On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the...On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used,the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly. Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate's conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate's conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates' conversion. The ethanol type fermentation of the acidogenic phase is the optimal acid type fermentation for the two phase anaerobic process.展开更多
Objective: To analyze the similarities and differences of the applications of "the lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related"between the ancient and modern clinical practices, and to reveal ...Objective: To analyze the similarities and differences of the applications of "the lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related"between the ancient and modern clinical practices, and to reveal the theory meaning.Method: Based on the ancient and modern medical cases database, 245 ancient medical records and 373 modern medical records were studied with the general statistical description and analysis of association rules, and the results were compared to summarize the similarities and differences of the regular pattern of syndrome and treatment on lung-large intestine related diseases in ancient and modern medical records.Results: In modern medical cases, intestinal diseases appeared with the main symptom of constipation due to deficiency of lung qi and qi stagnation of large intestine were always treated by purgation together with replenishing and restoring lung qi. In ancient medical cases, large intestine heat was always caused by lung heat and a variety of diarrhea symptoms appeared. They were always treated by clearing heat and moistening lungs. In addition, the symptom of bound stool caused by qi stagnation of large intestine due to lung qi stagnation was always treated by lowering lung qi to regulate and smooth large intestine qi. And Armeniae Amarum Semen was used by both as a core medicinal herb.Conclusion: Ascending-descending of qi movement is the core of the lung and large intestine relationship. In other words, the lung and the large intestine communicate through qi.展开更多
AIM： To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis） in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period. METHODS： Assays based on the ...AIM： To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis） in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period. METHODS： Assays based on the serovar-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, and a serovar-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） were developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the blood and the internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder, from mice after oral challenge at different time points respectively.RESULTS： The results showed that the spleen was positive at 12 h post inoculation （PI）, and the blood was at 14 h PI. The organism was detected in the liver and heart at 16 h PI, the pancreas was positive at 20 h PI, and the final organs to show positive results were the kidney and gallbladder at 22 h PI. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h PI, with the liver and spleen containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the blood, heart, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder had low concentrations. S. enteritidis populations began to decrease and were not detectable at 3 d PI, but were still present up to 12 d PI in the gallbladder, 2 wk for the liver, and 3 wk for the spleen without causing apparent symptoms.CONCLUSION： The results provided significant data for understanding the life cycle of S. enteritidis in the internal organs, and showed that the liver and spleen may be the primary sites for setting itself up as a commensa over a long time after oral challenge. Interestingly, it may be the first time reported that the gallbladder is a site of carriage for S. enteritidis over a 12 d period. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of action of S. enteriCdis infection in vivo.展开更多
Three empirical rules of interfacial potential and Gibb's energy with the radius,charge number of transfer ions and dielectric constant of organic phase are obtained for the ion transfer across the liquid-liquid i...Three empirical rules of interfacial potential and Gibb's energy with the radius,charge number of transfer ions and dielectric constant of organic phase are obtained for the ion transfer across the liquid-liquid interface,which are verified by the transfer of simple anions,dye ions and metal ions facilitated by neutral ionophores across the interface between water and some organic solvents, and deduced theoretically based on the electrostatic interaction of ion and high-permittivity solvent. The rules are proved to be effective of choosing supporting electrolytes and searching for new transfer system which follows the rule that r/n of transfer ion should be larger than that of electrolytes ion in water phase and less than that in organic phase.A rule for judgement of the charge sign of transfer ion is suggested firstly based on the relationship between interfacial half-wave potential and dielectric constant of organic phase.展开更多
This paper delves into the baseline design under the baseline parameterization model in experimental design, focusing on the relationship between the K-aberration criterion and the word length pattern (WLP) of regular...This paper delves into the baseline design under the baseline parameterization model in experimental design, focusing on the relationship between the K-aberration criterion and the word length pattern (WLP) of regular two-level designs. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between K5and the WLP for regular two-level designs with resolution t=3, and proposes corresponding theoretical results. These results not only theoretically reveal the connection between the orthogonal parameterization model and the baseline parameterization model but also provide theoretical support for finding the K-aberration optimal regular two-level baseline designs. It demonstrates how to apply these theories to evaluate and select the optimal experimental designs. In practical applications, experimental designers can utilize the theoretical results of this paper to quickly assess and select regular two-level baseline designs with minimal K-aberration by analyzing the WLP of the experimental design. This allows for the identification of key factors that significantly affect the experimental outcomes without frequently changing the factor levels, thereby maximizing the benefits of the experiment.展开更多
