The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces....The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60...Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.展开更多
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a...BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.展开更多
The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This p...The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel software tool for robust analysis of the Visually Enhanced Vestibular-Ocular Reflex(VVOR)and video head impulse test(vHIT)saccades.Methods:A retrospective stu...Objective:This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel software tool for robust analysis of the Visually Enhanced Vestibular-Ocular Reflex(VVOR)and video head impulse test(vHIT)saccades.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 94 patients with Meniere’s Disease(MD),unilateral vestibular hypofunction(UVH),and vestibular migraine(VM).The MATLAB-based VVOR Analysis System and Saccades All in One software were utilized for data processing.New techniques,VVOR_diff and VVOR_cycle,were deployed for saccade parameter extraction.Results:Saccade incidence rates,examined through vHIT,VVOR_diff,and VVOR_cycle,exhibited distinct patterns in MD,UVH,and VM patients.Frequent instances of multiple saccades within a single cycle were noted on the affected side in MD and UVH patients.Statistically significant differences in saccade gain and incidence rates between the affected and unaffected sides were evident in MD and UVH patients.Notably,high inter-method and intra-method correlations suggested consistency across different methods and potential interactions within one.Conclusion:The software proved effective in extracting saccades and reducing noise in VVOR data,thereby enhancing the evaluation of vestibular function and potentially improving diagnostic accuracy for vestibular disorders.展开更多
Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognit...Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.展开更多
This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinica...This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinical insights,qualitative approaches provide a deeper understanding of the emotional,psychological,and social dimensions of mental health.Reflexivity enables researchers to remain aware of how their personal biases and professional backgrounds shape data interpretation.Cultural sensitivity ensures that mental health conditions are understood within their broader cultural contexts,helping avoid misrepresentation and promoting authentic participant expression.Emergent design offers flexibility in adapting the research process to evolving themes,particularly in the dynamic and multifaceted realm of psychiatric conditions.Together,these principles promote ethically sound,participant-centered research that captures the full complexity of lived experiences.The article also highlighted the practical implications of these principles for enhancing both academic knowledge and clinical practice in psychiatry.展开更多
Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infectio...Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infection.Most countries lack high-quality HDV prevalence data,and the collection techniques employed often bias published data.In recent meta-analyses,HDV prevalence in HBsAg-positive patients reaches 5%-15%and is even significantly higher in endemic areas.Since HBV vaccination programs were implemented,HDV prevalence has decreased among younger populations.However,owing to immigrant influx,it has increased in some Western countries.The current practice of HDV screening in HBsAg-positive individuals is stepwise,based on physician’s discretion,and limited to at-risk populations and may require numerous visits.Double reflex testing,which includes anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive individuals and then HDV RNA testing for anti-HDV-positive ones,is uncommon.Reflex testing can identify more HDV infection cases and link identified patients to further care and follow-up.Moreover,laboratory-based double reflex screening is less biased than physician-led testing.Therefore,health-care providers should learn about reflex testing,and federal and provincial hepatitis control programs should implement laboratory-based double reflex testing to obtain reliable HDV prevalence estimates.The test’s cost-effectiveness depends on the number of HBV-positive patients screened to identify one HDV-positive patient.Such testing may be viable in areas with low HBsAg but high HDV prevalence.However,its economic impact on areas with low HDV prevalence needs further study.展开更多
This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tai...This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tailored to the distinct clinical manifestations of these patients. Key interventions included early detection of psychological issues prior to initiating treatment, the implementation of comprehensive health education, meticulous monitoring of vital signs throughout the therapy, prompt emergency interventions when needed, adherence to prescribed medication protocols, and careful post-treatment observations including venous catheter management. Following rigorous treatment and dedicated nursing care, 7 patients demonstrated significant improvement and were subsequently discharged.展开更多
Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolat...Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed展开更多
Background: The prolonged slow expiratory (PSE) technique can induce sigh breaths related to the Hering-Breuer reflex in children.PSE is a specific chest physiotherapy technique often used in children to help with the...Background: The prolonged slow expiratory (PSE) technique can induce sigh breaths related to the Hering-Breuer reflex in children.PSE is a specific chest physiotherapy technique often used in children to help with the clearance of secretions, reduce pulmonary obstruction and decrease ventilatory effort. Purpose: The main objective of this review was to synthesize and clarify the existing knowledge of the physiological mechanism behind the Hering-Breuer reflex and its utility in the PSE technique. The secondary objective was to provide an overview of PSE which is probably the main mechanical feature for mucus clearance in infants and to identify gaps and any further research required. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE, from 1968 to January 2024, using search terms relating to “Interaction of Hering-Breuer reflex and chest physiotherapy therapy, sigh breath in infants and prolonged slow expiration technique” to create an overview of the advances and gaps in current knowledge of PSE. Result: The data obtained following treatment with PSE maneuvers in infants with histories of recurrent wheezing shows that the presence of sighs could be the main active principle of treatment. Conclusion: Changes in volume induced by PSE technique and, effects from crying may stimulate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex and sighs in turn improving alveolar ventilation as well as lung volume in infants.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes...BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.展开更多
