Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolat...Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed展开更多
Objectives:This study aimed to determine the relationship between emotional reflexivity and work-life integration through the mechanism of moral courage and enhance our understanding of the importance of these nursing...Objectives:This study aimed to determine the relationship between emotional reflexivity and work-life integration through the mechanism of moral courage and enhance our understanding of the importance of these nursing concepts to enable the nurses to develop better coping strategies for work-life integration.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was performed with 249 nurses,including staff nurses,ICU and critical care nurses,operation theatre nurses,pediatric nurses from 17 hospitals.Emotional Reflexivity,work-life integration,and courage were measured using a demographic information questionnaire,Life Project Reflexivity Scale(LPRS),Nurse’s Moral Courage Scale(NMCS),andWork-Life Boundary Enactment(WLBE)scale.A series of multiple regressions analyzed the mediating effect.Results:Emotional Reflexivity was positively correlated with work-life integration(b=0.66,P<0.01).There was a positive correlation between emotional reflexivity and moral courage.But the path did not get the necessary support in the structural equation modeling(SEM)(b=0.13,P=0.40).When controlling for courage(b=0.42,P<0.01),the association was significant between emotional reflexivity and work-life integration with partial mediation.Conclusion:The study reported a positive correlation between reflexivity and work-life integration.Thus,nurses’work-life integration becomes better by reinforcing their emotional reflexivity and moral courage.展开更多
By an elementary proof, we use a result of Conway and Dudziak to show that if A is a hyponormal operator with spectral radius r（A） such that its spectrum is the closed disc {z：｜z｜ ≤ r（A）} then A is reflexive. ...By an elementary proof, we use a result of Conway and Dudziak to show that if A is a hyponormal operator with spectral radius r（A） such that its spectrum is the closed disc {z：｜z｜ ≤ r（A）} then A is reflexive. Using this result, we give a simple proof of a result of Bercovici, Foias, and Pearcy on reflexivity of shift operators. Also, it is shown that every power of an invertible bilateral weighted shift is reflexive.展开更多
This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinica...This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinical insights,qualitative approaches provide a deeper understanding of the emotional,psychological,and social dimensions of mental health.Reflexivity enables researchers to remain aware of how their personal biases and professional backgrounds shape data interpretation.Cultural sensitivity ensures that mental health conditions are understood within their broader cultural contexts,helping avoid misrepresentation and promoting authentic participant expression.Emergent design offers flexibility in adapting the research process to evolving themes,particularly in the dynamic and multifaceted realm of psychiatric conditions.Together,these principles promote ethically sound,participant-centered research that captures the full complexity of lived experiences.The article also highlighted the practical implications of these principles for enhancing both academic knowledge and clinical practice in psychiatry.展开更多
In her book, The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt states： ＂we are all the same, that is, human, in such a way that nobody is ever the same as anybody else＂ （1998, 8）. In this statement, we are the same （equality）...In her book, The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt states： ＂we are all the same, that is, human, in such a way that nobody is ever the same as anybody else＂ （1998, 8）. In this statement, we are the same （equality） and yet nobody is ever the same as anybody else （plurality）. This may sound contradictory yet what it means is that there is a common base which makes us all the same, and precisely because of this base, we are able to make comparisons and hence differentiate one from the other because we are all different. When analyzing two concepts, an equal status in at least one normatively relevant respect is needed. Where there is one, there is the other precisely because of the other and vice versa. The fact that it is only at least one respect that is needed implies the existence of other aspects that act as common distinguishing factors. Therefore, distinction implies equality. The paper will explore how according to Arendt, equality, a political concept, has been perverted into a social concept. In her view, previously, differing circumstances and conditions served as ＂protection＂ and actually had a protective role. An explanation will thus be given as to how a lack of these differences in the modem period has resulted in a challenge and how this challenge has created unexpected problems for the human condition. This implies reflexivity between political theory and the human agent, and will be presented from Arendt＇s perspective.展开更多
In this paper we present sufficient conditions for reflexivity of any powers of the multiplication operator acting on Banach spaces of formal Laurent series.
