Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as an advanced technology for treatment of malignant tumors.Many organic and inorganic sonosensitizers have been reported but they still have the respective limitations.Constructing...Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as an advanced technology for treatment of malignant tumors.Many organic and inorganic sonosensitizers have been reported but they still have the respective limitations.Constructing the materials to integrate the superiorities of organic and inorganic sonosensitizers is expected to be a good method to enhance the efficiency of SDT.Herein,we report an intelligent sonosensitizer(TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx),integrating the organic(TPA-OS)and inorganic sonosensitizers(CP5@CeOx)via host-vip interaction.The modification of carboxyl-pillar[5]arene(CP5)on CeOx constructs the supramolecular interface by coupling of CP5 and oxygen vacancies.The band gap of CeOx is reduced and the ratio of Ce4+/Ce3+is increased to regulate tumor microenvironment.Thus,the SDT performance of CP5@CeOx can be improved.Furthermore,the synergistic effect of TPA-OS with aggregation-induced emission can further regulate and enhance the SDT efficiency.The cellular experiments demonstrate that TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx exhibits the synergistic therapeutic effect in double organelle of lysosome and mitochondria.The in vivo experiments suggest TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx has imaging-guided enhanced SDT performance to achieve tumor inhibition.This study contributes to the construction of novel intelligent sonosensitizers,indicating that supramolecular interface engineering is promising to realize the customized treatments with minimal side effects.展开更多
The epoxy shape memory polymer(SMP)with adjustable phase transition temperature is a kind of high-performance shape mem-ory polymer,which can change its phase transition temperature and improve its mechanical properti...The epoxy shape memory polymer(SMP)with adjustable phase transition temperature is a kind of high-performance shape mem-ory polymer,which can change its phase transition temperature and improve its mechanical properties through the process of photo curing.An epoxy SMP constitutive model combining phase transition and viscoelasticity is established by discretizing the epoxy SMP into several glass phase units and rubbery phase units in this paper.The model includes the viscoelastic constitutive equa-tions of glass phase units and rubber phase units,the parameter expression during shape memory process,and material parameter equation during photocuring process.And the stress relaxation behavior of epoxy SMP at different temperatures and the change of material parameters during the photo-curing process are simu-lated numerically,and the simulation results perform consistency with the experimental data.The model can not only relate shape memory effect and phase transformation in physics but also better characterize the viscoelastic properties of SMP and predict the shape memory response of SMP.展开更多
Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathologica...Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.展开更多
The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of ni...The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of nicotine biosynthesis;however,its upstream regulation remains unclear.Here,we characterized a MAPK cascade,comprising NtMEKK1b,NtMPKK2a,and NtMPK4,that promotes nicotine biosynthesis.This signaling module transduces external cues,including jasmonate and pathogen elicitors such as flg22,into post-translational modifications that enhance transcriptional activity and pathway gene expression.NtMPKK2a physically interacts with and phosphorylates NtMPK4 in vivo,confirming its role as an upstream kinase.RNAi-mediated silencing of NtMPKK2a significantly reduced the expression of nicotine pathway genes and decreased nicotine accumulation,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMPKK2a upregulated nicotine pathway genes and increased nicotine contents in tobacco hairy roots.Overexpression of NtMPKK2a in tobacco cells enhanced the transactivation activity of a NIC2-locus Ethylene Response Factor NtERF221 on Putrescine N-methyltransferase(NtPMT)promotor,further supporting its role in promoting nicotine biosynthesis.Furthermore,we identified NtMEKK1b,a tobacco MEKK that interacts with NtMAPKK2a in yeast cells.Knock-down of NtMEKK1b in transgenic tobacco plants attenuated the expression of nicotine pathway genes and reduced nicotine contents,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMEKK1b upregulated gene expression and nicotine accumulation.Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized MAPK cascade module,NtMEKK1b-NtMPKK2a-NtMPK4,that regulates nicotine biosynthesis,highlighting the importance of posttranslational regulation in nicotine biosynthesis.展开更多
Zanthoxylum bungeanum is an economically important crop worldwide due to its high content of aroma-producing monoterpenoids,and development of varieties with enhanced flavor and overall quality is a crucial research a...Zanthoxylum bungeanum is an economically important crop worldwide due to its high content of aroma-producing monoterpenoids,and development of varieties with enhanced flavor and overall quality is a crucial research area.However,the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum remain unclear,hindering these breeding efforts.In this study,RNA sequencing,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry,and other molecular biology techniques were used to identify the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms.Two transcription factors,ZbbHLH2 and ZbERF6,were identified as key regulators of monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum that upregulate various monoterpenoid synthesis-associated genes and are novel transcriptional activators of ZbIDI,which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in plant monoterpenoid synthesis.Functional analysis revealed that the expression of three genes[1]modulates monoterpenoid accumulation in Z.bungeanum peel.These findings provide novel insights into the metabolic regulatory network of monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum peel,offer potential strategies for the biofortification of specific monoterpenoids,and will promote the development of Z.bungeanum germplasm for targeted breeding and quality improvement.展开更多
Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted t...Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.展开更多
This paper studies cooperative robust parallel operation of multiple actuators over an undirected communication graph.The plant is modeled as an uncertain linear system,and the actuators are linear and identical.Based...This paper studies cooperative robust parallel operation of multiple actuators over an undirected communication graph.The plant is modeled as an uncertain linear system,and the actuators are linear and identical.Based on the internal model principle,a distributed dynamic output feedback control law is proposed to achieve both robust output regulation of the closed-loop system and plant input sharing among the actuators.A practical example of five motors cooperatively driving an uncertain shaft under an external load torque is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control law.展开更多
Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, ...Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, but also on the resolution of postischemic immune dysregulation. This study(Chen et al., Prog Biochem Biophys, 2026, 53(3): 697-710. DOI:10.3724/j.pibb.2025.0541) a dvances this emerging paradigm by proposing a therapeutic strategy that integrates lesion-specific delivery with active modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment.展开更多
Four distinct coordination polymers(CPs)were successfully synthesized by altering solvent types and adjusting ligand concentrations,and their crystal structures were investigated.[Co(L)(FDCA)(H_(2)O)_(2)]·0.5H_(2...Four distinct coordination polymers(CPs)were successfully synthesized by altering solvent types and adjusting ligand concentrations,and their crystal structures were investigated.[Co(L)(FDCA)(H_(2)O)_(2)]·0.5H_(2)O(1)was synthesized as a 2D structure using Coas the metal source,methanol‑water(4∶6,V/V)as the solvent,and specific concentrations of 2,5‑furandicarboxylic acid(H_(2)FDCA)and 1,3,5‑triimidazole benzene(L).Adjusting to pure water and lowering the concentration of L yielded the 1D chain structure of[Co(HL)2(H_(2)O)_(2)](FDCA)_(2)·6H_(2)O(2).Using Cu(Ⅱ)as the metal source,methanol/water(9∶1,V/V)as the solvent,and specific concentrations of L and H2FDCA,the 1D chain structure of[Cu(L)(FDCA)(H_(2)O)]·2H_(2)O(3)was synthesized.Upon increasing the concentrations of L and H2FDCA,and switching the solvent to pure water,the 1D chain structure of[Cu(HL)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)](FDCA)_(2)·6H_(2)O(4)was obtained.This shows that changing the solvent and ligand concentrations can affect the structural changes of CPs.In addition,the solid‑state photoluminescence of CPs 1‑4 at room temperature was studied,and their morphological changes were observed via scanning electron microscopy.Density functional theory calculations revealed that the negative charge concentrates on the O and N atoms of the ligand,facilitating ligand‑metal ion coordination.CCDC:2403934,1;2403935,2;2403936,3;2403938,4.展开更多
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challe...With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challenge of improving the frequency regulation performance of a thermal-storage primary frequency regulation system while reducing its associated losses,this paper proposes a multi-dimensional cooperative optimization strategy for the control parameters of a combined thermal-storage system,considering regulation losses.First,the frequency regulation losses of various components within the thermal power unit are quantified,and a calculation method for energy storage regulation loss is proposed,based on Depth of Discharge(DOD)and C-rate.Second,a thermal-storage cooperative control method based on series compensation is developed to improve the system’s frequency regulation performance.Third,targeting system regulation loss cost and regulation output,and considering constraints on output overshoot and system parameters,an improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm is employed to tune the parameters of the low-pass filter and the series compensator,thereby reducing regulation losses while enhancing performance.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the total loss cost of the proposed control strategy is comparable to that of a system with only thermal power participation.However,the thermal power loss cost is reduced by 42.16%compared to the thermal-only case,while simultaneously improving system frequency stability.Thus,the proposed strategy effectively balances system frequency stability and economic efficiency.展开更多
Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for sign...Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for signal transduction.The plasticity of spine morphologies provides a tunable handle to regulate calcium signal dynamics,allowing rapid regulation of protein expression necessary to establish and maintain synapses(Cornejo et al.,2022).If excitatory inputs were to be located primarily on dendritic shafts,dendrites would frequently short-circuit,preventing voltage signals from propagating(Cornejo et al.,2022).It is thus not surprising that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is closely linked to synaptic plasticity and memory formation(Berry and Nedivi,2017).While comprehensive in vitro studies have been conducted,in vivo studies that directly tackle the mechanism of dendritic transport and translation in regulating spine plasticity spatiotemporally are limited.展开更多
Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,co...Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.展开更多
In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people ...In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people away from harmful content and addictive algorithms is wise,a total ban may be counterproductive.A better approach is to combine regulation,education and parental guidance.展开更多
Heavy metal pollution seriously threatens global rice production and food security.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can alleviate heavy metal stress in rice.To summarize existing research and propose new research dire...Heavy metal pollution seriously threatens global rice production and food security.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can alleviate heavy metal stress in rice.To summarize existing research and propose new research directions,this review outlines the current status of heavy metal pollution from perspectives including general pollution situation,soil heavy metal pollution,water heavy metal pollution,and paddy field heavy metal pollution.This paper also synthesizes the negative impacts of heavy metal stress on rice growth in terms of morphological indicators,photosynthesis,redox balance,and nutritional metabolism.It also analyzes the mechanisms by which AMF alleviate heavy metal stress in rice,induding physiological as and biochemical regulatory mechanisms,as well as molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms.Furthermore,this paper provides research perspectives regarding integration with genetic engineering and breeding technologies,applications under combined stress conditions,and technological integration with field application promotion,aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for further research in ecological restoration and safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated paddy fields.展开更多
Anthocyanins are vital secondary metabolites contributing to fruit pigmentation and antioxidative properties.While light is a well-known regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis,the molecular basis of light-independent a...Anthocyanins are vital secondary metabolites contributing to fruit pigmentation and antioxidative properties.While light is a well-known regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis,the molecular basis of light-independent anthocyanin accumulation remains underexplored.In this study,integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome showed that the anthocyanin content in blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum‘Bluetta’)fruit was slightly decreased by light-impermeable bagging treatment,while anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally inhibited to different levels,suggesting a slight influence of the bagging treatment on anthocyanin accumulation.Further observation showed that fruit bagging did not alter ethylene production but decreased ABA content.Noticeably,two VcMYBA/MYB1s were not transcriptionally altered by the light-impermeable bagging treatment.Consistently,histochemical GUS analysis and pharmacological manipulation suggested light-independent and ethylene-inducible expression of VcMYBA/MYB1.Moreover,WGCNA analysis revealed 3759 genes positively associated with MYBA/MYB1 such as ethylene-associated genes,etc.Additionally,VcbZIP55s and VcCOP1s were activated and inactivated by the bagging treatment,respectively.These findings provided a framework of light-independent anthocyanin biosynthesis in blueberry fruit.展开更多
State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 85 national standards in foreign language version.
Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical mo...Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.展开更多
Generative artificial intelligence(AI),specifically large language models,such as DeepSeek,has accelerated the digital transformation of healthcare systems in both developing and developed countries.The use of AI in d...Generative artificial intelligence(AI),specifically large language models,such as DeepSeek,has accelerated the digital transformation of healthcare systems in both developing and developed countries.The use of AI in diagnostics,image processing and interpretation,treatment personalization,clinical documentation,and drug discovery is an example of the implementation of AI in Western medicine.The need for evidence-based studies and a standardized approach to scientific medicine aligns well with these applications.AI can leave a lasting impact on the Chinese medicine(CM)landscape by increasing expectations and presenting new challenges.The analogy between the CM-specific diagnostic methods and pattern differentiation,which is holistic,pattern-oriented,patient-centered,and clinical data analysis,is significant at multiple levels.These qualities pose challenges for AI usage in CM,which heavily relies on structured data and pattern recognition.Despite these adversities,AI can still be used in CM through data standardization,prediction formulation,and treatment planning,provided that the integration of this tool considers the primary principles of CM and adheres to ethical and regulatory considerations.This review examines the dichotomous approach to health and medicine in the contexts of AI and CM,highlighting the evolving potential,inherent limitations,and ethical and regulatory issues associated with the application of AI to CM.It provides a foundation for developing technologically progressive yet culturally and philosophically sensitive strategies that are in harmony with traditional clinical values.展开更多
State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 80 national standards in foreign language version.