We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equati...We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ｜｜X - E｜｜F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive （or antireflexive） solutions of the system mentioned above, and ｜｜·｜｜ is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.展开更多
AIM： To examine the sensory and motor response（s） of the stomach following fundic distention and to assess whether cholinergic mechanisms influence these responses. METHODS： Fundic tone, gastric sensory responses ...AIM： To examine the sensory and motor response（s） of the stomach following fundic distention and to assess whether cholinergic mechanisms influence these responses. METHODS： Fundic tone, gastric sensory responses and antral motility were evaluated in eight healthy volunteers after a probe with two sensors was placed in the antrum and a highly compliant balloon in the fundus. Isobaric balloon distentions were performed with a barostat. Study was repeated in six volunteers after intravenous atropine was given. RESULTS： Fundic antral contractions curve was higher First sensation distention induced large amplitude in all subjects. The area under the （P〈0.05） during fundic distention. was reported at 12±4 mmHg, moderate sensation at 18±4 mmHg and discomfort at 21±4 mmHg. Discomfort was associated with a decrease in antral motility. After atropine was given, the area under the curve of pressure waves and fundic tone decreased （P〈0.05）. Sensory thresholds were not affected. CONCLUSIONS： Fundic balloon distention induces an antral motor response, the fundo-antral reflex, which in part may be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms.展开更多
Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-...Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-wave amplitude and the ratio of H-wave amplitude to M-wave amplitude (the H/M ratio). We performed a cross-sectional survey of patients from a Taiwan rehabilitation center (n = 64, age 20 - 87) who presented with lower back pain that radiated to the leg and received a referral for electrodiagnostic examinations. Reference values for H-wave profile parameters were determined using data from lumbosacral radiculopathy-negative patients (n = 10, age 22 - 53), who had normal big toe test results, ankle reflex test results, motor and sensory nerve conductive studies and F-wave latency and who displayed no evidence of radiculopathy in electromyography and imaging studies. The 50th percentile values for H/M ratio and H-wave amplitude were 28% and 6.25 mV, respectively. An H-wave profile th percentile (H/M ratio bosacral radiculopathy (n = 64). Approximately 41% of patients with an H-wave profile th percentile showed electromyography-confirmed chronic radiculopathy. Electromyography-confirmed current radiculopathy was observed in 35% of patients with an H/R展开更多
We study the central reflexive properties of rings with an involution. The concept of central *-reflexive rings is introduced and investigated. It is shown that central *-reflexive rings are a generalization of reflex...We study the central reflexive properties of rings with an involution. The concept of central *-reflexive rings is introduced and investigated. It is shown that central *-reflexive rings are a generalization of reflexive rings, central reflexive rings and *-reflexive rings. Some characterizations of this class of rings are given. The related ring extensions including trivial extension, Dorroh extension and polynomial extensions are also studied.展开更多
Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide s...Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide scope of applications in high technologies(cryptography,astronomy,data security,various coding theory problems,communication networks,etc.).A labeling or a valuation of a graph is any mapping that sends a certain set of graph elements to a certain set of numbers subject to certain conditions.Graph labeling is a mapping of elements of the graph,i.e.,vertex and for edges to a set of numbers(usually positive integers),called labels.If the domain is the vertex-set or the edge-set,the labelings are called vertex labelings or edge labelings respectively.Similarly,if the domain is V(G)[E(G)],then the labeling is called total labeling.A reflexive edge irregular k-labeling of graph introduced by Tanna et al.:A total labeling of graph such that for any two different edges ab and a'b'of the graph their weights has wt_(x)(ab)=x(a)+x(ab)+x(b) and wt_(x)(a'b')=x(a')+x(a'b')+x(b') are distinct.The smallest value of k for which such labeling exist is called the reflexive edge strength of the graph and is denoted by res(G).In this paper we have found the exact value of the reflexive edge irregularity strength of the categorical product of two paths (P_(a)×P_(b))for any choice of a≥3 and b≥3.展开更多
基金Supported by NSFC(No.12171062)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2022NSCQ-JQX0004)+1 种基金the Chongqing Talent Support Program(No.cstc2024ycjh-bgzxm0121)Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Education Committee(No.KJZD-M202300503)。
文摘The purpose of this article is to introduce a new method with a self-adaptive stepsize for approximating a common solution of monotone inclusion problems and variational inequality problems in reflexive Banach spaces.The strong convergence result for our method is established under some standard assumptions without any requirement of the knowledge of the Lipschitz constant of the mapping.Several numerical experiments are provided to verify the advantages and efficiency of proposed algorithms.
