Bone has long been acknowledged as a fundamental structural entity that provides support and protection to the body’s organs.However,emerging research indicates that bone plays a crucial role in the regulation of sys...Bone has long been acknowledged as a fundamental structural entity that provides support and protection to the body’s organs.However,emerging research indicates that bone plays a crucial role in the regulation of systemic metabolism.This is achieved through the secretion of a variety of hormones,cytokines,metal ions,extracellular vesicles,and other proteins/peptides,collectively referred to as bone-derived factors(BDFs).BDFs act as a medium through which bones can exert targeted regulatory functions upon various organs,thereby underscoring the profound and concrete implications of bone in human physiology.Nevertheless,there remains a pressing need for further investigations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that inform the effects of bone on other body systems.This review aims to summarize the current findings related to the roles of these significant modulators across different organs and metabolic contexts by regulating critical genes and signaling pathways in vivo.It also addresses their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system,circulatory system,glucose and lipid metabolism,central nervous system,urinary system,and reproductive system.The insights gained from this review may contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies through a focused approach to bone secretomes.Continued research into BDFs is expected to enhance our understanding of bone as a multifunctional organ with diverse regulatory roles in human health.展开更多
With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded...With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded only as a messenger between DNA and protein for decades, but now they have new roles in the biological process as ncRNAs. A growing number of ncRNAs have been identified in insects from the RNA-Seq data of small RNA libraries or transcriptomes. ncRNAs have varied regulatory functions at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional levels, and participate in almost all types of biological processes. Here, we review the research progress of four kinds of ncRNAs, including microRNA(miRNA), Piwiinteracting RNA(piRNA), circular RNA(circRNA), and long noncoding RNA(lncRNA) in insects. The discovery, biogenesis mechanisms, and regulatory functions of these ncRNAs are presented here to provide a comprehensive understanding of insect ncRNAs and to promote the application of ncRNAs in insect pest control.展开更多
Trehalose-6-phosphate(T6P),an intermediate in trehalose metabolic pathways,is ubiquitously present in nearly all cellular organisms except vertebrates.The most well-characterized metabolic route involves its synthesis...Trehalose-6-phosphate(T6P),an intermediate in trehalose metabolic pathways,is ubiquitously present in nearly all cellular organisms except vertebrates.The most well-characterized metabolic route involves its synthesis by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)and dephosphorylation to trehalose by trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(TPP)in the TPS/TPP pathway.Besides,alternative trehalose metabolic pathways aslo exist.In addition to being the precursor of trehalose synthesis,T6P functions as a signal molecule regulating various biological processes.In plants,T6P inhibits SnRK1(Sucrose-nonfermenting 1 Related Kinase 1),while in fungi,T6P primarily inhibits hexokinase and regulates glycolysis.Notably,TPS and TPP themselves also have some regulatory functions.Genetic studies reveal that deletion of TPS or TPP usually causes developmental and virulence defects in fungi,bacteria and invertebrates.Given that TPS and TPP have important biological functions in pathogenic fungi but are absent in humans and vertebrates,they are ideal targets for fungicide development.This review summarizes trehalose metabolic pathways and the multifaceted roles of T6P in plants,fungi and invertebrates,providing a comprehensive overview of its biological functions.Additionally,it discusses some reported TPS/TPP inhibitor to offer insights for pathogen control strategies.展开更多
Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)are emerging as pivotal regulators in gene expression networks,charac-terized by their structural flexibility and functional versatility.In plants,lncRNAs have gained increasing attention d...Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)are emerging as pivotal regulators in gene expression networks,charac-terized by their structural flexibility and functional versatility.In plants,lncRNAs have gained increasing attention due to accumulating evidence of their roles in modulating developmental plasticity and agro-nomic traits.In this review,we focus on the origin,classification,and mechanisms of action of plant lncRNAs,with a particular emphasis on their involvement in developmental processes.We also compre-hensively analyze the relationship between plant lncRNAs and their responses to environmental stimuli,discussing how environmental cues influence their expressions and regulatory functions.We then highlight the importance of the advanced technologies driving their functional exploration.Finally,we discuss recent discoveries of specific long noncoding transcripts that encode functional small peptides,revealing an additional layer of regulatory complexity to these transcripts.Overall,this review discuss the fascinating relationship between the dynamic transcription of lncRNAs and plant developmental plasticity,as well as environmental responses,and emphasizes the need for further research to uncover the underlying mo-lecular mechanisms and exploit the potential of noncoding transcripts for RNA-based strategies in crop improvementandmolecularbreeding.展开更多
The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensiv...The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensively： central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Under the new nomenclature, thymus-derived regulatory T （tTreg） ceils are the major mediators of central immune tolerance, whereas peripherally derived regulatory T （PTreg） cells function to regulate peripheral immune tolerance. A third type of Treg ceils, termed iTreg, represents only the in vitro-induced Treg cellsz. Depending on whether the cells stably express Foxp3, pTreg, and iTreg cells may be divided into two subsets： the classical CD4＋Foxp3＋ Treg cells and the CD4＋Foxp3- type 1 regulatory T （Trl） cells2. This review focuses on the discovery, associated biomarkers, regulatory functions, methods of induction, association with disease, and clinical trials of Trl cells.展开更多
基金supported, in part, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grants (82430078, 82261160395, 82230081, 82004395, 82302767)the Shenzhen Medical Research Funds (B2402033, C2401029)+5 种基金the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (JCYJ20220818100617036)the National Key Research and Development Program of China Grants (2019YFA0906004)the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Council Grant (2017B030301018)the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment Grant (ZDSYS20140509142721429)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2024AFB610)the Science Foundation of Wuhan Union Hospital (2022xhyn032)
