Low-density short-duration pulsed current-assisted aging treatment was applied to the Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Mo-0.5Zr alloy subjected to different solution treatments.The results show that numerous α_(p) phases redissolve into...Low-density short-duration pulsed current-assisted aging treatment was applied to the Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Mo-0.5Zr alloy subjected to different solution treatments.The results show that numerous α_(p) phases redissolve into the new β phase during the pulsed current-assisted aging process,and then the newly formed β phase is mainly transformed into the β_(t) phase,with occasional transition to new α_(p) phase,leading to a remarkable grain refinement,especially for the lamellarαs phases.In comparison to conventional aging treatment,the pulsed current-assisted aging approach achieves a significant enhancement in strength without degrading ductility,yielding an excellent mechanical property combination:a yield strength of 932 MPa,a tensile strength of 1042 MPa,and an elongation of 12.2%.It is primarily ascribed to the increased fraction of β_(t) phases,the obvious grain refinement effect,and the slip block effect induced by the multiple-variantαs colonies distributed within β_(t) phases.展开更多
The effect of trace addition of 0.1wt%Y on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc alloys at as-cast and heat-treated states was investigated.Results show that the additi...The effect of trace addition of 0.1wt%Y on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc alloys at as-cast and heat-treated states was investigated.Results show that the addition of 0.1wt%Y into the Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc alloys can elevate the nucleation temperature of the Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase,leading to the preferential precipitation of the Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase and increasing the amount of Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase in the matrix.Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase can also act as a heterogeneous nucleation site in theα-Al matrix to promote nucleation and refine grains.The addition of element Y changes the precipitation phase characteristics at the grain boundaries in the as-cast alloy,which changes the distribution characteristics of secondary phases from initially continuous and coarse strip-like distribution at grain boundaries into the discontinuous dot-like and rod-like distribution.Besides,the size of secondary phases becomes smaller and their amount increases.Under the combined effects of grain refinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening,the Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc-0.1Y alloy after 175℃/10 h aging treatment achieves an ultimate tensile strength of 412 MPa and an elongation of 6.3%.Compared with those of the alloy without Y addition,the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the added alloy increase by 16.1%and 53.7%,respectively.展开更多
At the start of the new year,Cao Xiucheng,Chairman of Henan No.2 Textile Machinery Co.,Ltd.,was on his way to visit clients when he kept receiving urgent calls from the Xinyang production base regarding order scheduli...At the start of the new year,Cao Xiucheng,Chairman of Henan No.2 Textile Machinery Co.,Ltd.,was on his way to visit clients when he kept receiving urgent calls from the Xinyang production base regarding order scheduling.It turned out that since the end of 2025,the company had successively secured bulk spindle orders from overseas clients in Bangladesh and other countries,coupled with continuous urgent requests for orders from domestic manufacturers.Faced with such a production peak right at the beginning of the year,Mr.Cao Xiucheng admitted,“It was truly unexpected.”展开更多
Salient object detection(SOD)models struggle to simultaneously preserve global structure,maintain sharp object boundaries,and sustain computational efficiency in complex scenes.In this study,we propose SPSALNet,a task...Salient object detection(SOD)models struggle to simultaneously preserve global structure,maintain sharp object boundaries,and sustain computational efficiency in complex scenes.In this study,we propose SPSALNet,a task-driven two-stage(macro–micro)architecture that restructures the SOD process around superpixel representations.In the proposed approach,a“split-and-enhance”principle,introduced to our knowledge for the first time in the SOD literature,hierarchically classifies superpixels and then applies targeted refinement only to ambiguous or error-prone regions.At the macro stage,the image is partitioned into content-adaptive superpixel regions,and each superpixel is represented by a high-dimensional region-level feature vector.These representations define a regional decomposition problem in which superpixels are assigned to three classes:background,object interior,and transition regions.Superpixel tokens interact with a global feature vector from a deep network backbone through a cross-attention module and are projected into an enriched embedding space that jointly encodes local topology and global context.At the micro stage,the model employs a U-Net-based refinement process that allocates computational resources only to ambiguous transition regions.The image and distance–similarity maps derived from superpixels are processed through a dual-encoder pathway.Subsequently,channel-aware fusion blocks adaptively combine information from these two sources,producing sharper and more stable object boundaries.Experimental results show that SPSALNet achieves high accuracy with lower computational cost compared to recent competing methods.On the PASCAL-S and DUT-OMRON datasets,SPSALNet exhibits a clear performance advantage across all key metrics,and it ranks first on accuracy-oriented measures on HKU-IS.On the challenging DUT-OMRON benchmark,SPSALNet reaches a MAE of 0.034.Across all datasets,it preserves object boundaries and regional structure in a stable and competitive manner.展开更多