Nanofiltration(NF) technology,with its capacity for nanoscale filtration and controllable selectivity,holds significant promise in diverse applications.However,the current upper bound of permeance and selectivity of N...Nanofiltration(NF) technology,with its capacity for nanoscale filtration and controllable selectivity,holds significant promise in diverse applications.However,the current upper bound of permeance and selectivity of NF membranes is intrinsically constrained by the morphology and structure of the polyamide(PA) selective layer.This issue arises because NF membranes typically exhibit relatively smooth nodular structures,which theoretically impede efficient water transport.In this study,we enhanced the formation of nanobubbles by synergistically regulating with surfactant and low temperatures,resulting in the fabrication of PA NF membranes with a crumpled morphology.We observed that lower temperatures promote enhanced gas solubility in the aqueous phase,facilitating increased nanobubble formation through the foaming effect of surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate(SDBS).Consequently,this resulted in the creation of PA NF membranes with more crumpled structures and superior performance,with pure water permeance reaching 36.25 ± 0.42 L m^(-2)h^(-1)bar^(-1),representing an improvement of 14.47 L m^(-2)h^(-1)bar^(-1)compared to the control group.Additionally,it maintains a high Na_(2)SO_(4) rejection rate of97.00 % ± 0.58 %.The PA NF membranes produced by eliminating nanobubbles and free interfaces exhibited a smooth structure,whereas introducing nanobubbles(through Na HCO_(3) addition,N_(2) pressurization,and ultrasonication) resulted in the formation of crumpled membranes.This emphasized that the large amount of nanobubbles generated by SDBS and low temperature in the interfacial process played a critical role in shaping crumpled PA NF membranes and enhancing membrane performance.This approach has the potential to provide valuable insights into customizing the structural design of TFC PA NF membranes,contributing to further advancements in this field.展开更多
基金the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(projects 22221001,22131007,and 22401119)the 111 project(B20027)+1 种基金the Gansu provincial science and technology program(24ZD13GA015,23ZDGA012,and 24JRRA435)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2024-jdzx13).
文摘Sonodynamic therapy(SDT)has emerged as an advanced technology for treatment of malignant tumors.Many organic and inorganic sonosensitizers have been reported but they still have the respective limitations.Constructing the materials to integrate the superiorities of organic and inorganic sonosensitizers is expected to be a good method to enhance the efficiency of SDT.Herein,we report an intelligent sonosensitizer(TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx),integrating the organic(TPA-OS)and inorganic sonosensitizers(CP5@CeOx)via host-vip interaction.The modification of carboxyl-pillar[5]arene(CP5)on CeOx constructs the supramolecular interface by coupling of CP5 and oxygen vacancies.The band gap of CeOx is reduced and the ratio of Ce4+/Ce3+is increased to regulate tumor microenvironment.Thus,the SDT performance of CP5@CeOx can be improved.Furthermore,the synergistic effect of TPA-OS with aggregation-induced emission can further regulate and enhance the SDT efficiency.The cellular experiments demonstrate that TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx exhibits the synergistic therapeutic effect in double organelle of lysosome and mitochondria.The in vivo experiments suggest TPA-OS⊂CP5@CeOx has imaging-guided enhanced SDT performance to achieve tumor inhibition.This study contributes to the construction of novel intelligent sonosensitizers,indicating that supramolecular interface engineering is promising to realize the customized treatments with minimal side effects.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2017YFC0307604].
文摘The epoxy shape memory polymer(SMP)with adjustable phase transition temperature is a kind of high-performance shape mem-ory polymer,which can change its phase transition temperature and improve its mechanical properties through the process of photo curing.An epoxy SMP constitutive model combining phase transition and viscoelasticity is established by discretizing the epoxy SMP into several glass phase units and rubbery phase units in this paper.The model includes the viscoelastic constitutive equa-tions of glass phase units and rubber phase units,the parameter expression during shape memory process,and material parameter equation during photocuring process.And the stress relaxation behavior of epoxy SMP at different temperatures and the change of material parameters during the photo-curing process are simu-lated numerically,and the simulation results perform consistency with the experimental data.The model can not only relate shape memory effect and phase transformation in physics but also better characterize the viscoelastic properties of SMP and predict the shape memory response of SMP.
