Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have emerged as a promising technology for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in clinical settings over the past decade.However,their advancement is hindered by complex technological an...Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have emerged as a promising technology for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in clinical settings over the past decade.However,their advancement is hindered by complex technological and regulatory challenges.This review outlines key considerations in the manufacturing process,quality management,and nonclinical evaluation relevant to EV-based drug development.Furthermore,we summarize and compare technical regulatory requirements across major countries to help clarify the regulatory principles governing EV products.Our analysis reveals an ongoing international debate regarding the regulatory review of EVs.Nevertheless,adopting a risk-based classification framework that categorizes EV products as advanced therapeutic drugs is a rational approach.Critical challenges include the development of standardized production protocols,a clearer understanding of therapeutic mechanisms,and resolving complex regulatory issues.展开更多
The informationization of accounting information systems has brought many improvements to those systems. This paper highlights some of those significant advances in the informationization of accounting information sys...The informationization of accounting information systems has brought many improvements to those systems. This paper highlights some of those significant advances in the informationization of accounting information systems in China. As China has become a major industrial power in the international economy, further improvements for these information systems are critical to the continued successes of China. To additionally improve these systems, China can draw upon the systems from other world economic leaders. With its fully developed capital markets, the United States offers development experience for the external reporting components of a fully integrated information system. This paper discusses a typical integrated information system in the United States and addresses the regulatory milestones that were instrumental in the development of those external components of accounting information systems. Recommendations are presented for improving informationization of systems in China based on U.S. systems＇ responses to those milestones.展开更多
Similarly to other domains, maritime community requests for broadband services have been significantly increasing. Worldwide navigation footprint and the lack of practical alternatives to Satellite Communications (SAT...Similarly to other domains, maritime community requests for broadband services have been significantly increasing. Worldwide navigation footprint and the lack of practical alternatives to Satellite Communications (SATCOM) empower VHF band as the natural choice to support most of those demands. Nevertheless, the major challenge for an implementation of maritime broadband VHF services is unquestionably the spectrum availability and management. Eventually, the solution must include spectrum sharing, using a Cognitive Radio (CR) based approach, but unfortunately current regulatory framework and spectrum management regime are not appropriate for such concepts and emerging technologies. To overcome such constraints, it is necessary to address a whole field of regulatory and standardization issues in order to prepare an evolution towards a more flexible and dynamic approach to spectrum management and a transition that would ensure incumbents live operations and legacy systems. The required paradigm change encompasses a new policy definition, an enforcement mechanism implementation and a comprehensive transition plan. The presented analysis pretends to address the regulatory feasibility of a framework change, discusses its evolving process and points some challenges related with practical aspects associated to Quality of Service (QoS) enforcement metrics definition, centering the arguments in maritime VHF band.展开更多
Objective:Cardiac remodeling when myocardial infarction(MI)is achieved is an established prognostic factor for function-related damage and failure of hear that happen progressively.Tongguan Capsules(TGC),i.e.,a Chines...Objective:Cardiac remodeling when myocardial infarction(MI)is achieved is an established prognostic factor for function-related damage and failure of hear that happen progressively.Tongguan Capsules(TGC),i.e.,a Chinese herbal treatment with patent has been previously demonstrated its potential benefits in cardiac function,but little is known about related mechanisms.This study sought to isolate and characterize exosomal circRNA profiles from post-MI cardiac remodeling patients in response to TGC,and further explore the possible molecular mechanisms.Methods:Exosomes were isolated from the plasma and analyzed by the detection of protein marker expression and transmission electron microscopy.This study employed DESeq2 package within Bioconductor for exploring circRNAs and determining the circRNA with differential expressions.Co-expression investigation was performed with the use of a weighted correlation framework.An investigation was conducted on the molecular framework and channels of different circRNA based on the investigation system of the and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)Gene Ontology(GO)channels.The prediction was conducted for circRNA-miRNA interactions on the basis of frequently employed target prediction software,and the framework was built with the use of Cytoscape software.Results:In total,33084 circRNAs were detected in all chromosomes and 10065 circRNAs were identified with the use of circBase.Of them,40,207 and 258 differentially expressed circRNAs were detected between the MI group and control,MI and TGC groups,and the control and TGC groups.The differentially expressed circRNAs between the MI group and control,MI group and TGC group,and control and TGC group were significantly enriched in microtubule nucleation(BP,GO:0007020),protein binding(MF,GO:0005515),regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity(BP,GO:0042269)corresponding to the cell cycle(hsa04110),lysine degradation(hsa00310)and lysine degradation(hsa00310)in KEGG channel investigation.Module_darkorange2 indicated the most differentiation with other modules by WGCNA investigation.This study employed a total of 14 circRNAs and 8 miRNAs which have significant interactions with each other for building the circRNA-miRNA frameworks,which indicated that has-miR-619-5p,has-miR-1268a and hasmiR-1285‐3p were under the regulation of a higher amount of circRNAs as compared with other miRNAs.Conclusion:In conclusion,different mechanisms and channels participated in the pathological processes associated with cardiac remodeling following MI.The altered circRNAs are likely to be critical to the cardioprotection of TGC through the circRNA-miRNA frameworks.展开更多