文摘Objective:To investigate the suppressive effect of dexmedetomidine on the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and its impact on vital signs.Methods:A total of 60 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery admitted to our hospital from January to August 2025 were selected and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group,with 30 cases in each group,using a random number table method.The control group received an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection 30 minutes before the end of surgery,while the observation group received an intravenous pump infusion of dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg,diluted to 4μg/ml with normal saline).The severity of cough(graded from 0 to 3)and vital signs,including heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO₂),were recorded 5 minutes before extubation,at the time of extubation,and 5 minutes after extubation in both groups.Results:The severity of cough in the observation group was significantly milder than that in the control group(P<0.05),with a significantly higher proportion of grade 0 cough in the observation group(23.33%vs 3.33%).At extubation and five minutes post-extubation,the observation group exhibited significantly lower HR,SBP,and DBP than the control group(P<0.05).In contrast,SpO_(2)levels remained comparable between the groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine can effectively suppress the cough reflex during tracheal extubation in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia,reduce the severity of cough,stabilize hemodynamic parameters,and has no significant impact on respiratory function,demonstrating good clinical safety.
文摘BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis(MS)is known to affect many sensory systems,yet most auditory research in MS has focused on the afferent pathways,with relatively few studies examining efferent function.The brainstem is a common site for MS plaques,and the medial olivocochlear(MOC)system is located in the superior olivary complex(SOC)of the brainstem.The cochlear nuclei are also involved in the MOC reflex arc.Additionally,the temporal cortex can modulate the SOC and cochlear nucleus,so lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex may affect the MOC reflex in MS.AIM To investigate efferent auditory system activity in patients with multiple sclerosis via the MOC reflex.METHODS The study included 50 patients with MS and 50 healthy controls.Patients with MS were divided into three subgroups according to cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings:Patients with brainstem lesions(Group 1,n=20);patients with temporal cortex lesions without brainstem involvement(Group 2,n=20);and patients without any lesions in the brainstem or temporal cortex(Group 3,n=10).Tympanometry,acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds,pure-tone audiometry,and transientevoked otoacoustic emission(TEOAE)tests(with and without contralateral noise)were performed for all participants.RESULTS There was no significant difference in pure-tone hearing thresholds or baseline TEOAE amplitudes between the MS and control groups,indicating normal cochlear function in patients with MS;however,MOC reflex suppression was significantly reduced in patients with MS compared to controls(P=0.021).In particular,Group 1(MS with brainstem lesions)showed the lowest mean suppression values,which was significantly lower than that of Group 2 and the control group(P=0.002).By contrast,Group 2 and Group 3 did not significantly differ from controls.Additionally,patients with MS exhibited a sex difference in MOC function:Male patients had significantly lower suppression compared to female patients both within Group 1 and in the MS group as a whole.CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the efferent auditory system(specifically the MOC reflex)is affected by MS.MOC reflex activity was most significantly decreased in patients with MS with brainstem lesions,while temporal cortex lesions alone did not appear to notably impair the MOC reflex.Diminished MOC activity may underlie various auditory difficulties in patients with MS(e.g.,hearing in noise),and loss of efferent suppression could contribute to symptoms such as hyperacusis or tinnitus in this population.Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between MOC dysfunction and auditory symptoms in MS,as well as the potential diagnostic value of MOC testing in MS.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12027811 and 12275222)。
文摘The cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode is a new type of pulsed hard X-ray load,which has the advantages of simple structure,high radiation conversion efficiency,and simplicity in seriesparallel operation.This paper presents a method to reduce the impedance of the triode using a multiring cathode.The average electric field on the ring-cathode emission surface is enhanced due to edge effect,and the beam intensity is greatly increased in proportion to the square of the electric field strength.Multi-ring cathode is used to enlarge the emission area.Therefore,the reflex triode can work at lower impedance and generate a stronger beam under the same anode-cathode gap.In addition,the electric field enhancement of the cathode reduces the cathode emission stabilization time and enhances the operation stability of the triode.The effects of parameters such as ring width and ring gap on the triode impedance are simulated and studied.The cathode emission stabilization time and the X-ray conversion efficiency are compared.The design basis of cathode structure parameters and the impedance control method of the cylindrical virtual cathode reflex triode are given according to the simulations.
