailed mechanisms and contributions of complement pathways,the review seeks to enhance the understanding necessary for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat AMR effectively.展开更多
BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay a...BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay and flow crossmatch(FCXM).The clinical significance of donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)detected by this method is still under investigation.AIM To report the impact of low-level pretransplant DSAs detected by the Luminex platform on the rates of acute rejection(AR),allograft function,and long-term graft survival.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the Immunology Department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation,Karachi,Pakistan between January 2013 and December 2022.During this period 2714 patients were transplanted.Out of these patients 78(2.9%)patients had low-level DSAs detected by the Luminex flow beads method and were negative by CDC and FCXM with their donors.All recipients received ABO-compatible live-related kidney transplants.All patients had a minimum follow-up of 1 year.Graft rejection rates,graft function,and patient and graft survival were analyzed.The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the full CKD-EPI formula.RESULTS The mean age of all recipients was 29.57±10.11 years and 34.53±9.09 years for the donors.In 48(61.5%)patients,the cause of end-stage kidney disease was unknown.DSA against HLA class I was detected in 36(46.1%)patients,class II in 35(44.8%)patients,and both class I and II in 7(8.9%)patients.AR episodes were encountered in 8(10.3%)cases.Seven(87.5%)had T cell mediated rejection(type IA)and one acute antibody-mediated rejection.Antibody status was re-evaluated at the time of biopsy-proven ARs.Five(62.5%)patients lost their DSAs,while three(37.5%)had persistent DSAs.The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 80.56±27.48 mL/min/1.73 m2 and at the last follow-up 73.41±28.80 mL/min/1.73 m2.The 1-year and 10-year patient and graft survival rates were 99%and 79%and 95%and 75%,respectively.During the follow-up period,10(12.8%)patients died,8 patients had a functioning graft,and 2 patients had failed grafts.Eight patients died due to cardiopulmonary arrest,and two died due to sepsis with failed grafts.CONCLUSION Patients with pretransplant low-level DSAs on Luminex without CDC and FCXM reactivity had good allograft outcomes at 1 year and 10 years as long as they are induced with biological agents and given potent maintenance immunosuppressants.展开更多
Antibody-mediated rejection(ABMR)and recurrent primary renal disease(PRD)represent major causes of kidney transplant(KT)loss.The standard of care for desensitization,ABMR,and relapsing autoimmune glomerulopathies or n...Antibody-mediated rejection(ABMR)and recurrent primary renal disease(PRD)represent major causes of kidney transplant(KT)loss.The standard of care for desensitization,ABMR,and relapsing autoimmune glomerulopathies or nephrotic syndrome includes apheresis for antibody removal and polyclonal immunoglobulin for antibody blockage.Although frequently used to achieve B-cell depletion,the administration of the type 1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies(mAb)rituximab(RTX)or ofatumumab(OFA)has failed to demonstrate a significant survival benefit.Obinutuzumab(OBI)is a humanized glycoengineered type 2 anti-CD20 mAb.Compared to RTX or OFA,OBI-induced B-cell depletion is not related to complement-dependent cytotoxicity,mostly operating through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,antibody-dependent phagocytosis,and direct cell death.These characteristics could play a pivotal role in the development of new anti-rejection strategies,enabling the simultaneous administration of complement inhibitors and B-cell-depleting agents.OBI has also demonstrated more powerful peripheral and central B-cell depletion capacities than RTX,with enhanced effects on memory B cells and plasmablasts.In patients with autoimmune glomerulopathies or multidrug-dependent nephrotic syndrome,OBI has shown encouraging results,representing a potential evolution of the treatment of post-transplant relapsing PRD.The present review summarizes the current knowledge on OBI use in KT setting.展开更多
Organ transplantation has long been recognized as an effective treatment for endstage organ failure,metabolic diseases,and malignant tumors.However,graft rejection caused by major histocompatibility complex mismatch r...Organ transplantation has long been recognized as an effective treatment for endstage organ failure,metabolic diseases,and malignant tumors.However,graft rejection caused by major histocompatibility complex mismatch remains a significant challenge.While modern immunosuppressants have made significant strides in reducing the incidence and risk of rejection,they have not been able to eliminate it completely.The intricate mechanisms underlying transplant rejection have been the subject of intense investigation by transplant immunologists.Among these factors,autophagy has emerged as a key player.Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells that mediates autophagocytosis and cellular protection.This process is regulated by autophagy-related genes and their encoded protein families,which maintain the material and energetic balance within cells.Additionally,autophagy has been reported to play crucial roles in the development,maturation,differentiation,and responses of immune cells.In the complex immune environment following transplantation,the role and mechanisms of autophagy are gradually being revealed.In this review,we aim to explore the current understanding of the role of autophagy in solid organ rejection after transplantation.Furthermore,we delve into the therapeutic advancements achieved by targeting autophagy involved in the rejection process.展开更多