Purpose-The design goal for the tracking interval of high-speed railway trains in China is 3 min,but it is difficult to achieve,and it is widely believed that it is mainly limited by the tracking interval of train arr...Purpose-The design goal for the tracking interval of high-speed railway trains in China is 3 min,but it is difficult to achieve,and it is widely believed that it is mainly limited by the tracking interval of train arrivals.If the train arrival tracking interval can be compressed,it will be beneficial for China's high-speed railway to achieve a 3-min train tracking interval.The goal of this article is to study how to compress the train arrival tracking interval.Design/methodologylapproach-By simulating the process of dense train groups arriving at the station and stopping,the headway between train arrivals at the station was calculated,and the pattern of train arrival headway was obtained,changing the traditional understanding that the train arrival headway is considered the main factor limiting the headway of trains.Findings-When the running speed of trains is high,the headway between trains is short,the length of the station approach throat area is considerable and frequent train arrivals at the station,the arrival headway for the first group or several groups of trains will exceed the headway,but the subsequent sets of trains will havea headway equal to the arrival headway.This convergence characteristic is obtained by appropriately increasing the running time.Originality/value-According to this pattern,there is no need to overly emphasize the impact of train arrival headway on the headway.This plays an important role in compressing train headway and improving high-speedrailwaycapacity.展开更多
The γ-aminobutyric acid neurons（GABAergic neurons） in the inferior colliculus are classified into various patterns based on their intrinsic electrical properties to a constant current injection. Although this class...The γ-aminobutyric acid neurons（GABAergic neurons） in the inferior colliculus are classified into various patterns based on their intrinsic electrical properties to a constant current injection. Although this classification is associated with physiological function, the exact role for neurons with various firing patterns in acoustic processing remains poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed characteristics of inferior colliculus neurons in vitro, and recorded responses to stimulation of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus using the wholecell patch clamp technique. Seven inferior colliculus neurons were tested and were classified into two firing patterns： sustained-regular（n = 4） and sustained-adapting firing patterns（n = 3）. The majority of inferior colliculus neurons exhibited slight changes in response to stimulation and bicuculline. The responses of one neuron with a sustained-adapting firing pattern were suppressed after stimulation, but recovered to normal levels following application of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist. One neuron with a sustained-regular pattern showed suppressed stimulation responses, which were not affected by bicuculline. Results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the inferior colliculus exhibit sustained-regular or sustained-adapting firing patterns. Additionally, GABAergic projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus are associated with sound localization. The different neuronal responses of various firing patterns suggest a role in sound localization. A better understanding of these mechanisms and functions will provide better clinical treatment paradigms for hearing deficiencies.展开更多
Due to its importance in security, syntax analysis has found usage in many high-level programming languages. The Lisp language has its share of operations for evaluating regular expressions, but native parsing of Lisp...Due to its importance in security, syntax analysis has found usage in many high-level programming languages. The Lisp language has its share of operations for evaluating regular expressions, but native parsing of Lisp code in this way is unsupported. Matching on lists requires a significantly more complicated model, with a different programmatic approach than that of string matching. This work presents a new automata-based approach centered on a set of functions and macros for identifying sequences of Lisp S-expressions using finite tree automata. The objective is to test that a given list is an element of a given tree language. We use a macro that takes a grammar and generates a function that reads off the leaves of a tree and tries to parse them as a string in a context-free language. The experimental results indicate that this approach is a viable tool for parsing Lisp lists and expressions in the abstract interpretation展开更多
The study on designs for the baseline parameterization has aroused attention in recent years. This paper focuses on two-level regular designs for the baseline parameterization. A general result on the relationship bet...The study on designs for the baseline parameterization has aroused attention in recent years. This paper focuses on two-level regular designs for the baseline parameterization. A general result on the relationship between K-aberration and word length pattern is developed.展开更多
1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time m...1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time must be challenging.Thats because the regular lane patterns have been replaced by wavy and zig⁃zag lines that look like they were painted by a drunk.But they are wavy by design.According to Montgomery Township officials,the unusual patterns were thought as the best solution to discouraging speeding on some of the streets.Police sources told local media outlets that the“traffic⁃calming measures”were installed in response to numerous complaints about certain streets being used as“speedways”.展开更多
文摘On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used,the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly. Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate's conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate's conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates' conversion. The ethanol type fermentation of the acidogenic phase is the optimal acid type fermentation for the two phase anaerobic process.