The pursuit of Ag-based alloys with both high strength and toughness has posed a longstanding chal-lenge.In this study,we investigated the cluster strengthening and grain refinement toughening mecha-nisms in fully oxi...The pursuit of Ag-based alloys with both high strength and toughness has posed a longstanding chal-lenge.In this study,we investigated the cluster strengthening and grain refinement toughening mecha-nisms in fully oxidized AgMgNi alloys,which were internally oxidized at 800℃ for 8 h under an oxy-gen atmosphere.We found that Mg-O clusters contributed to the hardening(138 HV)and strengthening(376.9 MPa)of the AgMg alloy through solid solution strengthening effects,albeit at the expense of duc-tility.To address this limitation,we introduced Ni nanoparticles into the AgMg alloy,resulting in signifi-cant grain refinement within its microstructure.Specifically,the grain size decreased from 67.2μm in the oxidized AgMg alloy to below 6.0μm in the oxidized AgMgNi alloy containing 0.3 wt%Ni.Consequently,the toughness increased significantly,rising from toughness value of 2177.9 MJ m^(-3) in the oxidized AgMg alloy to 6186.1 MJ m^(-3) in the oxidized AgMgNi alloy,representing a remarkable 2.8-fold enhancement.Furthermore,the internally oxidized AgMgNi alloy attained a strength of up to 387.6 MPa,comparable to that of the internally oxidized AgMg alloy,thereby demonstrating the successful realization of concurrent strengthening and toughening.These results collectively offer a novel approach for the design of high-performance alloys through the synergistic combination of cluster strengthening and grain refinement toughening.展开更多
Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as...Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product,contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges.Thus,the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics,with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option.This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,fields ripe with potential for innovation.The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers.Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures,rational element selection,and functional planning,state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes,valid photocatalytic activity evaluation,and the rational design of catalysts.Furthermore,the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation.It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain,aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.展开更多
Due to the low content of alloying elements and the lack of effective nucleation sites,the fusion zone(FZ)of tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded AZ31 alloy typically exhibits undesirable coarse columnar grains,which can res...Due to the low content of alloying elements and the lack of effective nucleation sites,the fusion zone(FZ)of tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded AZ31 alloy typically exhibits undesirable coarse columnar grains,which can result in solidification defects and reduced mechanical properties.In this work,a novel welding wire containing MgO particles has been developed to promote columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET)in the FZ of TIG-welded AZ31 alloy.The results show the achievement of a fully equiaxed grain structure in the FZ,with a significant 71.9%reduction in grain size to 41 μm from the original coarse columnar dendrites.Furthermore,the combination of using MgO-containing welding wire and pulse current can further refine the grain size to 25.6 μm.Microstructural analyses reveal the homogeneous distribution of MgO particles in the FZ.The application of pulse current results in an increase in the number density of MgO(1-2 μm)from 5.16 × 10^(4) m^(-3) to 6.18 × 10^(4) m^(-3).The good crystallographic matching relationship between MgO and α-Mg matrix,characterized by the orientation relationship of[11(2)0]α-Mg//[0(1)1]MgO and(0002)_(α-Mg)//(111)_(MgO),indicates that the MgO particles can act as effective nucleation sites for α-Mg to reduce nucleation undercooling.According to the Hunt criteria,the critical temperature gradient for CET is greatly enhanced due to the significantly increased number density of MgO nucleation sites.In addition,the correlation with the thermal simulation results reveals a transition in the solidification conditions within the welding pool from the columnar grain zone to the equiaxed grain zone in the CET map,leading to the realization of CET.The exceptional grain refinement has contributed to a simultaneous improvement in the strength and plasticity of welded joints.This study presents a novel strategy for controlling equiaxed microstructure and optimizing mechanical properties in fusion welding or wire and arc additive manufacturing of Mg alloy components.展开更多