The study of Mecanum mobile robots typically assumes motion on planar surfaces,while the challenges posed by inclined terrains remain largely unexplored,leaving a significant gap in control applications for such scena...The study of Mecanum mobile robots typically assumes motion on planar surfaces,while the challenges posed by inclined terrains remain largely unexplored,leaving a significant gap in control applications for such scenarios.In this context,two critical issues emerge:the gravitational pull caused by adding a potential energy term in the robot dynamics,which drives the vehicle downhill,and several positioning errors due to vibrations and slippage of the Mecanum wheel.To address these challenges,this work presents an Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)-based framework designed to enable accurate tracking on inclined surfaces,despite the compounded effects of gravitational forces and slippage.Unlike conventional controllers,the proposed method requires minimal model knowledge while actively compensates for unknown dynamics and external disturbances in real time.A complete theoretical formulation is provided,supported by numerical simulations and comprehensive experimental validation.Results demonstrate that the ADRC structure significantly outperforms not only the traditional proportional-integral-derivative(PID)control but also a robust variant of PID combined with a Quasi-Sliding Mode control(PID-QSMC)strategy,achieving superior tracking.Notably,this study offers an important experimental validation of ADRC for Mecanum-wheeled robots operating on inclined surfaces.It contributes a practical and scalable solution to extend their operational capabilities beyond flat environments.展开更多
文摘Low-grade fly ash (rejected fly ash,rFA),a significant portion of the pulverized fuel ash (PFA) produced from coal-fired power plants and rejected from the ash classifying process,remains unused due to its high carbon content and large particle size (>45μm).But it is thought that the rejected ash may have potential uses in chemical stabilization/solidification (S/S) processes which need relatively lower strengths and a lower chemical reactivity.Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) sludge is a by-product of air pollution control equipment in coal fired power plants whose chemical composition is mainly gypsum.As there is no effective usage of both of these two materials,it is of interest to research on the possible activation of rFA using FGD.This paper presents experimental results of a study on the properties of rFA activated by the FGD in rFA-cement pastes.Different percentages of FGD were added into the mix to study the effects of the FGD on the reaction of the rFA blended cement pastes.The results show that FGD takes effect as an activator only at late curing ages.Adding Ca(OH) 2 enhances the effect of FGD on activating the hydration of rFA.Also,10% FGD by weight of rFA is the optimal addition in the rFA-cement pastes.The results of the compressive strength measurements correlate well with the porosity results.
基金The authors appreciate the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51804227).
文摘The recycling rate of rejected electrolytic manganese metal(EMM)scrap can be increased by inhibiting the manganese metal(MM)vaporization during the remelting process with electroslag.However,if the latter is achieved by reducing the remelting temperature,the desulfurization behavior will deteriorate.Therefore,Na_(2)O-containing electroslag and metallic additive were used to increase the rejected EMM scrap recovery ratio.The respective high-temperature experiment was conducted in a MoSi_(2) electrical resistance furnace filled with fluid argon at 1673 K using five different types of electroslag with the Na_(2)O content ranging from 5.81%to 15.71%.High-purity metallic magnesium and magnesium calcium alloy additives were used as deoxidizers.The addition of Na_(2)O and metallic additives effectively promoted the desulfurization and deoxidization of MM.The removal of sulfur and oxygen by the interaction between Na_(2)O-containing electroslag melt and molten MM with metallic additive was analyzed from the thermodynamic and kinetic standpoints.The effect of Na_(2)O-containing electroslag volatilization on desulfurization and deoxidization was considered.With an increase in Na_(2)O content in the slag,the mass loss rates of Na_(2)O and electroslag rose,as well as the final sulfur partition ratio.If the Na_(2)O content volatilized in the slag melt did not exceed 10.44%,the sulfur removal ratio was increased by high sulfide capacity and CaO activity in all slags due to the addition of Na_(2)O.The rejected EMM scrap deoxidization ratio grew with the increased activity of CaO and reduced activity of Al_(2)O_(3) in the molten slag,caused by the increased Na_(2)O content in the molten slag.The addition of metallic Mg and Mg-Ca alloy indirectly promoted desulfurization and deoxidization by reducing the MnO content in the rejected EMM scrap and growing slag oxidability.The Mg-Ca alloy could also react with dissolved sulfur and oxygen,directly promoting desulfurization and deoxidization processes.The Na_(2)O content in slag should not exceed 10.44%to ensure the high desulfurization and deoxidization abilities,fluidity and low volatilization of slag.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51804227).