文摘Alzheimer's disease,a progressively degenerative neurological disorder,is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.While its precise etiology remains unclear,researchers have identified diverse pathological characteristics and molecular pathways associated with its progression.Advances in scientific research have increasingly highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.These non-coding RNAs regulate several biological processes critical to the advancement of the disease,offering promising potential as therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.Therefore,this review aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease onset,with a particular focus on microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs associated with the disease.The review elucidates the potential pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease and provides a detailed description of the synthesis mechanisms of the three aforementioned non-coding RNAs.It comprehensively summarizes the various non-coding RNAs that have been identified to play key regulatory roles in Alzheimer's disease,as well as how these noncoding RNAs influence the disease's progression by regulating gene expression and protein functions.For example,miR-9 targets the UBE4B gene,promoting autophagy-mediated degradation of Tau protein,thereby reducing Tau accumulation and delaying Alzheimer's disease progression.Conversely,the long non-coding RNA BACE1-AS stabilizes BACE1 mRNA,promoting the generation of amyloid-βand accelerating Alzheimer's disease development.Additionally,circular RNAs play significant roles in regulating neuroinflammatory responses.By integrating insights from these regulatory mechanisms,there is potential to discover new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers for early detection and management of Alzheimer's disease.This review aims to enhance the understanding of the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and non-coding RNAs,potentially paving the way for early detection and novel treatment strategies.
基金supported partially by the Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center(KTRDC),University of Kentucky.
文摘The evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades relay extracellular signals into cells,triggering a variety of cellular responses.We previously revealed NtMPK4 as a positive regulator of nicotine biosynthesis;however,its upstream regulation remains unclear.Here,we characterized a MAPK cascade,comprising NtMEKK1b,NtMPKK2a,and NtMPK4,that promotes nicotine biosynthesis.This signaling module transduces external cues,including jasmonate and pathogen elicitors such as flg22,into post-translational modifications that enhance transcriptional activity and pathway gene expression.NtMPKK2a physically interacts with and phosphorylates NtMPK4 in vivo,confirming its role as an upstream kinase.RNAi-mediated silencing of NtMPKK2a significantly reduced the expression of nicotine pathway genes and decreased nicotine accumulation,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMPKK2a upregulated nicotine pathway genes and increased nicotine contents in tobacco hairy roots.Overexpression of NtMPKK2a in tobacco cells enhanced the transactivation activity of a NIC2-locus Ethylene Response Factor NtERF221 on Putrescine N-methyltransferase(NtPMT)promotor,further supporting its role in promoting nicotine biosynthesis.Furthermore,we identified NtMEKK1b,a tobacco MEKK that interacts with NtMAPKK2a in yeast cells.Knock-down of NtMEKK1b in transgenic tobacco plants attenuated the expression of nicotine pathway genes and reduced nicotine contents,whereas induced-overexpression of NtMEKK1b upregulated gene expression and nicotine accumulation.Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized MAPK cascade module,NtMEKK1b-NtMPKK2a-NtMPK4,that regulates nicotine biosynthesis,highlighting the importance of posttranslational regulation in nicotine biosynthesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31872706)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019 YFD1000603).