基金supported by grants from National Science and Technology Ministry Key Research and Development Program–Project(2022YFC2402703).
文摘Objective:This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel software tool for robust analysis of the Visually Enhanced Vestibular-Ocular Reflex(VVOR)and video head impulse test(vHIT)saccades.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 94 patients with Meniere’s Disease(MD),unilateral vestibular hypofunction(UVH),and vestibular migraine(VM).The MATLAB-based VVOR Analysis System and Saccades All in One software were utilized for data processing.New techniques,VVOR_diff and VVOR_cycle,were deployed for saccade parameter extraction.Results:Saccade incidence rates,examined through vHIT,VVOR_diff,and VVOR_cycle,exhibited distinct patterns in MD,UVH,and VM patients.Frequent instances of multiple saccades within a single cycle were noted on the affected side in MD and UVH patients.Statistically significant differences in saccade gain and incidence rates between the affected and unaffected sides were evident in MD and UVH patients.Notably,high inter-method and intra-method correlations suggested consistency across different methods and potential interactions within one.Conclusion:The software proved effective in extracting saccades and reducing noise in VVOR data,thereby enhancing the evaluation of vestibular function and potentially improving diagnostic accuracy for vestibular disorders.
基金funded by Researchers Supporting Program at King Saud University (RSPD2023R809).
文摘Pupil dynamics are the important characteristics of face spoofing detection.The face recognition system is one of the most used biometrics for authenticating individual identity.The main threats to the facial recognition system are different types of presentation attacks like print attacks,3D mask attacks,replay attacks,etc.The proposed model uses pupil characteristics for liveness detection during the authentication process.The pupillary light reflex is an involuntary reaction controlling the pupil’s diameter at different light intensities.The proposed framework consists of two-phase methodologies.In the first phase,the pupil’s diameter is calculated by applying stimulus(light)in one eye of the subject and calculating the constriction of the pupil size on both eyes in different video frames.The above measurement is converted into feature space using Kohn and Clynes model-defined parameters.The Support Vector Machine is used to classify legitimate subjects when the diameter change is normal(or when the eye is alive)or illegitimate subjects when there is no change or abnormal oscillations of pupil behavior due to the presence of printed photograph,video,or 3D mask of the subject in front of the camera.In the second phase,we perform the facial recognition process.Scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT)is used to find the features from the facial images,with each feature having a size of a 128-dimensional vector.These features are scale,rotation,and orientation invariant and are used for recognizing facial images.The brute force matching algorithm is used for matching features of two different images.The threshold value we considered is 0.08 for good matches.To analyze the performance of the framework,we tested our model in two Face antispoofing datasets named Replay attack datasets and CASIA-SURF datasets,which were used because they contain the videos of the subjects in each sample having three modalities(RGB,IR,Depth).The CASIA-SURF datasets showed an 89.9%Equal Error Rate,while the Replay Attack datasets showed a 92.1%Equal Error Rate.
文摘This article examines the critical integration of reflexivity,cultural sensitivity,and emergent design in qualitative psychiatry research focused on lived experiences.While quantitative methods offer essential clinical insights,qualitative approaches provide a deeper understanding of the emotional,psychological,and social dimensions of mental health.Reflexivity enables researchers to remain aware of how their personal biases and professional backgrounds shape data interpretation.Cultural sensitivity ensures that mental health conditions are understood within their broader cultural contexts,helping avoid misrepresentation and promoting authentic participant expression.Emergent design offers flexibility in adapting the research process to evolving themes,particularly in the dynamic and multifaceted realm of psychiatric conditions.Together,these principles promote ethically sound,participant-centered research that captures the full complexity of lived experiences.The article also highlighted the practical implications of these principles for enhancing both academic knowledge and clinical practice in psychiatry.