In the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), all environmental issues related to the mining industry are regulated according to two principle Acts: The Mining Act and the Environmental Management Act, and their respectiv...In the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), all environmental issues related to the mining industry are regulated according to two principle Acts: The Mining Act and the Environmental Management Act, and their respective regulations. The current acts were enacted in 2010 and 2004 respectively. Mineral exploration (that includes all on-site activities performed before a mining project is declared feasible) projects in URT appears to be “unforgotten phenomena” in the two major legislative documents, when it comes to environmental considerations. This phenomenon is believed to be causing detrimental effects to the environment. This paper, therefore, analyzes the current environmental regulatory framework on mineral exploration projects in URT and discusses few examples in which mineral exploration projects have caused damage to the indigenous environment. Furthermore, this study reviews environmental regulatory frameworks from other few countries in comparison with existing environmental regulatory framework prevailing in URT.展开更多
A regulatory framework is proposed to address the expanding role of artificial intelligence(Al)in financial advisory services,prioritizing accountability mechanisms for robo-advisors and defining human responsibility....A regulatory framework is proposed to address the expanding role of artificial intelligence(Al)in financial advisory services,prioritizing accountability mechanisms for robo-advisors and defining human responsibility.Central to the framework is resolving the Al‘black box'challenge-opaque algorithmic processes that risk generating unintended outcomes due to insufficient human oversight or interpretability.Current practices,efficacy,and risks within the fintech robo-advisory sector are systematically evaluated,followed by the design of a governance model to strengthen accountability for Al-driven tools.Hybrid advisory systems combining automation with human supervision are advocated to reduce algorithmic aversion,ensuring personalized,adaptable,and ethically governed financial services.展开更多
The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has est...The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.展开更多
Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues,but also severely challenge personal information protection,national data security,and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.As the current digi...Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues,but also severely challenge personal information protection,national data security,and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.As the current digital trade negotiations could not accommodate these challenges,China has initiated the concept of secure cross-border data flow and has launched a dual-track multi-level regulatory system,including control system for overseas transfer of important data,system of crossborder provision of personal information,and system of cross-border data request for justice and enforcement.To explore a global regulatory framework for cross-border data flows,legitimate and controllable cross-border data flows should be promoted,supervision should be categorized based on risk concerned,and the rule of law should be coordinated at home and abroad to promote system compatibility.To this end,the key is to build a compatible regulatory framework,which includes clarifying the scope of important data to define the“Negative List”for preventing national security risks,improving the cross-border accountability for protecting personal information rights and interests to ease pre-supervision pressure,and focusing on data access rights instead of data localization for upholding the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.展开更多
Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultura...Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultural perceptions, scientific validation, regulatory frameworks, and pharmaceutical industry influence. Utilizing a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide a thorough and structured overview, the research addresses these factors with transparency and reproducibility. Key findings reveal that negative cultural perceptions, the dominance of Western medicine, and skepticism towards traditional healers, especially in urban and educated populations, marginalize TAM. Additionally, religious beliefs and historical influences, such as colonialism, further devalue indigenous knowledge systems. The study also highlights a significant lack of scientific research and clinical trials, which challenges the conventional validation of TAM’s efficacy. Moreover, inconsistent international and national regulatory frameworks and the pharmaceutical industry’s dominance impede TAM’s integration into global healthcare systems. To enhance TAM’s credibility and global acceptance, the study advocates for standardized regulatory policies, increased scientific research, and a reevaluation of intellectual property laws. This shift towards a more inclusive and integrative approach in global health systems could bridge the gap between traditional and modern medical practices, promoting a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.展开更多
This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative ...This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative potentialities, issues and ethical concerns. The review consolidates findings that show the impact of AI in improving the efficiency, accuracy and justice delivery in the legal profession. The studies show increased efficiency in speed of document review and enhancement of the accuracy of the reviewed documents, with time efficiency estimates of 60% reduction of time. However, the review also outlines some of the problems that continue to characterize AI, such as data quality problems, biased algorithms and the problem of the opaque decision-making system. This paper assesses ethical issues related to patient autonomy, justice and non-malignant suffering, with particular focus on patient privacy and fair process, and on potential unfairness to patients. This paper’s review of AI innovations finds that regulations lag behind AI developments, leading to unsettled issues regarding legal responsibility for AI and user control over AI-generated results and findings in legal proceedings. Some of the future avenues that are presented in the study are the future of XAI for legal purposes, utilizing federated learning for resolving privacy issues, and the need to foster adaptive regulation. Finally, the review advocates for Legal Subject Matter Experts to collaborate with legal informatics experts, ethicists, and policy makers to develop the best solutions to implement AI in medical negligence claims. It reasons that there is great potential for AI to have a deep impact on the practice of law but when done, it must do so in a way that respects justice and on the Rights of Individuals.展开更多