Based on thermodynamic calculations and continuous rheological extrusion(CRE)technology,Al-Ti-V-B master alloys were designed and prepared.The morphology and the distribution of the refined phases in the master alloys...Based on thermodynamic calculations and continuous rheological extrusion(CRE)technology,Al-Ti-V-B master alloys were designed and prepared.The morphology and the distribution of the refined phases in the master alloys were analyzed by XRD,SEM,and TEM.The effects of master alloy addition and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated.Under the optimum refiner addition of 0.3wt.%and the holding time of 20 min,the average grain size of the refined A356 alloy is 151.8±9.11μm,89.62%lower than that of original A356 alloy.The tensile strength and elongation of as-cast A356refined alloy are 196.11 MPa and 5.75%,respectively.After T6 treatment,the tensile strength and elongation of A356 refined alloy are 290.1 MPa and 3.09%,respectively.The fracture morphology is characterized by a predominance of along-crystal fracture with a small amount of through-crystal fracture,attributed to the refined grains.Finer grains promote crack path deflection and localized plastic deformation,enhancing energy dissipation and reducing the tendency for brittle fracture.This study provides a novel approach to improving the mechanical properties of A356 alloy through grain refinement using CRE Al-Ti-V-B master alloy.展开更多
Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storag...Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storage conditions.Limiting their use in cosmetics.Few commercial products combine acids and enzymes effectively.Objective:To investigate the physicochemical properties,in vitro exfoliation efficacy,and effects on facial skin parameters of a supramolecular acid-enzyme complex(SAE)composed of mandelic acid(MAN),betaine(BET),and composite enzymes(CE;papain and bromelain),thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for cosmetic applications.Methods:The supramolecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy.Dissolution experiments were conducted to compare the solubility of SAE and CE in aqueous solutions.Enzymatic activity assays evaluated the stabilizing effect of supramolecular deep eutectic technology on enzymes.In vitro exfoliation tests assessed acid-enzyme synergy in keratin removal.A 4-week clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of a 2%SAE essence aqueous solution on facial skin parameters.Results:Dissolution experiments confirmed that supramolecular deep eutectic technology significantly improved enzyme solubility.Enzymatic activity tests demonstrated that this technology effectively preserved protease activity,substantially enhancing its practical applicability.Furthermore,in vitro exfoliation efficacy tests revealed that this technology strengthened the synergistic interaction between acids and enzymes and exhibited superior stratum corneum-removing capability of the SAE.In clinical evaluations of efficacy,after 7 days of using the essence containing SAE,the formulation significantly enhanced cheek gloss(+8.08%),while reducing comedones volume(-16.25%).after 28 days,significantly enhanced cheek hydration(+25.0%,SCH),gloss(+15.93%),and smoothness(−7.78%SEsm),while reducing TEWL(−6.86%),sebum(−15.54%),roughness(+16.24%SEr),and pore metrics(volume:−39.98%;count:−30.64%),and decreased comedones(blackheads:−70.33%;Whiteheads:−52.42%;all p<0.05).Conclusion:The supramolecular acid-enzyme complex demonstrates enhanced stability,improved solubility,and superior exfoliation efficacy compared to free enzymes.Clinical results further confirm its multifunctional benefits,including enhancing skin hydration,sebum regulation,barrier repair,pore refinement,and comedolytic effects.This study provides both theoretical and practical foundations for developing stable acid-enzyme combinations in dermatological applications.展开更多
High cracking susceptibility of Al-Li alloys with Ti/Ce B6addition is thoroughly suppressed in laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)processing of Ti/Ce co-modified 2195 alloys at relatively high scan speeds,while the cracking...High cracking susceptibility of Al-Li alloys with Ti/Ce B6addition is thoroughly suppressed in laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)processing of Ti/Ce co-modified 2195 alloys at relatively high scan speeds,while the cracking suppression mechanism and phase formation in these composites are not clarified.In this work,microstructure evolution and mechanical performance of the LPBF-fabricated Ti/Ce co-modified 2195 are investigated to reveal their cracking suppression and strengthening mechanisms.The results show that apparent grain refinement of the composites is ascribed to high supercooling from rapid formation of constitutional supercooling zone in front of solid–liquid interfaces by high-Q-value Ti solute,and heterogeneous nucleation of in situ formed Al3Ti and Al11Ce3precipitates.Their synergistic interactions promote formation of fine equiaxed grains and thus inhibit crack initiation.The composites exhibit high microhardness of 100±5HV0.2,nano-hardness of 1.6±0.1 GPa and elastic modulus of 97±3 GPa,where the elastic modulus increases by 27%and 31%compared to those of LPBF-processed and conventionally manufactured 2195 alloys,respectively.A tensile strength of 336 MPa and an elongation of 3%are obtained from in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurement.The improved properties are derived from grain refinement and Orowan strengthening.Based on the optimal processing parameter and composition,a bracket component filled with lattice structures is designed and manufactured with good manufacturing quality and processing accuracy.展开更多