文摘Remelting rejected electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) scrap was investigated by electroslag remelting (ESR) process through industrial experiment. The results indicated that the ANF-6 slag (70 wt.% CaF_(2) + 30 wt.% Al_(2)O_(3)) and deoxidizer could promote the desulfurization of ESR manganese in an air atmosphere. Under an air atmosphere, the sulfur in the ingot decreased to 0.0534 wt.% with a desulfurization ratio of ESR manganese of 53.2% by using ANF-6 slag and water-cooled copper electrode electroslag remelting rejected EMM scrap, suggesting its efficient removal. The electroslag ingots exhibited uneven chemical composition in an air atmosphere and cooling condition of the ESR process. The metal manganese could be oxidized by electroslag remelting of rejected EMM scrap in an air atmosphere with MnO content in the final slag of 21.9 wt.%. Besides, the activity of MnO in slag increased with increasing remelting temperature, resulting in a reduction in the slag–manganese sulfur partition ratio and desulfurization ratio. Moreover, with the accumulation of sulfur in slag and the oxidation of metallic manganese liquid, the slag showed a lower cleanliness and more oxidation, leading to an increase in sulfur and oxygen content in the electroslag ingot with the increase in ingot height.
基金Supported by The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through cooperative agreement(5U2GGH000925-03)from HHS/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC),Global AIDS Program.The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
文摘AIM:To study the impact of rejection at different levels of health care by retrospectively reviewing records of dried blood spot samples received at the molecular laboratory for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)early infant diagnosis(EID)between January 2008 and December 2012.METHODS:The specimen rejection rate,reasons for rejection and the impact of rejection at different levels of health care was examined.The extracted data were cleaned and checked for consistency and then deduplicated using the unique patient and clinic identifiers.The cleaned data were ciphered and exported to SPSS version 19(SPSS 2010 IBM Corp,New York,United States)for statistical analyses.RESULTS:Sample rejection rate of 2.4%(n=786/32552)and repeat rate of 8.8%(n=69/786)were established.The mean age of infants presenting for first HIV molecular test among accepted valid samples was 17.83 wk(95%CI:17.65-18.01)vs 20.30 wk(95%CI:16.53-24.06)for repeated samples.HIV infection rate was 9.8%vs 15.9%for accepted and repeated samples.Compared to tertiary healthcare clinics,secondary and primary clinics had twofold and three-fold higher likelihood of sample rejection,respectively(P<0.05).We observed a significant increase in sample rejection rate with increasing number of EID clinics(r=0.893,P=0.041).The major reasons for rejection were improper sample collection(26.3%),improper labeling(16.4%)and insufficient blood(14.8%).CONCLUSION:Programs should monitor pre-analytical variables and incorporate continuous quality improvement interventions to reduce errors associated with sample rejection and improve patient retention.
文摘Academic papers are the cornerstone of knowledge dissemination and crucial for researchers’career development.This is particularly true for rapidly evolving research domains such as transportation,as evidenced by the surge of journals and papers in the past decade.While abundant literature offers guidance on successful publication strategies,insights into the reasons for rejection are rare.This study fills in this gap by examining why papers are rejected in the area of transportation.We present concrete evidence based on data from over 5,000 rejected transport papers.Quantitative analyses are conducted to reveal the impacts of similarity rate,duplication submission rate,and topic on desk rejections.Additionally,we shed light on the distinct focus reviewers have when serving different journals.We hope the results could equip transport researchers with a deeper comprehension of publication criteria and a better awareness of common but avoidable mistakes.