The latest regulatory framework,which has been introduced globally in the form of Basel III,and its implementation in the legislation of the member states of the Euro-pean Union has generated much interest in the impa...The latest regulatory framework,which has been introduced globally in the form of Basel III,and its implementation in the legislation of the member states of the Euro-pean Union has generated much interest in the impact of regulation on the efficiency and profitability of banks.This study aims to examine the impact of the introduction of two major regulatory changes(Basel II and Basel III)on bank performance,in terms of bank size and bank-specific and macroeconomic variables.A two-stage empirical anal-ysis was conducted on a sample of 433 European commercial banks over the 2006–2015 period.In the first stage,relative efficiency was calculated using non-parametric data envelopment analysis.In the second stage,the generalized method of moments was used to examine the impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic variables as well as regulation on bank performance,that is,profitability and efficiency.Consider-ing bank size,the results show a diverse impact of regulation on bank performance.Regarding large-and medium-sized banks,regulation positively affects both efficiency and profitability,whereas,for small banks,it negatively affects performance.The results suggest that larger banks have skillfully adapted to the new regulatory environment.In contrast,small banks have problems with profitability and efficiency because the new regulatory framework has imposed additional administrative and regulatory burdens.This could result in future failure or mergers with larger banks,resulting in a higher concentration in the banking sector and increased systemic risk.Our results strongly suggest that regulation should not be implemented equally for all banks;that is,on a one size fits all terms.A distinction between small and large banks when introducing new regulatory frameworks should be made if a reasonable level of competition is to be preserved.展开更多
As the world faces increasing energy demands and concerns about climate change,nuclear power is experiencing a resurgence as a viable and sustainable energy source.This article explores the strategic initiatives conce...As the world faces increasing energy demands and concerns about climate change,nuclear power is experiencing a resurgence as a viable and sustainable energy source.This article explores the strategic initiatives concerning the advancement of nuclear technologies,highlighting the prompt adoption of SMRs(small modular reactors),the ongoing advancements in Generation IV reactors in the medium term,and the long-term aspirations linked to nuclear fusion.SMRs offer enhanced safety,economic viability,and flexible deployment alternatives,making them an attractive solution for meeting pressing energy demands.In the medium term,Generation IV reactors are anticipated to improve efficiency,sustainability,and safety,effectively tackling the challenges associated with conventional fission reactors.However,significant challenges lie ahead,including public perception,regulatory hurdles,financial barriers,and the need for a skilled workforce.By addressing these challenges,nuclear power can play a pivotal role in creating a sustainable and reliable energy future,contributing significantly to global efforts in climate change mitigation.展开更多
Phytopathogens can continuously cause serious losses worldwide to crop,fruit,and vegetable yields.The excessive use of conventional fungicides in pathogen management has raised severe environmental and health side eff...Phytopathogens can continuously cause serious losses worldwide to crop,fruit,and vegetable yields.The excessive use of conventional fungicides in pathogen management has raised severe environmental and health side effects and induced fungicide-resistant pathogen strains.RNA-based spray-induced gene silencing(SIGS)has emerged as an ecologically sustainable pathogen control approach.Here,we introduce the SIGS mechanism in plant pathogens,summarize the application of SIGS in controlling plant pathogens,and highlight the major considerations of SIGS.In addition,we propose the future perspectives of SIGS in crop protection and disease management.展开更多
Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosys...Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health, governments worldwide have undertaken efforts to address this issue. The global community has advanced regulatory efforts that have led to the implementation of national laws or regulations in numerous countries. These measures ban or restrict the use of primary and secondary microplastics and nanoplastics. An overview of global and European regulatory frameworks is presented to provide context for the United States (US). In the endeavor to document plastics regulation development in the US, a description of regulatory agencies and their roles in advancing policy and rules as well as future direction and areas for improvement in regulating plastics are introduced. A discussion of what emerging regulations mean to utilities and industries is also provided along with a comparison of regulatory frameworks.展开更多
This paper explores the transformative impact of virtual worlds, augmented reality (AR), and the metaverse in the healthcare sector. It delves into the ways these technologies are reshaping patient care, medical educa...This paper explores the transformative impact of virtual worlds, augmented reality (AR), and the metaverse in the healthcare sector. It delves into the ways these technologies are reshaping patient care, medical education, and research, while also addressing the challenges and opportunities they present. The paper highlights the potential benefits of these technologies and emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines to ensure responsible integration. Finally it outlines their transformative impact and discusses the challenges and opportunities they present for the future of healthcare provision.展开更多