文摘Hepatitis D virus(HDV)can infect HBsAg-positive individuals,causing rapid fibrosis progression,early decompensation,increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk,and higher mortality than hepatitis B virus(HBV)mono-infection.Most countries lack high-quality HDV prevalence data,and the collection techniques employed often bias published data.In recent meta-analyses,HDV prevalence in HBsAg-positive patients reaches 5%-15%and is even significantly higher in endemic areas.Since HBV vaccination programs were implemented,HDV prevalence has decreased among younger populations.However,owing to immigrant influx,it has increased in some Western countries.The current practice of HDV screening in HBsAg-positive individuals is stepwise,based on physician’s discretion,and limited to at-risk populations and may require numerous visits.Double reflex testing,which includes anti-HDV testing in all HBsAg-positive individuals and then HDV RNA testing for anti-HDV-positive ones,is uncommon.Reflex testing can identify more HDV infection cases and link identified patients to further care and follow-up.Moreover,laboratory-based double reflex screening is less biased than physician-led testing.Therefore,health-care providers should learn about reflex testing,and federal and provincial hepatitis control programs should implement laboratory-based double reflex testing to obtain reliable HDV prevalence estimates.The test’s cost-effectiveness depends on the number of HBV-positive patients screened to identify one HDV-positive patient.Such testing may be viable in areas with low HBsAg but high HDV prevalence.However,its economic impact on areas with low HDV prevalence needs further study.
文摘This study outlines the essential nursing strategies employed in the care of 10 patients experiencing vascular vagal reflex, managed with artificial liver support systems. It highlights a holistic nursing approach tailored to the distinct clinical manifestations of these patients. Key interventions included early detection of psychological issues prior to initiating treatment, the implementation of comprehensive health education, meticulous monitoring of vital signs throughout the therapy, prompt emergency interventions when needed, adherence to prescribed medication protocols, and careful post-treatment observations including venous catheter management. Following rigorous treatment and dedicated nursing care, 7 patients demonstrated significant improvement and were subsequently discharged.
基金Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(1 9771 0 72 ) .
文摘Algebraic reflexivity introduced by Hadwin is related to linear interpolation.In this paper,the concepts of weakly algebraic reflexivity and strongly algebraic reflexivity which are also related to linear interpolation are introduced.Some properties of them are obtained and some relations between them revealed
文摘Background: The prolonged slow expiratory (PSE) technique can induce sigh breaths related to the Hering-Breuer reflex in children.PSE is a specific chest physiotherapy technique often used in children to help with the clearance of secretions, reduce pulmonary obstruction and decrease ventilatory effort. Purpose: The main objective of this review was to synthesize and clarify the existing knowledge of the physiological mechanism behind the Hering-Breuer reflex and its utility in the PSE technique. The secondary objective was to provide an overview of PSE which is probably the main mechanical feature for mucus clearance in infants and to identify gaps and any further research required. Method: A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and Ovid EMBASE, from 1968 to January 2024, using search terms relating to “Interaction of Hering-Breuer reflex and chest physiotherapy therapy, sigh breath in infants and prolonged slow expiration technique” to create an overview of the advances and gaps in current knowledge of PSE. Result: The data obtained following treatment with PSE maneuvers in infants with histories of recurrent wheezing shows that the presence of sighs could be the main active principle of treatment. Conclusion: Changes in volume induced by PSE technique and, effects from crying may stimulate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex and sighs in turn improving alveolar ventilation as well as lung volume in infants.
文摘BACKGROUND Blink and masseter reflexes provide reliable,quantifiable data on the function of the central nervous system:Delayed latencies have been found in patients with neurocognitive disorder(ND)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),but this has not been studied in patients with both pathologies.AIM To investigate if older adults with ND plus T2DM have prolonged latencies of blink and masseter-reflex and if they were associated with disease progression.METHODS This cross-sectional study included 227 older adults(>60 years)from Colima,Mexico.Neurocognitive disorder was identified by a neuropsychological battery test,and T2DM identified by medical history,fasting glucose,and glycosylated hemoglobin.Latencies in the early reflex(R1),ipsilateral late(R2),and contralateral late(R2c)components of the blink reflex were analyzed for all subjects,and 183 subjects were analyzed for latency of the masseter reflex.RESULTS In 20.7%of participants,ND was detected.In 37%,T2DM was detected.Latencies in R1,R2,and R2c were significantly prolonged for groups with ND plus T2DM,ND,and T2DM,compared with the control group(P<0.0001).The masseter reflex was only prolonged in older adults(regardless of T2DM status)with ND vs controls(P=0.030).In older adults with ND and without T2DM,the more the cognitive impairment progressed,the more prolonged latencies in R2 and R2c presented(P<0.01).CONCLUSION These findings suggest that blink and masseter reflexes could be used to evaluate possible changes in brainstem circuits in older adults with ND and T2DM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No.60672160）
文摘We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and an expression of the （anti）reflexive solution with respect to the nontrivial generalized reflection matrix P to the system of complex matrix equations AX = B and XC = D. The explicit solutions of the approximation problem min x∈Ф ｜｜X - E｜｜F was given, where E is a given complex matrix and Ф is the set of all reflexive （or antireflexive） solutions of the system mentioned above, and ｜｜·｜｜ is the Frobenius norm. Furthermore, it was pointed that some results in a recent paper are special cases of this paper.