To investigate the effect of microstructure evolution on corrosion behavior and strengthening mechanism of Mg-1Zn-1Ca(wt.%)alloys,as-cast Mg-1Zn-1Ca alloys were performed by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)with 1 ...To investigate the effect of microstructure evolution on corrosion behavior and strengthening mechanism of Mg-1Zn-1Ca(wt.%)alloys,as-cast Mg-1Zn-1Ca alloys were performed by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)with 1 and 4 passes.The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of alloys were investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),electrochemical tests,immersion tests and tensile tests.The results showed that mechanical properties improved after ECAP 1 pass;however,the corrosion resistance deteriorated due to high-density dislocations and fragmented secondary phases by ECAP.In contrast,synchronous improvement in the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was achieved though grain refinement after ECAP 4 passes;fine grains led to a significant improvement in the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,elongation,and corrosion rate of 103 MPa,223 MPa,30.5%,and 1.5843 mm/a,respectively.The enhanced corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of dense corrosion product films by finer grains and the barrier effect by high-density grain boundaries.These results indicated that Mg-1Zn-1Ca alloy has a promising potential for application in biomedical materials.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB3700801)。
文摘Low-density short-duration pulsed current-assisted aging treatment was applied to the Ti-6Al-4V-0.5Mo-0.5Zr alloy subjected to different solution treatments.The results show that numerous α_(p) phases redissolve into the new β phase during the pulsed current-assisted aging process,and then the newly formed β phase is mainly transformed into the β_(t) phase,with occasional transition to new α_(p) phase,leading to a remarkable grain refinement,especially for the lamellarαs phases.In comparison to conventional aging treatment,the pulsed current-assisted aging approach achieves a significant enhancement in strength without degrading ductility,yielding an excellent mechanical property combination:a yield strength of 932 MPa,a tensile strength of 1042 MPa,and an elongation of 12.2%.It is primarily ascribed to the increased fraction of β_(t) phases,the obvious grain refinement effect,and the slip block effect induced by the multiple-variantαs colonies distributed within β_(t) phases.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52071065)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2007007)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Henan Province Science and Technology R&D Program(N225200810040)High-Level Talent Research Start-Up Project Funding of Henan Academy of Sciences(N242017003)Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Basic Research Projects for Colleges and Universities(LJ212410142093)。
文摘The effect of trace addition of 0.1wt%Y on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc alloys at as-cast and heat-treated states was investigated.Results show that the addition of 0.1wt%Y into the Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc alloys can elevate the nucleation temperature of the Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase,leading to the preferential precipitation of the Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase and increasing the amount of Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase in the matrix.Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)phase can also act as a heterogeneous nucleation site in theα-Al matrix to promote nucleation and refine grains.The addition of element Y changes the precipitation phase characteristics at the grain boundaries in the as-cast alloy,which changes the distribution characteristics of secondary phases from initially continuous and coarse strip-like distribution at grain boundaries into the discontinuous dot-like and rod-like distribution.Besides,the size of secondary phases becomes smaller and their amount increases.Under the combined effects of grain refinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening,the Al-2.2Li-1.5Cu-0.5Mg-1Zn-0.2Zr-0.2Sc-0.1Y alloy after 175℃/10 h aging treatment achieves an ultimate tensile strength of 412 MPa and an elongation of 6.3%.Compared with those of the alloy without Y addition,the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the added alloy increase by 16.1%and 53.7%,respectively.
文摘At the start of the new year,Cao Xiucheng,Chairman of Henan No.2 Textile Machinery Co.,Ltd.,was on his way to visit clients when he kept receiving urgent calls from the Xinyang production base regarding order scheduling.It turned out that since the end of 2025,the company had successively secured bulk spindle orders from overseas clients in Bangladesh and other countries,coupled with continuous urgent requests for orders from domestic manufacturers.Faced with such a production peak right at the beginning of the year,Mr.Cao Xiucheng admitted,“It was truly unexpected.”