文摘Zanthoxylum bungeanum is an economically important crop worldwide due to its high content of aroma-producing monoterpenoids,and development of varieties with enhanced flavor and overall quality is a crucial research area.However,the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum remain unclear,hindering these breeding efforts.In this study,RNA sequencing,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry,and other molecular biology techniques were used to identify the underlying transcriptional regulation mechanisms.Two transcription factors,ZbbHLH2 and ZbERF6,were identified as key regulators of monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum that upregulate various monoterpenoid synthesis-associated genes and are novel transcriptional activators of ZbIDI,which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in plant monoterpenoid synthesis.Functional analysis revealed that the expression of three genes[1]modulates monoterpenoid accumulation in Z.bungeanum peel.These findings provide novel insights into the metabolic regulatory network of monoterpenoid synthesis in Z.bungeanum peel,offer potential strategies for the biofortification of specific monoterpenoids,and will promote the development of Z.bungeanum germplasm for targeted breeding and quality improvement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32271389,31900987(both to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No.BK20230608(to JJ)。
文摘Regulatory T cells,a subset of CD4^(+)T cells,play a critical role in maintaining immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis due to their potent immunosuppressive properties.Recent advances in research have highlighted the important therapeutic potential of Tregs in neurological diseases and tissue repair,emphasizing their multifaceted roles in immune regulation.This review aims to summarize and analyze the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of Tregs in relation to neurological diseases and neural regeneration.Beyond their classical immune-regulatory functions,emerging evidence points to non-immune mechanisms of regulatory T cells,particularly their interactions with stem cells and other non-immune cells.These interactions contribute to optimizing the repair microenvironment and promoting tissue repair and nerve regeneration,positioning non-immune pathways as a promising direction for future research.By modulating immune and non-immune cells,including neurons and glia within neural tissues,Tregs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing regeneration in the central and peripheral nervous systems.Preclinical studies have revealed that Treg cells interact with neurons,glial cells,and other neural components to mitigate inflammatory damage and support functional recovery.Current mechanistic studies show that Tregs can significantly promote neural repair and functional recovery by regulating inflammatory responses and the local immune microenvironment.However,research on the mechanistic roles of regulatory T cells in other diseases remains limited,highlighting substantial gaps and opportunities for exploration in this field.Laboratory and clinical studies have further advanced the application of regulatory T cells.Technical advances have enabled efficient isolation,ex vivo expansion and functionalization,and adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells,with efficacy validated in animal models.Innovative strategies,including gene editing,cell-free technologies,biomaterial-based recruitment,and in situ delivery have expanded the therapeutic potential of regulatory T cells.Gene editing enables precise functional optimization,while biomaterial and in situ delivery technologies enhance their accumulation and efficacy at target sites.These advancements not only improve the immune-regulatory capacity of regulatory T cells but also significantly enhance their role in tissue repair.By leveraging the pivotal and diverse functions of Tregs in immune modulation and tissue repair,regulatory T cells–based therapies may lead to transformative breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological diseases.
基金Supported by the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Control Theory and Intelligent Systems (ZDSYS20220330161800001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62303207)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2024A1515010725)。
文摘This paper studies cooperative robust parallel operation of multiple actuators over an undirected communication graph.The plant is modeled as an uncertain linear system,and the actuators are linear and identical.Based on the internal model principle,a distributed dynamic output feedback control law is proposed to achieve both robust output regulation of the closed-loop system and plant input sharing among the actuators.A practical example of five motors cooperatively driving an uncertain shaft under an external load torque is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed control law.
文摘Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, but also on the resolution of postischemic immune dysregulation. This study(Chen et al., Prog Biochem Biophys, 2026, 53(3): 697-710. DOI:10.3724/j.pibb.2025.0541) a dvances this emerging paradigm by proposing a therapeutic strategy that integrates lesion-specific delivery with active modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment.
文摘Four distinct coordination polymers(CPs)were successfully synthesized by altering solvent types and adjusting ligand concentrations,and their crystal structures were investigated.[Co(L)(FDCA)(H_(2)O)_(2)]·0.5H_(2)O(1)was synthesized as a 2D structure using Coas the metal source,methanol‑water(4∶6,V/V)as the solvent,and specific concentrations of 2,5‑furandicarboxylic acid(H_(2)FDCA)and 1,3,5‑triimidazole benzene(L).Adjusting to pure water and lowering the concentration of L yielded the 1D chain structure of[Co(HL)2(H_(2)O)_(2)](FDCA)_(2)·6H_(2)O(2).Using Cu(Ⅱ)as the metal source,methanol/water(9∶1,V/V)as the solvent,and specific concentrations of L and H2FDCA,the 1D chain structure of[Cu(L)(FDCA)(H_(2)O)]·2H_(2)O(3)was synthesized.Upon increasing the concentrations of L and H2FDCA,and switching the solvent to pure water,the 1D chain structure of[Cu(HL)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2)](FDCA)_(2)·6H_(2)O(4)was obtained.This shows that changing the solvent and ligand concentrations can affect the structural changes of CPs.In addition,the solid‑state photoluminescence of CPs 1‑4 at room temperature was studied,and their morphological changes were observed via scanning electron microscopy.Density functional theory calculations revealed that the negative charge concentrates on the O and N atoms of the ligand,facilitating ligand‑metal ion coordination.CCDC:2403934,1;2403935,2;2403936,3;2403938,4.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(Project No.YDZJ202301ZYTS284).