基金the financial support from the Anhui Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Metallurgy and Solid Waste Resource Utilization(Anhui University of Technology)(No.SKF23-01)Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education,Wuhan University of Science and Technology(No.FMRUlab23-1010)+1 种基金Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2022-07)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.19DZ2270200).
文摘The effect of the initial(Al+Si)/MnO molar ratio and slag composition on MnO recovery from electroslag by remelting at 1773 K was investigated.High-purity aluminum metal and silicon were employed as the deoxidizers to effectively promote the recovery of manganese metal(MM).The reduction of MnO in slag,through the interaction between molten MM with a deoxidizer and the Na_(2)O-enriched electroslag melt,was assessed both thermodynamically and kinetically.The sulfur content of high-sulfur rejected electrolytic manganese metal(EMM)scrap decreased to 0.58%with high-temperature pretreatment.The mass ratio between slag and high-sulfur rejected EMM scrap is 2/3.When the Al_(2)O_(3)content in the initial slags decreased and the Na_(2)O content increased,the MnO reduction ratio increased.The residual MnO concentration of the slag reduced with increasing the Al–Si deoxidizer content.When the(Al+Si)/MnO molar ratio reached 0.83,the MnO concentration in the final slag was only 3%.A deoxidizer mainly containing aluminum and a small amount of Si could be added to recover MnO from the slag,resulting in the improvement in the cleanliness of final Mn metal.
文摘General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Afliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.We welcome original research articles,review articles,editorials,and others from any part of the world.Manuscripts are reviewed by members of the international editorial board and our expert peer reviewers,then either accepted for publication or rejected by the chief editor.Manuscripts should be submitted via https://mc03.mamuscrlptcen tral.com/hbpdint.
文摘Copyright 2025,Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International.All rights reserved.www.hbpdint.com General information Hepatobiliary&Pancreatic Diseases International is a journal published bimonthly in the English language by the First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou,China.We welcome original research articles,review articles,editorials,and others from any part of the world.Manuscripts are reviewed by members of the international editorial board and our expert peer reviewers,then either accepted for publication or rejected by the chief editor.Manuscripts should be submitted via https://mc03.manuscriptcentral.com/hbpdint.
文摘Over the past six decades,liver transplantation(LT)has evolved from an experimental procedure into a standardized and life-saving intervention,reshaping the landscape of organ transplantation.Driven by pioneering breakthroughs,technological advancements,and a deepened understanding of immunology,LT has seen remarkable progress.Some of the most notable breakthroughs in the field include advances in immunosuppression,a revised model for end-stage liver disease,and artificial intelligence(AI)-integrated imaging modalities serving diagnostic and therapeutic roles in LT,paired with ever-evolving technological advances.Additionally,the refinement of transplantation procedures,resulting in the introduction of alternative transplantation methods,such as living donor LT,split LT,and the use of marginal grafts,has addressed the challenge of organ shortage.Moreover,precision medicine,guiding personalized immunosuppressive strategies,has significantly improved patient and graft survival rates while addressing emergent issues,such as short-term complications and early allograft dysfunction,leading to a more refined strategy and enhanced postoperative recovery.Looking ahead,ongoing research explores regenerative medicine,diagnostic tools,and AI to optimize organ allocation and posttransplantation car.In summary,the past six decades have marked a transformative journey in LT with a commitment to advancing science,medicine,and patient-centered care,offering hope and extending life to individuals worldwide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52177059 and 52407064).
文摘Permanent magnet synchronous motor based electro-mechanical actuation servo drives have widespread applications in the aviation field,such as unmanned aerial vehicle electric servos,electric cabin doors,and mechanical arms.The performance of the servo drive,which encompasses the response to the torque,efficiency,control bandwidth and the steady-state positioning accuracy,significantly influences the performance of the aviation actuation.Consequently,enhancing the control bandwidth and refining the positioning accuracy of aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo drives have emerged as a focal point of research.This paper investigates the multi-source disturbances present in aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo systems and summarizes recent research on high-performance servo control methods based on active disturbance rejection control(ADRC).We present a comprehensive overview of the research status pertaining to servo control architecture,strategies for suppressing disturbances in the current loop,and ADRC-based strategies for the position loop.We delineate the research challenges and difficulties encountered by aviation electro-mechanical actuation servo drive control technology.