Traditional remedies have gained recognition for their effectiveness in treating various conditions such as diabetes,arthritic pain,liver disease,cough and cold,memory enhancement,and immunological stimulation.Their p...Traditional remedies have gained recognition for their effectiveness in treating various conditions such as diabetes,arthritic pain,liver disease,cough and cold,memory enhancement,and immunological stimulation.Their perceived safety has led to the increasing use of herbs by people without prescriptions.These therapies remain significant in areas with limited access to modern drugs or cultural preferences for traditional treatments.With a long history of use,traditional medicines have been the primary method of pain management.This review article explores natural and herb-based analgesics,their origins,and potential benefits,along with the growing scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness.Studies have examined their efficacy in treating musculoskeletal pain,neuropathic pain,and migraines.Rather than being seen as separate therapies,traditional medicines should be considered supplementary or alternative options that can be integrated into comprehensive pain management regimens.However,some studies have reported adverse drug reactions associated with herbal formulations and plants.Therefore,there is a need for pharmacovigilance in traditional medicine to ensure patient safety and promote evidence-based practices.Although pharmacovigilance in this field is still developing,it faces challenges due to the wide availability of herbal medicines without on-site medical supervision.This paper discusses the complex challenges of herbal pharmacovigilance,provides insights on recent advancements,and offers recommendations for improving the safety monitoring of traditional medications in the future.展开更多
The article discusses plot size standards applied in the government sites-and-services projects in Khartoum and probes into the possible alternative ways of re-establishing solid grounds for those standards. The parti...The article discusses plot size standards applied in the government sites-and-services projects in Khartoum and probes into the possible alternative ways of re-establishing solid grounds for those standards. The particular issue of plot size is a crucial factor in the whole housing policy as it directly affects the urban land use and consumption and extends its influence far into sustainability and affordability issues and the whole housing policy and supply process. The article, analysing the applied standards, argues that plot subdivision can substantially contribute to providing more access of housing to the low-income groups. Large plot sizes can be subdivided driven by the need to realize security of tenure, doubling the owner-occupier housing stock which is the base issue of self-help housing, increases housing finance, provides variety of housing choices and behind all it conforms to the legacy principles and some cultural attributes of the local community. The article underlined existence of a cumbersome regulatory system, subdivision procedures and development controls which need to be reformed.展开更多
Nanotechnology currently represents one of the most fascinating human discoveries. With creativity, nanotechnology looks for increasingly smaller spaces in nature to meet the needs and interests of the individuals and...Nanotechnology currently represents one of the most fascinating human discoveries. With creativity, nanotechnology looks for increasingly smaller spaces in nature to meet the needs and interests of the individuals and of the society. Considering that the researches aim to create techniques to move and combine atoms and molecules, a question arises, how will these atoms and molecules behave in the new arrangement. This is the great challenge and this article attempts to bring some benefits to the subiect. It also intends to bring the human sciences, particularly law, to the scenery of this scientific revolution. The lack of regulatory frameworks does not allow humans to search and produce anything without limits. Thus, human rights should be considered an ethical foundation for nanotechnology discoveries, as they represent the ＂rights＂ that, at least, humans should have respected.展开更多
A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitat...A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitats. Many of these environments are in decline due to changes in ecosystem structure and function resulting from multiple stressor effects. In addition, inadequate governance has supported a patchwork of single issues or sectoral approaches rather than integrated management of multiple human uses and activities to maintain healthy, productive, resilient, and sustainable ecosystems and the provision of goods and services. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a viable framework for a more effective governance structure and management of these vital coastal environments. An important component of this approach is a holistic effort to assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is preferred that links ecological, physical, and socio-economic systems, increasing the protection of resources and societal benefits. For degraded estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives are important intervention strategies used to reverse the loss of habitats and biotic resources and to support management programs. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an integral element of marine management plans to conserve and sustain estuarine and coastal marine environments by protecting threatened ecosystems and their resources from anthropogenic activities. National and international regulatory frameworks and directives are also in place to protect and conserve these environments.展开更多
Since the discovery of the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),significant progress has been made in engineering technologies such as gene analysis and editing,greatly promoting the development of bio...Since the discovery of the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),significant progress has been made in engineering technologies such as gene analysis and editing,greatly promoting the development of biomedical research and clinical applications.In recent years,the rapid development of genome-editing technologies,especially the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9)system,have brought unprecedented opportunities for biomedical research and clinical applications.However,with the widespread application of genome-editing technologies,biosafety issues have gradually attracted the attention of the scientific community and the public.Potential risks such as off-target effects,genomic instability,and ethical and legal issues need to be taken seriously,and their safety and effectiveness in clinical applications still require further verification.This review summarizes the current status and potential risks of gene editing technologies in the medical field and discusses how to ensure its safe application through policies,regulations,and technical means.Through in-depth exploration of these issues,we hope to provide a comprehensive perspective for the scientific community,policy makers,and the public to promote the safe and responsible application of genome-editing technologies.展开更多
基金supported by Zhongshan Major Science and Technology Project(2022A1004).