文摘With the increasing penetration of renewable energy,the coordination of energy storage with thermal power for frequency regulation has become an effective means to enhance grid frequency security.Addressing the challenge of improving the frequency regulation performance of a thermal-storage primary frequency regulation system while reducing its associated losses,this paper proposes a multi-dimensional cooperative optimization strategy for the control parameters of a combined thermal-storage system,considering regulation losses.First,the frequency regulation losses of various components within the thermal power unit are quantified,and a calculation method for energy storage regulation loss is proposed,based on Depth of Discharge(DOD)and C-rate.Second,a thermal-storage cooperative control method based on series compensation is developed to improve the system’s frequency regulation performance.Third,targeting system regulation loss cost and regulation output,and considering constraints on output overshoot and system parameters,an improved Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)algorithm is employed to tune the parameters of the low-pass filter and the series compensator,thereby reducing regulation losses while enhancing performance.Finally,simulation results demonstrate that the total loss cost of the proposed control strategy is comparable to that of a system with only thermal power participation.However,the thermal power loss cost is reduced by 42.16%compared to the thermal-only case,while simultaneously improving system frequency stability.Thus,the proposed strategy effectively balances system frequency stability and economic efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC/RGC/JRF N_HKU735/21)Research Grant Council of Hong Kong,China(17102120,17108821,17103922,C1024-22GF,C7074-21G)+1 种基金Health and Medical Research Fund(HMRF 09200966)(to CSWL)FRQS Postdoctoral Fellowship(to AHKF).
文摘Dendritic spines are small protrusions along dendrites that contain most of the excitatory synapses in principal neurons,playing a crucial role in neuronal function by creating a compartmentalized environment for signal transduction.The plasticity of spine morphologies provides a tunable handle to regulate calcium signal dynamics,allowing rapid regulation of protein expression necessary to establish and maintain synapses(Cornejo et al.,2022).If excitatory inputs were to be located primarily on dendritic shafts,dendrites would frequently short-circuit,preventing voltage signals from propagating(Cornejo et al.,2022).It is thus not surprising that the structural plasticity of dendritic spines is closely linked to synaptic plasticity and memory formation(Berry and Nedivi,2017).While comprehensive in vitro studies have been conducted,in vivo studies that directly tackle the mechanism of dendritic transport and translation in regulating spine plasticity spatiotemporally are limited.
基金supported by Central Finance for the Forestry Science and Technology Promotion Demonstration Project([2024]TG13)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32201643)the Key research projects of Yibin,Research and Integrated Demonstration and Key Technologies for Smart Bamboo Industry(Grant No.YBZD2024-1).
文摘Anthocyanin-rich foliage plants hold important applications in the pharmaceutical industry and the tea sector,beyond their significant ornamental value.These plants also possess biological and ecological importance,contributing to reproduction,defense against natural enemies,and adaptation to environmental changes.Thus,a deeper understanding of their leaf coloration will be essential for both practical applications and theoretical understanding.The present study comprehensively reviews the factors influencing anthocyanin metabolism,including biosynthesis,transport,degradation,transcription factors(TF_(S)),post-transcriptional regulation,post translation regulation.Next,we summarize the application of omics technologies in unveiling the mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in leaves.Furthermore,we review the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors regulate leaf coloration by inducing anthocyanin biosynthesis.Lastly,the study addresses unresolved issues in the research of plant leaf coloration and proposes future research directions in this field.This study is anticipated to provide a valuable reference for the study of plant leaf coloration.
文摘In December 2025,Australia became the first country to ban social media for people under 16,sparking a worldwide debate on how to protect teens online without undue interference.While the goal of keeping young people away from harmful content and addictive algorithms is wise,a total ban may be counterproductive.A better approach is to combine regulation,education and parental guidance.
文摘Heavy metal pollution seriously threatens global rice production and food security.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)can alleviate heavy metal stress in rice.To summarize existing research and propose new research directions,this review outlines the current status of heavy metal pollution from perspectives including general pollution situation,soil heavy metal pollution,water heavy metal pollution,and paddy field heavy metal pollution.This paper also synthesizes the negative impacts of heavy metal stress on rice growth in terms of morphological indicators,photosynthesis,redox balance,and nutritional metabolism.It also analyzes the mechanisms by which AMF alleviate heavy metal stress in rice,induding physiological as and biochemical regulatory mechanisms,as well as molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms.Furthermore,this paper provides research perspectives regarding integration with genetic engineering and breeding technologies,applications under combined stress conditions,and technological integration with field application promotion,aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for further research in ecological restoration and safe utilization of heavy metal-contaminated paddy fields.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1600500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32272680).