Let {β（n）}n be a sequence of positive numbers such that β（0） = 1 and let 1 ≤ p 〈 ≤. We will investigate the reflexivity of all integer powers of the multiplication operator on the Banach spaces of formal Laur...Let {β（n）}n be a sequence of positive numbers such that β（0） = 1 and let 1 ≤ p 〈 ≤. We will investigate the reflexivity of all integer powers of the multiplication operator on the Banach spaces of formal Laurent series, L^P（β）.展开更多
In this paper, we study some categoricities of reflexivity and coreflexivity. The main results are as follows: (1). A and C are a pair of equivalent categories.(2). Reflexivity and coreflexivity can be extended as m...In this paper, we study some categoricities of reflexivity and coreflexivity. The main results are as follows: (1). A and C are a pair of equivalent categories.(2). Reflexivity and coreflexivity can be extended as mentioned in the paper. Those can be used to simplify and generalize some results of .展开更多
We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X suc...We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X such that ‖S‖‖S<sup>-1</sup>‖【1+ε, Sx=x whenever x∈E∩X, and f(Sx<sup>**</sup>)=x<sup>**</sup>（f） for all x<sup>**</sup>∈E and all f∈F. The proof depends upon two results we now recall.展开更多
Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an N...Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an New Area.The novel exemplifies a genuine sense of the scene by presenting readers with a vivid,authentic depiction of our contemporary life.He employs a narrative structure that overlaps the present with the past,blending tradition and modernity to create a truly magnificent epic.Rather than avoiding the contradictions and darkness inherent to humanity,the novel embraces them and strives to accurately depict their complexity,resulting in a more profound reflection on society.Above Baiyangdian Lake expands and innovates the path of local literature by applying a genuinely realistic approach.It not only surpasses Guan's writing style,but also represents a transcendence of local writing conventions in contemporary literature.It draws upon and elevates the literary tradition of the Hehuadian School,emerging as a notable example of new local writing with distinct regional traits.展开更多
It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace a...It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace and Von Neumand algebra areobtained.展开更多
In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With ...In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With the global rise of T1DM,there is an increased burden on society and healthcare systems.Due to insulin therapy and islet dysfunction,T1DM patients are highly vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia,a leading cause of mortality.In healthy individuals,counterregulatory mechanisms restore blood glucose during hypoglycemia,but repeated episodes impair these responses.Jin et al demonstrated that overexpression of GLP-1 attenuates the sympathetic-adrenal reflex and disrupts the secretion of counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon during hypoglycemia,leading to counterregulatory dysfunction.These findings highlight the critical role of GLP-1 in the impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in T1DM patients and provide new insights into the potential application of GLP-1-related therapies in T1DM patients.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces....The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60...Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.展开更多
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a...BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.展开更多
The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This p...The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.展开更多
In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive s...In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive semimodules.展开更多
Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartmen...Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.展开更多
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(1 9771 0 72 ) .
文摘Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed
文摘Objectives:This study aimed to determine the relationship between emotional reflexivity and work-life integration through the mechanism of moral courage and enhance our understanding of the importance of these nursing concepts to enable the nurses to develop better coping strategies for work-life integration.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was performed with 249 nurses,including staff nurses,ICU and critical care nurses,operation theatre nurses,pediatric nurses from 17 hospitals.Emotional Reflexivity,work-life integration,and courage were measured using a demographic information questionnaire,Life Project Reflexivity Scale(LPRS),Nurse’s Moral Courage Scale(NMCS),andWork-Life Boundary Enactment(WLBE)scale.A series of multiple regressions analyzed the mediating effect.Results:Emotional Reflexivity was positively correlated with work-life integration(b=0.66,P<0.01).There was a positive correlation between emotional reflexivity and moral courage.But the path did not get the necessary support in the structural equation modeling(SEM)(b=0.13,P=0.40).When controlling for courage(b=0.42,P<0.01),the association was significant between emotional reflexivity and work-life integration with partial mediation.Conclusion:The study reported a positive correlation between reflexivity and work-life integration.Thus,nurses’work-life integration becomes better by reinforcing their emotional reflexivity and moral courage.
基金supported by a grant (No.86-GR-SC-27) from Shiraz University Research Council
文摘By an elementary proof, we use a result of Conway and Dudziak to show that if A is a hyponormal operator with spectral radius r（A） such that its spectrum is the closed disc {z：｜z｜ ≤ r（A）} then A is reflexive. Using this result, we give a simple proof of a result of Bercovici, Foias, and Pearcy on reflexivity of shift operators. Also, it is shown that every power of an invertible bilateral weighted shift is reflexive.
文摘This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinical insights,qualitative approaches provide a deeper understanding of the emotional,psychological,and social dimensions of mental health.Reflexivity enables researchers to remain aware of how their personal biases and professional backgrounds shape data interpretation.Cultural sensitivity ensures that mental health conditions are understood within their broader cultural contexts,helping avoid misrepresentation and promoting authentic participant expression.Emergent design offers flexibility in adapting the research process to evolving themes,particularly in the dynamic and multifaceted realm of psychiatric conditions.Together,these principles promote ethically sound,participant-centered research that captures the full complexity of lived experiences.The article also highlighted the practical implications of these principles for enhancing both academic knowledge and clinical practice in psychiatry.
文摘In her book, The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt states： ＂we are all the same, that is, human, in such a way that nobody is ever the same as anybody else＂ （1998, 8）. In this statement, we are the same （equality） and yet nobody is ever the same as anybody else （plurality）. This may sound contradictory yet what it means is that there is a common base which makes us all the same, and precisely because of this base, we are able to make comparisons and hence differentiate one from the other because we are all different. When analyzing two concepts, an equal status in at least one normatively relevant respect is needed. Where there is one, there is the other precisely because of the other and vice versa. The fact that it is only at least one respect that is needed implies the existence of other aspects that act as common distinguishing factors. Therefore, distinction implies equality. The paper will explore how according to Arendt, equality, a political concept, has been perverted into a social concept. In her view, previously, differing circumstances and conditions served as ＂protection＂ and actually had a protective role. An explanation will thus be given as to how a lack of these differences in the modem period has resulted in a challenge and how this challenge has created unexpected problems for the human condition. This implies reflexivity between political theory and the human agent, and will be presented from Arendt＇s perspective.