文摘Extracellular vesicles(EVs)have emerged as a promising technology for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in clinical settings over the past decade.However,their advancement is hindered by complex technological and regulatory challenges.This review outlines key considerations in the manufacturing process,quality management,and nonclinical evaluation relevant to EV-based drug development.Furthermore,we summarize and compare technical regulatory requirements across major countries to help clarify the regulatory principles governing EV products.Our analysis reveals an ongoing international debate regarding the regulatory review of EVs.Nevertheless,adopting a risk-based classification framework that categorizes EV products as advanced therapeutic drugs is a rational approach.Critical challenges include the development of standardized production protocols,a clearer understanding of therapeutic mechanisms,and resolving complex regulatory issues.
文摘The informationization of accounting information systems has brought many improvements to those systems. This paper highlights some of those significant advances in the informationization of accounting information systems in China. As China has become a major industrial power in the international economy, further improvements for these information systems are critical to the continued successes of China. To additionally improve these systems, China can draw upon the systems from other world economic leaders. With its fully developed capital markets, the United States offers development experience for the external reporting components of a fully integrated information system. This paper discusses a typical integrated information system in the United States and addresses the regulatory milestones that were instrumental in the development of those external components of accounting information systems. Recommendations are presented for improving informationization of systems in China based on U.S. systems＇ responses to those milestones.
文摘Similarly to other domains, maritime community requests for broadband services have been significantly increasing. Worldwide navigation footprint and the lack of practical alternatives to Satellite Communications (SATCOM) empower VHF band as the natural choice to support most of those demands. Nevertheless, the major challenge for an implementation of maritime broadband VHF services is unquestionably the spectrum availability and management. Eventually, the solution must include spectrum sharing, using a Cognitive Radio (CR) based approach, but unfortunately current regulatory framework and spectrum management regime are not appropriate for such concepts and emerging technologies. To overcome such constraints, it is necessary to address a whole field of regulatory and standardization issues in order to prepare an evolution towards a more flexible and dynamic approach to spectrum management and a transition that would ensure incumbents live operations and legacy systems. The required paradigm change encompasses a new policy definition, an enforcement mechanism implementation and a comprehensive transition plan. The presented analysis pretends to address the regulatory feasibility of a framework change, discusses its evolving process and points some challenges related with practical aspects associated to Quality of Service (QoS) enforcement metrics definition, centering the arguments in maritime VHF band.
文摘Objective:Cardiac remodeling when myocardial infarction(MI)is achieved is an established prognostic factor for function-related damage and failure of hear that happen progressively.Tongguan Capsules(TGC),i.e.,a Chinese herbal treatment with patent has been previously demonstrated its potential benefits in cardiac function,but little is known about related mechanisms.This study sought to isolate and characterize exosomal circRNA profiles from post-MI cardiac remodeling patients in response to TGC,and further explore the possible molecular mechanisms.Methods:Exosomes were isolated from the plasma and analyzed by the detection of protein marker expression and transmission electron microscopy.This study employed DESeq2 package within Bioconductor for exploring circRNAs and determining the circRNA with differential expressions.Co-expression investigation was performed with the use of a weighted correlation framework.An investigation was conducted on the molecular framework and channels of different circRNA based on the investigation system of the and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)Gene Ontology(GO)channels.The prediction was conducted for circRNA-miRNA interactions on the basis of frequently employed target prediction software,and the framework was built with the use of Cytoscape software.Results:In total,33084 circRNAs were detected in all chromosomes and 10065 circRNAs were identified with the use of circBase.Of them,40,207 and 258 differentially expressed circRNAs were detected between the MI group and control,MI and TGC groups,and the control and TGC groups.The differentially expressed circRNAs between the MI group and control,MI group and TGC group,and control and TGC group were significantly enriched in microtubule nucleation(BP,GO:0007020),protein binding(MF,GO:0005515),regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity(BP,GO:0042269)corresponding to the cell cycle(hsa04110),lysine degradation(hsa00310)and lysine degradation(hsa00310)in KEGG channel investigation.Module_darkorange2 indicated the most differentiation with other modules by WGCNA investigation.This study employed a total of 14 circRNAs and 8 miRNAs which have significant interactions with each other for building the circRNA-miRNA frameworks,which indicated that has-miR-619-5p,has-miR-1268a and hasmiR-1285‐3p were under the regulation of a higher amount of circRNAs as compared with other miRNAs.Conclusion:In conclusion,different mechanisms and channels participated in the pathological processes associated with cardiac remodeling following MI.The altered circRNAs are likely to be critical to the cardioprotection of TGC through the circRNA-miRNA frameworks.