基金supported by grants from the Lone Star Paralysis Foundation,NIH R01NS081063Department of Defense award W81XWH-19-2-0054 to GDB+2 种基金supported by University of Wyoming Startup funds,Department of Defense grant W81XWH-17-1-0402the University of Wyoming Sensory Biology COBRE under National Institutes of Health(NIH)award number 5P20GM121310-02the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the NIH under award number P20GM103432 to JSB。
文摘Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is delayed or poor due to slow and inaccurate axonal regeneration.Furthermore,such peripheral nerve allografts undergo immunological rejection by the host immune system.In contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,reduced immune responses,and many axons do not undergo Wallerian degeneration.The relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this study.We hypothesized that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration and functional/behavioral recovery.We examined how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and behavioral recovery and peripheral nerve allograft morphological and immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-induced axonal fusion.Ablation-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred Sprague–Dawley rats were repaired according to a modified protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured(loose-sutured polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host axons.Similar to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated by polyethylene glycol and in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited Wallerian degeneration for all axons and myelin degeneration by 7 days postoperatively and did not recover sciatic-mediated behavioral functions by 42 days postoperatively.Other morphological signs of rejection,such as collapsed Schwann cell basal lamina tubes,were absent in polyethylene glycol-fused peripheral nerve allografts but commonly observed in negative control and loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts at 21 days postoperatively.Loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts had more pro-inflammatory and less anti-inflammatory macrophages than negative control peripheral nerve allografts.While T cell counts were similarly high in loose-sutured-polyethylene glycol and negative control peripheral nerve allografts,loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts expressed some cytokines/chemokines important for T cell activation at much lower levels at 14 days postoperatively.MHCI expression was elevated in loose-sutured polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts,but MHCII expression was modestly lower compared to negative control at 21 days postoperatively.We conclude that,while polyethylene glycol per se reduces some immune responses of peripheral nerve allografts,successful polyethylene glycol-fusion repair of some axons is necessary to prevent Wallerian degeneration of those axons and immune rejection of peripheral nerve allografts,and produce recovery of sensory/motor functions and voluntary behaviors.Translation of polyethylene glycol-fusion technologies would produce a paradigm shift from the current clinical practice of waiting days to months to repair ablation peripheral nerve injuries.
文摘In this article,we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.We specifically focus on the roles of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)and donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)in pediatric liver transpl-antation(LT),as well as the relationship between immune rejection after LT and DSA.Currently,LT remains the standard of care for pediatric patients with end-stage liver disease or severe acute liver failure.However,acute and chronic re-jection continues to be a significant cause of graft dysfunction and loss.HLA mismatch significantly reduces graft survival and increases the risk of acute rejection.Among them,D→R one-way mismatch at three loci was significantly related to graft-versus-host disease incidence after LT.The adverse impact of HLA-DSAs on LT recipients is already established.Therefore,the evaluation of HLA and DSA is crucial in pediatric LT.
文摘The role of antibodies in kidney transplant(KT)has evolved significantly over the past few decades.This role of antibodies in KT is multifaceted,encompassing both the challenges they pose in terms of antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)and the opportunities for improving transplant outcomes through better detection,prevention,and treatment strategies.As our understanding of the immunological mechanisms continues to evolve,so too will the approaches to managing and harnessing the power of antibodies in KT,ultimately leading to improved patient and graft survival.This narrative review explores the multifaceted roles of antibodies in KT,including their involvement in rejection mechanisms,advancements in desensitization protocols,AMR treatments,and their potential role in monitoring and improving graft survival.