基金supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program "The research of literature review and comprehensive analysis on the theory of lung and large intestine are exterior-interior related"(No.2009CB522701)
文摘Objective: To analyze the similarities and differences of the applications of "the lung and large intestine being interior-exteriorly related"between the ancient and modern clinical practices, and to reveal the theory meaning.Method: Based on the ancient and modern medical cases database, 245 ancient medical records and 373 modern medical records were studied with the general statistical description and analysis of association rules, and the results were compared to summarize the similarities and differences of the regular pattern of syndrome and treatment on lung-large intestine related diseases in ancient and modern medical records.Results: In modern medical cases, intestinal diseases appeared with the main symptom of constipation due to deficiency of lung qi and qi stagnation of large intestine were always treated by purgation together with replenishing and restoring lung qi. In ancient medical cases, large intestine heat was always caused by lung heat and a variety of diarrhea symptoms appeared. They were always treated by clearing heat and moistening lungs. In addition, the symptom of bound stool caused by qi stagnation of large intestine due to lung qi stagnation was always treated by lowering lung qi to regulate and smooth large intestine qi. And Armeniae Amarum Semen was used by both as a core medicinal herb.Conclusion: Ascending-descending of qi movement is the core of the lung and large intestine relationship. In other words, the lung and the large intestine communicate through qi.
基金The National Key Technology R&D Program of China, No. 2004BA901A03National Scientific and Technical Support Program, No. 2007Z06-017+3 种基金The Cultivation Fund of the Key Scientific and Technical Innovation Project & Ministry of Education of China, No. 706050Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, No. NCET-04-0906/NCET-06-0818Sichuan Province Basic Research Program, No. 04JY0290061/07JY029-017Program for Key DisciplinesConstruction of Sichuan Province No. SZD0418
文摘AIM： To identify and understand the regular distribution pattern for Salmonella enteritidis （S. enteritidis） in the internal organs of mice after an oral challenge over a 3 wk period. METHODS： Assays based on the serovar-specific DNA sequence of S. enteritidis from GenBank, and a serovar-specific real-time, fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction （FQ-PCR） were developed for the detection of S. enteritidis. We used this assay to detect genomic DNA of S. enteritidis in the blood and the internal organs, including heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder, from mice after oral challenge at different time points respectively.RESULTS： The results showed that the spleen was positive at 12 h post inoculation （PI）, and the blood was at 14 h PI. The organism was detected in the liver and heart at 16 h PI, the pancreas was positive at 20 h PI, and the final organs to show positive results were the kidney and gallbladder at 22 h PI. The copy number of S. enteritidis DNA in each tissue reached a peak at 24-36 h PI, with the liver and spleen containing high concentrations of S. enteritidis, whereas the blood, heart, kidney, pancreas, and gallbladder had low concentrations. S. enteritidis populations began to decrease and were not detectable at 3 d PI, but were still present up to 12 d PI in the gallbladder, 2 wk for the liver, and 3 wk for the spleen without causing apparent symptoms.CONCLUSION： The results provided significant data for understanding the life cycle of S. enteritidis in the internal organs, and showed that the liver and spleen may be the primary sites for setting itself up as a commensa over a long time after oral challenge. Interestingly, it may be the first time reported that the gallbladder is a site of carriage for S. enteritidis over a 12 d period. This study will help to understand the mechanisms of action of S. enteriCdis infection in vivo.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Three empirical rules of interfacial potential and Gibb's energy with the radius,charge number of transfer ions and dielectric constant of organic phase are obtained for the ion transfer across the liquid-liquid interface,which are verified by the transfer of simple anions,dye ions and metal ions facilitated by neutral ionophores across the interface between water and some organic solvents, and deduced theoretically based on the electrostatic interaction of ion and high-permittivity solvent. The rules are proved to be effective of choosing supporting electrolytes and searching for new transfer system which follows the rule that r/n of transfer ion should be larger than that of electrolytes ion in water phase and less than that in organic phase.A rule for judgement of the charge sign of transfer ion is suggested firstly based on the relationship between interfacial half-wave potential and dielectric constant of organic phase.