文摘In the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), all environmental issues related to the mining industry are regulated according to two principle Acts: The Mining Act and the Environmental Management Act, and their respective regulations. The current acts were enacted in 2010 and 2004 respectively. Mineral exploration (that includes all on-site activities performed before a mining project is declared feasible) projects in URT appears to be “unforgotten phenomena” in the two major legislative documents, when it comes to environmental considerations. This phenomenon is believed to be causing detrimental effects to the environment. This paper, therefore, analyzes the current environmental regulatory framework on mineral exploration projects in URT and discusses few examples in which mineral exploration projects have caused damage to the indigenous environment. Furthermore, this study reviews environmental regulatory frameworks from other few countries in comparison with existing environmental regulatory framework prevailing in URT.
文摘A regulatory framework is proposed to address the expanding role of artificial intelligence(Al)in financial advisory services,prioritizing accountability mechanisms for robo-advisors and defining human responsibility.Central to the framework is resolving the Al‘black box'challenge-opaque algorithmic processes that risk generating unintended outcomes due to insufficient human oversight or interpretability.Current practices,efficacy,and risks within the fintech robo-advisory sector are systematically evaluated,followed by the design of a governance model to strengthen accountability for Al-driven tools.Hybrid advisory systems combining automation with human supervision are advocated to reduce algorithmic aversion,ensuring personalized,adaptable,and ethically governed financial services.
文摘The rapid development of renewable energy in Brazil depends not only on its abundant natural resource endowments but also on its systematic,forward-looking,and continuously evolving regulatory framework.Brazil has established a multi-tiered regulatory framework with the National Council for Energy Policy(CNPE)providing strategic guidance,the Ministry of Mines and Energy(MME)serving as the primary policy implementation body,and the National Electric Energy Agency(ANEEL)and the National Agency of Petroleum,Natural Gas and Biofuels(ANP)sharing regulatory oversight responsibilities.
基金This article is funded by National Social Science Foundation’s general project“Theoretical and Practical Research on International Criminal Judicial Assistance in Combating Cybercrime”(Project No.:19BFX073)National Social Science Foundation’s major project“Translation,Research and Database Construction of Cyberspace Policies and Regulations”(Project No.:20&ZD179).
文摘Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues,but also severely challenge personal information protection,national data security,and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.As the current digital trade negotiations could not accommodate these challenges,China has initiated the concept of secure cross-border data flow and has launched a dual-track multi-level regulatory system,including control system for overseas transfer of important data,system of crossborder provision of personal information,and system of cross-border data request for justice and enforcement.To explore a global regulatory framework for cross-border data flows,legitimate and controllable cross-border data flows should be promoted,supervision should be categorized based on risk concerned,and the rule of law should be coordinated at home and abroad to promote system compatibility.To this end,the key is to build a compatible regulatory framework,which includes clarifying the scope of important data to define the“Negative List”for preventing national security risks,improving the cross-border accountability for protecting personal information rights and interests to ease pre-supervision pressure,and focusing on data access rights instead of data localization for upholding the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.
文摘Despite the profound cultural and medicinal heritage of traditional African medicines (TAM), their global recognition remains notably limited. This study investigates the factors behind this issue, focusing on cultural perceptions, scientific validation, regulatory frameworks, and pharmaceutical industry influence. Utilizing a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide a thorough and structured overview, the research addresses these factors with transparency and reproducibility. Key findings reveal that negative cultural perceptions, the dominance of Western medicine, and skepticism towards traditional healers, especially in urban and educated populations, marginalize TAM. Additionally, religious beliefs and historical influences, such as colonialism, further devalue indigenous knowledge systems. The study also highlights a significant lack of scientific research and clinical trials, which challenges the conventional validation of TAM’s efficacy. Moreover, inconsistent international and national regulatory frameworks and the pharmaceutical industry’s dominance impede TAM’s integration into global healthcare systems. To enhance TAM’s credibility and global acceptance, the study advocates for standardized regulatory policies, increased scientific research, and a reevaluation of intellectual property laws. This shift towards a more inclusive and integrative approach in global health systems could bridge the gap between traditional and modern medical practices, promoting a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.
文摘This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative potentialities, issues and ethical concerns. The review consolidates findings that show the impact of AI in improving the efficiency, accuracy and justice delivery in the legal profession. The studies show increased efficiency in speed of document review and enhancement of the accuracy of the reviewed documents, with time efficiency estimates of 60% reduction of time. However, the review also outlines some of the problems that continue to characterize AI, such as data quality problems, biased algorithms and the problem of the opaque decision-making system. This paper assesses ethical issues related to patient autonomy, justice and non-malignant suffering, with particular focus on patient privacy and fair process, and on potential unfairness to patients. This paper’s review of AI innovations finds that regulations lag behind AI developments, leading to unsettled issues regarding legal responsibility for AI and user control over AI-generated results and findings in legal proceedings. Some of the future avenues that are presented in the study are the future of XAI for legal purposes, utilizing federated learning for resolving privacy issues, and the need to foster adaptive regulation. Finally, the review advocates for Legal Subject Matter Experts to collaborate with legal informatics experts, ethicists, and policy makers to develop the best solutions to implement AI in medical negligence claims. It reasons that there is great potential for AI to have a deep impact on the practice of law but when done, it must do so in a way that respects justice and on the Rights of Individuals.