文摘In recent years, the use of new biomarkers in different phases of the diagnosis andtreatment of several diseases has allowed substantial improvement in clinicalpractice. The use of donor-derived cell-free DNA (dd-cfDNA) in organ transplantationhas led to significant progress in the treatment of post-transplantoutcomes, particularly after kidney transplantation. In addition, the use of ddcfDNAin organ transplantation has led to significant advancements in posttransplantoutcome monitoring. The aim of this study is to review many of therecent studies on the use of this biomarker and to evaluate its most relevantadvantages and limitations. dd-cfDNA is released from several types of cells ofthe transplanted organ, most often from endothelial cells and this happens in thecase of organ damage, most often rejection. Its presence in the bloodstream of therecipients is an important sign of graft damage;its principal advantage is in theavoidance of invasive tools such as renal biopsy. Additionally, several studiesreported that the finding of dd-cfDNA in the serum may precede histologicalabnormalities;its utility in the diagnosis of subclinical rejection is extremelyimportant. Among the principal limitations of this tool are the difficulty in distinguishingdifferent forms of graft damage. According to several studies this toolhas several limitations in diagnosing T-cell mediated rejection. In addition,particular care should be taken in distinguishing dd-cfDNA from recipientderivedcfDNA.
文摘1 Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC):a brief survey Since its inception,Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)has re-centered feedback controller design around two fundamental ideas—along with a consequential design simplification:real-time estimation and online cancellation of the“total disturbance”conceived as the lumped effect of unknown internal dynamics and external inputs.The simplified design then proceeds in a customary fashion for the ideally remaining system model,which is devoid of the total disturbance.
文摘Antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)represents a major challenge in kidney transplantation,significantly contributing to tissue injury and graft failure.AMR is primarily driven by donor-specific alloantibodies(DSAs),which recognize and bind to specific target antigens present within the transplanted kidney tissue.Upon binding,these DSAs commonly initiate activation of the complement system within the graft.The activation of the complement cascade sets off a powerful inflammatory response characterized by the recruitment and activation of immune cells,endothelial damage,and subsequent tissue injury.This inflammation underlies many clinical and histological manifestations of AMR,making complement activation a critical player in the disease process.Advancements in our understanding of how complement pathways contribute to kidney graft injury have opened new avenues for therapeutic intervention.Recent research has facilitated the development and application of novel therapies specifically designed to inhibit complement activation.Such targeted complement-inhibitory strategies have shown promise in improving graft outcomes by inhibiting complement-mediated damage and extending graft survival.This review comprehensively discusses the critical role of complement activation in inducing kidney graft injury with a focus on its role in AMR.By elucidating the detailed mechanisms and contributions of complement pathways,the review seeks to enhance the understanding necessary for developing targeted therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat AMR effectively.
文摘BACKGROUND The Luminex platform,where beads are coated with single human leukocyte antigens(HLA),detects HLA antibodies with higher sensitivity and specificity compared to complement-dependent cytotoxicity(CDC)assay and flow crossmatch(FCXM).The clinical significance of donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)detected by this method is still under investigation.AIM To report the impact of low-level pretransplant DSAs detected by the Luminex platform on the rates of acute rejection(AR),allograft function,and long-term graft survival.METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at the Immunology Department of Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation,Karachi,Pakistan between January 2013 and December 2022.During this period 2714 patients were transplanted.Out of these patients 78(2.9%)patients had low-level DSAs detected by the Luminex flow beads method and were negative by CDC and FCXM with their donors.All recipients received ABO-compatible live-related kidney transplants.All patients had a minimum follow-up of 1 year.Graft rejection rates,graft function,and patient and graft survival were analyzed.The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the full CKD-EPI formula.RESULTS The mean age of all recipients was 29.57±10.11 years and 34.53±9.09 years for the donors.In 48(61.5%)patients,the cause of end-stage kidney disease was unknown.DSA against HLA class I was detected in 36(46.1%)patients,class II in 35(44.8%)patients,and both class I and II in 7(8.9%)patients.AR episodes were encountered in 8(10.3%)cases.Seven(87.5%)had T cell mediated rejection(type IA)and one acute antibody-mediated rejection.Antibody status was re-evaluated at the time of biopsy-proven ARs.Five(62.5%)patients lost their DSAs,while three(37.5%)had persistent DSAs.The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 1 year was 80.56±27.48 mL/min/1.73 m2 and at the last follow-up 73.41±28.80 mL/min/1.73 m2.The 1-year and 10-year patient and graft survival rates were 99%and 79%and 95%and 75%,respectively.During the follow-up period,10(12.8%)patients died,8 patients had a functioning graft,and 2 patients had failed grafts.Eight patients died due to cardiopulmonary arrest,and two died due to sepsis with failed grafts.CONCLUSION Patients with pretransplant low-level DSAs on Luminex without CDC and FCXM reactivity had good allograft outcomes at 1 year and 10 years as long as they are induced with biological agents and given potent maintenance immunosuppressants.