基金Supported in part by an American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Research Grant, RR00059 by General Clinical Research Centers Program, R01DK5 7100-03, National Institutes of Health
文摘AIM： To examine the sensory and motor response（s） of the stomach following fundic distention and to assess whether cholinergic mechanisms influence these responses. METHODS： Fundic tone, gastric sensory responses and antral motility were evaluated in eight healthy volunteers after a probe with two sensors was placed in the antrum and a highly compliant balloon in the fundus. Isobaric balloon distentions were performed with a barostat. Study was repeated in six volunteers after intravenous atropine was given. RESULTS： Fundic antral contractions curve was higher First sensation distention induced large amplitude in all subjects. The area under the （P〈0.05） during fundic distention. was reported at 12±4 mmHg, moderate sensation at 18±4 mmHg and discomfort at 21±4 mmHg. Discomfort was associated with a decrease in antral motility. After atropine was given, the area under the curve of pressure waves and fundic tone decreased （P〈0.05）. Sensory thresholds were not affected. CONCLUSIONS： Fundic balloon distention induces an antral motor response, the fundo-antral reflex, which in part may be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms.
文摘Unilateral reference values for Hoffmann’s amplitude could be applied to the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy, especially in patients with bilateral lesions. Here, we assessed Hoffmann’s reflex by measuring H-wave amplitude and the ratio of H-wave amplitude to M-wave amplitude (the H/M ratio). We performed a cross-sectional survey of patients from a Taiwan rehabilitation center (n = 64, age 20 - 87) who presented with lower back pain that radiated to the leg and received a referral for electrodiagnostic examinations. Reference values for H-wave profile parameters were determined using data from lumbosacral radiculopathy-negative patients (n = 10, age 22 - 53), who had normal big toe test results, ankle reflex test results, motor and sensory nerve conductive studies and F-wave latency and who displayed no evidence of radiculopathy in electromyography and imaging studies. The 50th percentile values for H/M ratio and H-wave amplitude were 28% and 6.25 mV, respectively. An H-wave profile th percentile (H/M ratio bosacral radiculopathy (n = 64). Approximately 41% of patients with an H-wave profile th percentile showed electromyography-confirmed chronic radiculopathy. Electromyography-confirmed current radiculopathy was observed in 35% of patients with an H/R
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11601005)。
文摘We study the central reflexive properties of rings with an involution. The concept of central *-reflexive rings is introduced and investigated. It is shown that central *-reflexive rings are a generalization of reflexive rings, central reflexive rings and *-reflexive rings. Some characterizations of this class of rings are given. The related ring extensions including trivial extension, Dorroh extension and polynomial extensions are also studied.
文摘Among the huge diversity of ideas that show up while studying graph theory,one that has obtained a lot of popularity is the concept of labelings of graphs.Graph labelings give valuable mathematical models for a wide scope of applications in high technologies(cryptography,astronomy,data security,various coding theory problems,communication networks,etc.).A labeling or a valuation of a graph is any mapping that sends a certain set of graph elements to a certain set of numbers subject to certain conditions.Graph labeling is a mapping of elements of the graph,i.e.,vertex and for edges to a set of numbers(usually positive integers),called labels.If the domain is the vertex-set or the edge-set,the labelings are called vertex labelings or edge labelings respectively.Similarly,if the domain is V(G)[E(G)],then the labeling is called total labeling.A reflexive edge irregular k-labeling of graph introduced by Tanna et al.:A total labeling of graph such that for any two different edges ab and a'b'of the graph their weights has wt_(x)(ab)=x(a)+x(ab)+x(b) and wt_(x)(a'b')=x(a')+x(a'b')+x(b') are distinct.The smallest value of k for which such labeling exist is called the reflexive edge strength of the graph and is denoted by res(G).In this paper we have found the exact value of the reflexive edge irregularity strength of the categorical product of two paths (P_(a)×P_(b))for any choice of a≥3 and b≥3.