基金supported by the University of Rijeka projects uniri-mladi-drustv-20-5.and uniri-drustv-18-228.
文摘The latest regulatory framework,which has been introduced globally in the form of Basel III,and its implementation in the legislation of the member states of the Euro-pean Union has generated much interest in the impact of regulation on the efficiency and profitability of banks.This study aims to examine the impact of the introduction of two major regulatory changes(Basel II and Basel III)on bank performance,in terms of bank size and bank-specific and macroeconomic variables.A two-stage empirical anal-ysis was conducted on a sample of 433 European commercial banks over the 2006–2015 period.In the first stage,relative efficiency was calculated using non-parametric data envelopment analysis.In the second stage,the generalized method of moments was used to examine the impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic variables as well as regulation on bank performance,that is,profitability and efficiency.Consider-ing bank size,the results show a diverse impact of regulation on bank performance.Regarding large-and medium-sized banks,regulation positively affects both efficiency and profitability,whereas,for small banks,it negatively affects performance.The results suggest that larger banks have skillfully adapted to the new regulatory environment.In contrast,small banks have problems with profitability and efficiency because the new regulatory framework has imposed additional administrative and regulatory burdens.This could result in future failure or mergers with larger banks,resulting in a higher concentration in the banking sector and increased systemic risk.Our results strongly suggest that regulation should not be implemented equally for all banks;that is,on a one size fits all terms.A distinction between small and large banks when introducing new regulatory frameworks should be made if a reasonable level of competition is to be preserved.
文摘As the world faces increasing energy demands and concerns about climate change,nuclear power is experiencing a resurgence as a viable and sustainable energy source.This article explores the strategic initiatives concerning the advancement of nuclear technologies,highlighting the prompt adoption of SMRs(small modular reactors),the ongoing advancements in Generation IV reactors in the medium term,and the long-term aspirations linked to nuclear fusion.SMRs offer enhanced safety,economic viability,and flexible deployment alternatives,making them an attractive solution for meeting pressing energy demands.In the medium term,Generation IV reactors are anticipated to improve efficiency,sustainability,and safety,effectively tackling the challenges associated with conventional fission reactors.However,significant challenges lie ahead,including public perception,regulatory hurdles,financial barriers,and the need for a skilled workforce.By addressing these challenges,nuclear power can play a pivotal role in creating a sustainable and reliable energy future,contributing significantly to global efforts in climate change mitigation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1700700)Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project(K2023018)the Shanghai Jiaotong University Talent Foundation(No.WH221615001),and Program for Shanghai Leading Talent.
文摘Phytopathogens can continuously cause serious losses worldwide to crop,fruit,and vegetable yields.The excessive use of conventional fungicides in pathogen management has raised severe environmental and health side effects and induced fungicide-resistant pathogen strains.RNA-based spray-induced gene silencing(SIGS)has emerged as an ecologically sustainable pathogen control approach.Here,we introduce the SIGS mechanism in plant pathogens,summarize the application of SIGS in controlling plant pathogens,and highlight the major considerations of SIGS.In addition,we propose the future perspectives of SIGS in crop protection and disease management.
文摘Plastic pollution, both primary and secondary, is an environmental challenge, prompting regulatory actions at global and regional levels. With increasing research about the impacts of micro- and nanoplastics on ecosystems and human health, governments worldwide have undertaken efforts to address this issue. The global community has advanced regulatory efforts that have led to the implementation of national laws or regulations in numerous countries. These measures ban or restrict the use of primary and secondary microplastics and nanoplastics. An overview of global and European regulatory frameworks is presented to provide context for the United States (US). In the endeavor to document plastics regulation development in the US, a description of regulatory agencies and their roles in advancing policy and rules as well as future direction and areas for improvement in regulating plastics are introduced. A discussion of what emerging regulations mean to utilities and industries is also provided along with a comparison of regulatory frameworks.
文摘This paper explores the transformative impact of virtual worlds, augmented reality (AR), and the metaverse in the healthcare sector. It delves into the ways these technologies are reshaping patient care, medical education, and research, while also addressing the challenges and opportunities they present. The paper highlights the potential benefits of these technologies and emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines to ensure responsible integration. Finally it outlines their transformative impact and discusses the challenges and opportunities they present for the future of healthcare provision.