文摘This paper delves into the baseline design under the baseline parameterization model in experimental design, focusing on the relationship between the K-aberration criterion and the word length pattern (WLP) of regular two-level designs. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between K5and the WLP for regular two-level designs with resolution t=3, and proposes corresponding theoretical results. These results not only theoretically reveal the connection between the orthogonal parameterization model and the baseline parameterization model but also provide theoretical support for finding the K-aberration optimal regular two-level baseline designs. It demonstrates how to apply these theories to evaluate and select the optimal experimental designs. In practical applications, experimental designers can utilize the theoretical results of this paper to quickly assess and select regular two-level baseline designs with minimal K-aberration by analyzing the WLP of the experimental design. This allows for the identification of key factors that significantly affect the experimental outcomes without frequently changing the factor levels, thereby maximizing the benefits of the experiment.
基金State Railway Corporation of China Limited under the Science and Technology Research and Development Programme(2021X007)China Academy of Railway Research(2021YJ012)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52302417)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China(2023NSFSC0906).
文摘Purpose-The design goal for the tracking interval of high-speed railway trains in China is 3 min,but it is difficult to achieve,and it is widely believed that it is mainly limited by the tracking interval of train arrivals.If the train arrival tracking interval can be compressed,it will be beneficial for China's high-speed railway to achieve a 3-min train tracking interval.The goal of this article is to study how to compress the train arrival tracking interval.Design/methodologylapproach-By simulating the process of dense train groups arriving at the station and stopping,the headway between train arrivals at the station was calculated,and the pattern of train arrival headway was obtained,changing the traditional understanding that the train arrival headway is considered the main factor limiting the headway of trains.Findings-When the running speed of trains is high,the headway between trains is short,the length of the station approach throat area is considerable and frequent train arrivals at the station,the arrival headway for the first group or several groups of trains will exceed the headway,but the subsequent sets of trains will havea headway equal to the arrival headway.This convergence characteristic is obtained by appropriately increasing the running time.Originality/value-According to this pattern,there is no need to overly emphasize the impact of train arrival headway on the headway.This plays an important role in compressing train headway and improving high-speedrailwaycapacity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81271090
文摘The γ-aminobutyric acid neurons（GABAergic neurons） in the inferior colliculus are classified into various patterns based on their intrinsic electrical properties to a constant current injection. Although this classification is associated with physiological function, the exact role for neurons with various firing patterns in acoustic processing remains poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed characteristics of inferior colliculus neurons in vitro, and recorded responses to stimulation of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus using the wholecell patch clamp technique. Seven inferior colliculus neurons were tested and were classified into two firing patterns： sustained-regular（n = 4） and sustained-adapting firing patterns（n = 3）. The majority of inferior colliculus neurons exhibited slight changes in response to stimulation and bicuculline. The responses of one neuron with a sustained-adapting firing pattern were suppressed after stimulation, but recovered to normal levels following application of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist. One neuron with a sustained-regular pattern showed suppressed stimulation responses, which were not affected by bicuculline. Results suggest that GABAergic neurons in the inferior colliculus exhibit sustained-regular or sustained-adapting firing patterns. Additionally, GABAergic projections from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus are associated with sound localization. The different neuronal responses of various firing patterns suggest a role in sound localization. A better understanding of these mechanisms and functions will provide better clinical treatment paradigms for hearing deficiencies.
文摘Due to its importance in security, syntax analysis has found usage in many high-level programming languages. The Lisp language has its share of operations for evaluating regular expressions, but native parsing of Lisp code in this way is unsupported. Matching on lists requires a significantly more complicated model, with a different programmatic approach than that of string matching. This work presents a new automata-based approach centered on a set of functions and macros for identifying sequences of Lisp S-expressions using finite tree automata. The objective is to test that a given list is an element of a given tree language. We use a macro that takes a grammar and generates a function that reads off the leaves of a tree and tries to parse them as a string in a context-free language. The experimental results indicate that this approach is a viable tool for parsing Lisp lists and expressions in the abstract interpretation
文摘The study on designs for the baseline parameterization has aroused attention in recent years. This paper focuses on two-level regular designs for the baseline parameterization. A general result on the relationship between K-aberration and word length pattern is developed.
文摘1 Authorities in Montgomery Township,Pennsylvania,have introduced wavy lane patterns on some streets in an effort to slow down traffic in the area.2 Driving along Grays Lane in Montgomery Township for the first time must be challenging.Thats because the regular lane patterns have been replaced by wavy and zig⁃zag lines that look like they were painted by a drunk.But they are wavy by design.According to Montgomery Township officials,the unusual patterns were thought as the best solution to discouraging speeding on some of the streets.Police sources told local media outlets that the“traffic⁃calming measures”were installed in response to numerous complaints about certain streets being used as“speedways”.