文摘Antibody-mediated rejection(ABMR)and recurrent primary renal disease(PRD)represent major causes of kidney transplant(KT)loss.The standard of care for desensitization,ABMR,and relapsing autoimmune glomerulopathies or nephrotic syndrome includes apheresis for antibody removal and polyclonal immunoglobulin for antibody blockage.Although frequently used to achieve B-cell depletion,the administration of the type 1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies(mAb)rituximab(RTX)or ofatumumab(OFA)has failed to demonstrate a significant survival benefit.Obinutuzumab(OBI)is a humanized glycoengineered type 2 anti-CD20 mAb.Compared to RTX or OFA,OBI-induced B-cell depletion is not related to complement-dependent cytotoxicity,mostly operating through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity,antibody-dependent phagocytosis,and direct cell death.These characteristics could play a pivotal role in the development of new anti-rejection strategies,enabling the simultaneous administration of complement inhibitors and B-cell-depleting agents.OBI has also demonstrated more powerful peripheral and central B-cell depletion capacities than RTX,with enhanced effects on memory B cells and plasmablasts.In patients with autoimmune glomerulopathies or multidrug-dependent nephrotic syndrome,OBI has shown encouraging results,representing a potential evolution of the treatment of post-transplant relapsing PRD.The present review summarizes the current knowledge on OBI use in KT setting.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82100691China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2021M693631.
文摘Organ transplantation has long been recognized as an effective treatment for endstage organ failure,metabolic diseases,and malignant tumors.However,graft rejection caused by major histocompatibility complex mismatch remains a significant challenge.While modern immunosuppressants have made significant strides in reducing the incidence and risk of rejection,they have not been able to eliminate it completely.The intricate mechanisms underlying transplant rejection have been the subject of intense investigation by transplant immunologists.Among these factors,autophagy has emerged as a key player.Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotic cells that mediates autophagocytosis and cellular protection.This process is regulated by autophagy-related genes and their encoded protein families,which maintain the material and energetic balance within cells.Additionally,autophagy has been reported to play crucial roles in the development,maturation,differentiation,and responses of immune cells.In the complex immune environment following transplantation,the role and mechanisms of autophagy are gradually being revealed.In this review,we aim to explore the current understanding of the role of autophagy in solid organ rejection after transplantation.Furthermore,we delve into the therapeutic advancements achieved by targeting autophagy involved in the rejection process.
文摘The study of Mecanum mobile robots typically assumes motion on planar surfaces,while the challenges posed by inclined terrains remain largely unexplored,leaving a significant gap in control applications for such scenarios.In this context,two critical issues emerge:the gravitational pull caused by adding a potential energy term in the robot dynamics,which drives the vehicle downhill,and several positioning errors due to vibrations and slippage of the Mecanum wheel.To address these challenges,this work presents an Active Disturbance Rejection Control(ADRC)-based framework designed to enable accurate tracking on inclined surfaces,despite the compounded effects of gravitational forces and slippage.Unlike conventional controllers,the proposed method requires minimal model knowledge while actively compensates for unknown dynamics and external disturbances in real time.A complete theoretical formulation is provided,supported by numerical simulations and comprehensive experimental validation.Results demonstrate that the ADRC structure significantly outperforms not only the traditional proportional-integral-derivative(PID)control but also a robust variant of PID combined with a Quasi-Sliding Mode control(PID-QSMC)strategy,achieving superior tracking.Notably,this study offers an important experimental validation of ADRC for Mecanum-wheeled robots operating on inclined surfaces.It contributes a practical and scalable solution to extend their operational capabilities beyond flat environments.