文摘Traditional remedies have gained recognition for their effectiveness in treating various conditions such as diabetes,arthritic pain,liver disease,cough and cold,memory enhancement,and immunological stimulation.Their perceived safety has led to the increasing use of herbs by people without prescriptions.These therapies remain significant in areas with limited access to modern drugs or cultural preferences for traditional treatments.With a long history of use,traditional medicines have been the primary method of pain management.This review article explores natural and herb-based analgesics,their origins,and potential benefits,along with the growing scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness.Studies have examined their efficacy in treating musculoskeletal pain,neuropathic pain,and migraines.Rather than being seen as separate therapies,traditional medicines should be considered supplementary or alternative options that can be integrated into comprehensive pain management regimens.However,some studies have reported adverse drug reactions associated with herbal formulations and plants.Therefore,there is a need for pharmacovigilance in traditional medicine to ensure patient safety and promote evidence-based practices.Although pharmacovigilance in this field is still developing,it faces challenges due to the wide availability of herbal medicines without on-site medical supervision.This paper discusses the complex challenges of herbal pharmacovigilance,provides insights on recent advancements,and offers recommendations for improving the safety monitoring of traditional medications in the future.
文摘The article discusses plot size standards applied in the government sites-and-services projects in Khartoum and probes into the possible alternative ways of re-establishing solid grounds for those standards. The particular issue of plot size is a crucial factor in the whole housing policy as it directly affects the urban land use and consumption and extends its influence far into sustainability and affordability issues and the whole housing policy and supply process. The article, analysing the applied standards, argues that plot subdivision can substantially contribute to providing more access of housing to the low-income groups. Large plot sizes can be subdivided driven by the need to realize security of tenure, doubling the owner-occupier housing stock which is the base issue of self-help housing, increases housing finance, provides variety of housing choices and behind all it conforms to the legacy principles and some cultural attributes of the local community. The article underlined existence of a cumbersome regulatory system, subdivision procedures and development controls which need to be reformed.
文摘Nanotechnology currently represents one of the most fascinating human discoveries. With creativity, nanotechnology looks for increasingly smaller spaces in nature to meet the needs and interests of the individuals and of the society. Considering that the researches aim to create techniques to move and combine atoms and molecules, a question arises, how will these atoms and molecules behave in the new arrangement. This is the great challenge and this article attempts to bring some benefits to the subiect. It also intends to bring the human sciences, particularly law, to the scenery of this scientific revolution. The lack of regulatory frameworks does not allow humans to search and produce anything without limits. Thus, human rights should be considered an ethical foundation for nanotechnology discoveries, as they represent the ＂rights＂ that, at least, humans should have respected.
文摘A wide range of anthropogenic activities impacts estuarine and coastal marine environments including interactive climate and non-climatic drivers of change that can significantly degrade biotic communities and habitats. Many of these environments are in decline due to changes in ecosystem structure and function resulting from multiple stressor effects. In addition, inadequate governance has supported a patchwork of single issues or sectoral approaches rather than integrated management of multiple human uses and activities to maintain healthy, productive, resilient, and sustainable ecosystems and the provision of goods and services. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is a viable framework for a more effective governance structure and management of these vital coastal environments. An important component of this approach is a holistic effort to assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of anthropogenic activities. Thus, a multidisciplinary integrated approach is preferred that links ecological, physical, and socio-economic systems, increasing the protection of resources and societal benefits. For degraded estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, restoration and rehabilitation initiatives are important intervention strategies used to reverse the loss of habitats and biotic resources and to support management programs. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an integral element of marine management plans to conserve and sustain estuarine and coastal marine environments by protecting threatened ecosystems and their resources from anthropogenic activities. National and international regulatory frameworks and directives are also in place to protect and conserve these environments.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC2603500,2022YFC2603505)Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical medicine Development of Special Funding(XMLX 202127)+5 种基金The Digestive Medical Coordinated Development Center of Beijing Hospitals Authority(XXZ0302)The Capital Health Research and Development of Special Public Health Project(2022-1-2172)Beijing Municipal Health Commission High-level Public Health Technical Personnel Construction Project(discipline leader-03-26)Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special FundingBeijing Hospitals Authority“Peak”Talent Training Program(DFL20241803)The National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC2306901,2023YFC2308105).
文摘Since the discovery of the double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA),significant progress has been made in engineering technologies such as gene analysis and editing,greatly promoting the development of biomedical research and clinical applications.In recent years,the rapid development of genome-editing technologies,especially the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9(CRISPR-Cas9)system,have brought unprecedented opportunities for biomedical research and clinical applications.However,with the widespread application of genome-editing technologies,biosafety issues have gradually attracted the attention of the scientific community and the public.Potential risks such as off-target effects,genomic instability,and ethical and legal issues need to be taken seriously,and their safety and effectiveness in clinical applications still require further verification.This review summarizes the current status and potential risks of gene editing technologies in the medical field and discusses how to ensure its safe application through policies,regulations,and technical means.Through in-depth exploration of these issues,we hope to provide a comprehensive perspective for the scientific community,policy makers,and the public to promote the safe and responsible application of genome-editing technologies.