文摘Bone has long been acknowledged as a fundamental structural entity that provides support and protection to the body’s organs.However,emerging research indicates that bone plays a crucial role in the regulation of systemic metabolism.This is achieved through the secretion of a variety of hormones,cytokines,metal ions,extracellular vesicles,and other proteins/peptides,collectively referred to as bone-derived factors(BDFs).BDFs act as a medium through which bones can exert targeted regulatory functions upon various organs,thereby underscoring the profound and concrete implications of bone in human physiology.Nevertheless,there remains a pressing need for further investigations to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that inform the effects of bone on other body systems.This review aims to summarize the current findings related to the roles of these significant modulators across different organs and metabolic contexts by regulating critical genes and signaling pathways in vivo.It also addresses their involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system,circulatory system,glucose and lipid metabolism,central nervous system,urinary system,and reproductive system.The insights gained from this review may contribute to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies through a focused approach to bone secretomes.Continued research into BDFs is expected to enhance our understanding of bone as a multifunctional organ with diverse regulatory roles in human health.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0200900,2017YFD0200904,2017YFC1200602 and 2016YFC1200600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772238,31760514 and 31701785)
文摘With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics algorithms, great progress has been made in the field of noncoding RNA(ncRNA) in the last decade. RNA molecules have been regarded only as a messenger between DNA and protein for decades, but now they have new roles in the biological process as ncRNAs. A growing number of ncRNAs have been identified in insects from the RNA-Seq data of small RNA libraries or transcriptomes. ncRNAs have varied regulatory functions at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional levels, and participate in almost all types of biological processes. Here, we review the research progress of four kinds of ncRNAs, including microRNA(miRNA), Piwiinteracting RNA(piRNA), circular RNA(circRNA), and long noncoding RNA(lncRNA) in insects. The discovery, biogenesis mechanisms, and regulatory functions of these ncRNAs are presented here to provide a comprehensive understanding of insect ncRNAs and to promote the application of ncRNAs in insect pest control.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172642)Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.IVF-BRF2024004).
文摘Trehalose-6-phosphate(T6P),an intermediate in trehalose metabolic pathways,is ubiquitously present in nearly all cellular organisms except vertebrates.The most well-characterized metabolic route involves its synthesis by trehalose-6-phosphate synthase(TPS)and dephosphorylation to trehalose by trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase(TPP)in the TPS/TPP pathway.Besides,alternative trehalose metabolic pathways aslo exist.In addition to being the precursor of trehalose synthesis,T6P functions as a signal molecule regulating various biological processes.In plants,T6P inhibits SnRK1(Sucrose-nonfermenting 1 Related Kinase 1),while in fungi,T6P primarily inhibits hexokinase and regulates glycolysis.Notably,TPS and TPP themselves also have some regulatory functions.Genetic studies reveal that deletion of TPS or TPP usually causes developmental and virulence defects in fungi,bacteria and invertebrates.Given that TPS and TPP have important biological functions in pathogenic fungi but are absent in humans and vertebrates,they are ideal targets for fungicide development.This review summarizes trehalose metabolic pathways and the multifaceted roles of T6P in plants,fungi and invertebrates,providing a comprehensive overview of its biological functions.Additionally,it discusses some reported TPS/TPP inhibitor to offer insights for pathogen control strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U24A20386 to Y.-Q.C.and 32470605 to D.W.)the Jiangxi Province Outstanding Youth Fund Project(20242BAB23062 to D.W.)+3 种基金the National Ten Thousand Talent Program(2022WRQB007 to Y.-C.Z.)Guangdong Province(2022B1515020018 to Y.-C.Z.)Agencia I+D+i,ICGEB,to F.A.and the AXA Research Fund(AXA Chair,2025-2029 to F.A.).
文摘Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)are emerging as pivotal regulators in gene expression networks,charac-terized by their structural flexibility and functional versatility.In plants,lncRNAs have gained increasing attention due to accumulating evidence of their roles in modulating developmental plasticity and agro-nomic traits.In this review,we focus on the origin,classification,and mechanisms of action of plant lncRNAs,with a particular emphasis on their involvement in developmental processes.We also compre-hensively analyze the relationship between plant lncRNAs and their responses to environmental stimuli,discussing how environmental cues influence their expressions and regulatory functions.We then highlight the importance of the advanced technologies driving their functional exploration.Finally,we discuss recent discoveries of specific long noncoding transcripts that encode functional small peptides,revealing an additional layer of regulatory complexity to these transcripts.Overall,this review discuss the fascinating relationship between the dynamic transcription of lncRNAs and plant developmental plasticity,as well as environmental responses,and emphasizes the need for further research to uncover the underlying mo-lecular mechanisms and exploit the potential of noncoding transcripts for RNA-based strategies in crop improvementandmolecularbreeding.
文摘The lack of immune response to an antigen, a process known as immune tolerance, is essential for the preservation of immune homeostasis. To date, two mechanisms that drive immune tolerance have been described extensively： central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Under the new nomenclature, thymus-derived regulatory T （tTreg） ceils are the major mediators of central immune tolerance, whereas peripherally derived regulatory T （PTreg） cells function to regulate peripheral immune tolerance. A third type of Treg ceils, termed iTreg, represents only the in vitro-induced Treg cellsz. Depending on whether the cells stably express Foxp3, pTreg, and iTreg cells may be divided into two subsets： the classical CD4＋Foxp3＋ Treg cells and the CD4＋Foxp3- type 1 regulatory T （Trl） cells2. This review focuses on the discovery, associated biomarkers, regulatory functions, methods of induction, association with disease, and clinical trials of Trl cells.