文摘In this paper we present sufficient conditions for reflexivity of any powers of the multiplication operator acting on Banach spaces of formal Laurent series.
文摘Let {β（n）}n be a sequence of positive numbers such that β（0） = 1 and let 1 ≤ p 〈 ≤. We will investigate the reflexivity of all integer powers of the multiplication operator on the Banach spaces of formal Laurent series, L^P（β）.
文摘In this paper, we study some categoricities of reflexivity and coreflexivity. The main results are as follows: (1). A and C are a pair of equivalent categories.(2). Reflexivity and coreflexivity can be extended as mentioned in the paper. Those can be used to simplify and generalize some results of .
文摘We prove Theorem 1. Let E be a finite dimensional subspace of X<sup>**</sup>, let F be a reflexive subspace of X<sup>*</sup>, and let ε】0 be given. Then there is a linear operator S: E→X such that ‖S‖‖S<sup>-1</sup>‖【1+ε, Sx=x whenever x∈E∩X, and f(Sx<sup>**</sup>)=x<sup>**</sup>（f） for all x<sup>**</sup>∈E and all f∈F. The proof depends upon two results we now recall.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China(ProjectNo.17BZW029).
文摘Above Baiyangdian Lake is a meticulously crafted novel by Guan Renshan nearing a million words in length.The novel offers a panoramic view of everyday life in Baiyangdian Lake and the development of the Xiong'an New Area.The novel exemplifies a genuine sense of the scene by presenting readers with a vivid,authentic depiction of our contemporary life.He employs a narrative structure that overlaps the present with the past,blending tradition and modernity to create a truly magnificent epic.Rather than avoiding the contradictions and darkness inherent to humanity,the novel embraces them and strives to accurately depict their complexity,resulting in a more profound reflection on society.Above Baiyangdian Lake expands and innovates the path of local literature by applying a genuinely realistic approach.It not only surpasses Guan's writing style,but also represents a transcendence of local writing conventions in contemporary literature.It draws upon and elevates the literary tradition of the Hehuadian School,emerging as a notable example of new local writing with distinct regional traits.
文摘It is proved that any Von Neumann type subspace is reflexive.Particularly,allweakly closed-algebras and their weakly closed ideals are reflexive.Some results con-cerning hyperreflexivity of Von Neumann type subspace and Von Neumand algebra areobtained.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82400966Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2021A1515111025Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou,No.2024A04J5170.
文摘In this article,we review the study by Jin et al,which examined the role of intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)in counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).With the global rise of T1DM,there is an increased burden on society and healthcare systems.Due to insulin therapy and islet dysfunction,T1DM patients are highly vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia,a leading cause of mortality.In healthy individuals,counterregulatory mechanisms restore blood glucose during hypoglycemia,but repeated episodes impair these responses.Jin et al demonstrated that overexpression of GLP-1 attenuates the sympathetic-adrenal reflex and disrupts the secretion of counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon during hypoglycemia,leading to counterregulatory dysfunction.These findings highlight the critical role of GLP-1 in the impaired counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in T1DM patients and provide new insights into the potential application of GLP-1-related therapies in T1DM patients.
基金Supported by NSFC(No.12171062)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-JQX0004)+1 种基金the Chongqing Talent Support Program(No.cstc2024ycjh-bgzxm0121)Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Education Committee(No.KJZD-M202300503)。
文摘The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.
文摘Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.
文摘BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12027811 and 12275222)。
文摘The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.
文摘In this paper, we definde the dual semimodule and reflexive semimodule in the category of semimodules and completely generalize the results of dual modules and reflexive modules to the dual semimodules and reflexive semimodules.
基金supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10872069)
文摘Objective To investigate the spike activities of cerebellar cortical cells in a computational network model con- structed based on the anatomical structure of cerebellar cortex. Methods and Results The multicompartment model of neuron and NEURON software were used to study the external influences on cerebellar cortical cells. Various potential spike patterns in these cells were obtained. By analyzing the impacts of different incoming stimuli on the potential spike of Purkinje cell, temporal focusing caused by the granule cell-golgi cell feedback inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell and spa- tial focusing caused by the parallel fiber-basket/stellate cell local inhibitory loop to Purkinje cell were discussed. Finally, the motor learning process of rabbit eye blink conditioned reflex was demonstrated in this model. The simulation results showed that when the afferent from climbing fiber existed, rabbit adaptation to eye blinking gradually became stable under the Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity （STDP） learning rule. Conclusion The constructed cerebellar cortex network is a reliable and feasible model. The model simulation results confirmed the output signal stability of cerebellar cortex after STDP learning and the network can execute the function of spatial and temporal focusing.