文摘Anthocyanins are vital secondary metabolites contributing to fruit pigmentation and antioxidative properties.While light is a well-known regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis,the molecular basis of light-independent anthocyanin accumulation remains underexplored.In this study,integrated analysis of metabolome and transcriptome showed that the anthocyanin content in blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum‘Bluetta’)fruit was slightly decreased by light-impermeable bagging treatment,while anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were transcriptionally inhibited to different levels,suggesting a slight influence of the bagging treatment on anthocyanin accumulation.Further observation showed that fruit bagging did not alter ethylene production but decreased ABA content.Noticeably,two VcMYBA/MYB1s were not transcriptionally altered by the light-impermeable bagging treatment.Consistently,histochemical GUS analysis and pharmacological manipulation suggested light-independent and ethylene-inducible expression of VcMYBA/MYB1.Moreover,WGCNA analysis revealed 3759 genes positively associated with MYBA/MYB1 such as ethylene-associated genes,etc.Additionally,VcbZIP55s and VcCOP1s were activated and inactivated by the bagging treatment,respectively.These findings provided a framework of light-independent anthocyanin biosynthesis in blueberry fruit.
文摘State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 85 national standards in foreign language version.
基金funded by the USDANIFA grant 2019-67013-29236the USDA HATCH program FLA-MFC-006387,awarded to Heqiang Huo.
文摘Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.
文摘Generative artificial intelligence(AI),specifically large language models,such as DeepSeek,has accelerated the digital transformation of healthcare systems in both developing and developed countries.The use of AI in diagnostics,image processing and interpretation,treatment personalization,clinical documentation,and drug discovery is an example of the implementation of AI in Western medicine.The need for evidence-based studies and a standardized approach to scientific medicine aligns well with these applications.AI can leave a lasting impact on the Chinese medicine(CM)landscape by increasing expectations and presenting new challenges.The analogy between the CM-specific diagnostic methods and pattern differentiation,which is holistic,pattern-oriented,patient-centered,and clinical data analysis,is significant at multiple levels.These qualities pose challenges for AI usage in CM,which heavily relies on structured data and pattern recognition.Despite these adversities,AI can still be used in CM through data standardization,prediction formulation,and treatment planning,provided that the integration of this tool considers the primary principles of CM and adheres to ethical and regulatory considerations.This review examines the dichotomous approach to health and medicine in the contexts of AI and CM,highlighting the evolving potential,inherent limitations,and ethical and regulatory issues associated with the application of AI to CM.It provides a foundation for developing technologically progressive yet culturally and philosophically sensitive strategies that are in harmony with traditional clinical values.
文摘State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 80 national standards in foreign language version.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52430001,52470091,52200108) for the financial support。
文摘Nanofiltration(NF) technology,with its capacity for nanoscale filtration and controllable selectivity,holds significant promise in diverse applications.However,the current upper bound of permeance and selectivity of NF membranes is intrinsically constrained by the morphology and structure of the polyamide(PA) selective layer.This issue arises because NF membranes typically exhibit relatively smooth nodular structures,which theoretically impede efficient water transport.In this study,we enhanced the formation of nanobubbles by synergistically regulating with surfactant and low temperatures,resulting in the fabrication of PA NF membranes with a crumpled morphology.We observed that lower temperatures promote enhanced gas solubility in the aqueous phase,facilitating increased nanobubble formation through the foaming effect of surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate(SDBS).Consequently,this resulted in the creation of PA NF membranes with more crumpled structures and superior performance,with pure water permeance reaching 36.25 ± 0.42 L m^(-2)h^(-1)bar^(-1),representing an improvement of 14.47 L m^(-2)h^(-1)bar^(-1)compared to the control group.Additionally,it maintains a high Na_(2)SO_(4) rejection rate of97.00 % ± 0.58 %.The PA NF membranes produced by eliminating nanobubbles and free interfaces exhibited a smooth structure,whereas introducing nanobubbles(through Na HCO_(3) addition,N_(2) pressurization,and ultrasonication) resulted in the formation of crumpled membranes.This emphasized that the large amount of nanobubbles generated by SDBS and low temperature in the interfacial process played a critical role in shaping crumpled PA NF membranes and enhancing membrane performance.This approach has the potential to provide valuable insights into customizing the structural design of TFC PA NF membranes,contributing to further advancements in this field.