文摘Salient object detection(SOD)models struggle to simultaneously preserve global structure,maintain sharp object boundaries,and sustain computational efficiency in complex scenes.In this study,we propose SPSALNet,a task-driven two-stage(macro–micro)architecture that restructures the SOD process around superpixel representations.In the proposed approach,a“split-and-enhance”principle,introduced to our knowledge for the first time in the SOD literature,hierarchically classifies superpixels and then applies targeted refinement only to ambiguous or error-prone regions.At the macro stage,the image is partitioned into content-adaptive superpixel regions,and each superpixel is represented by a high-dimensional region-level feature vector.These representations define a regional decomposition problem in which superpixels are assigned to three classes:background,object interior,and transition regions.Superpixel tokens interact with a global feature vector from a deep network backbone through a cross-attention module and are projected into an enriched embedding space that jointly encodes local topology and global context.At the micro stage,the model employs a U-Net-based refinement process that allocates computational resources only to ambiguous transition regions.The image and distance–similarity maps derived from superpixels are processed through a dual-encoder pathway.Subsequently,channel-aware fusion blocks adaptively combine information from these two sources,producing sharper and more stable object boundaries.Experimental results show that SPSALNet achieves high accuracy with lower computational cost compared to recent competing methods.On the PASCAL-S and DUT-OMRON datasets,SPSALNet exhibits a clear performance advantage across all key metrics,and it ranks first on accuracy-oriented measures on HKU-IS.On the challenging DUT-OMRON benchmark,SPSALNet reaches a MAE of 0.034.Across all datasets,it preserves object boundaries and regional structure in a stable and competitive manner.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51977027 and 51967008)the Scientific and Technological Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Lab-oratory(Nos.YPML-2023050250 and YPML-2022050206).
文摘The pursuit of Ag-based alloys with both high strength and toughness has posed a longstanding chal-lenge.In this study,we investigated the cluster strengthening and grain refinement toughening mecha-nisms in fully oxidized AgMgNi alloys,which were internally oxidized at 800℃ for 8 h under an oxy-gen atmosphere.We found that Mg-O clusters contributed to the hardening(138 HV)and strengthening(376.9 MPa)of the AgMg alloy through solid solution strengthening effects,albeit at the expense of duc-tility.To address this limitation,we introduced Ni nanoparticles into the AgMg alloy,resulting in signifi-cant grain refinement within its microstructure.Specifically,the grain size decreased from 67.2μm in the oxidized AgMg alloy to below 6.0μm in the oxidized AgMgNi alloy containing 0.3 wt%Ni.Consequently,the toughness increased significantly,rising from toughness value of 2177.9 MJ m^(-3) in the oxidized AgMg alloy to 6186.1 MJ m^(-3) in the oxidized AgMgNi alloy,representing a remarkable 2.8-fold enhancement.Furthermore,the internally oxidized AgMgNi alloy attained a strength of up to 387.6 MPa,comparable to that of the internally oxidized AgMg alloy,thereby demonstrating the successful realization of concurrent strengthening and toughening.These results collectively offer a novel approach for the design of high-performance alloys through the synergistic combination of cluster strengthening and grain refinement toughening.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21675131)the Volkswagen Foundation(Freigeist Fellowship No.89592)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.2020jcyj-zdxmX0003,CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0924)the National Research Foundation,Singapore,and A*STAR(Agency for Science Technology and Research)under its LCER Phase 2 Programme Hydrogen&Emerging Technologies FI,Directed Hydrogen Programme(Award No.U2305D4003).
文摘Ammonia and nitric acid,versatile industrial feedstocks,and burgeoning clean energy vectors hold immense promise for sustainable development.However,Haber–Bosch and Ostwald processes,which generates carbon dioxide as massive by-product,contribute to greenhouse effects and pose environmental challenges.Thus,the pursuit of nitrogen fixation through carbon–neutral pathways under benign conditions is a frontier of scientific topics,with the harnessing of solar energy emerging as an enticing and viable option.This review delves into the refinement strategies for scale-up mild photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,fields ripe with potential for innovation.The narrative is centered on enhancing the intrinsic capabilities of catalysts to surmount current efficiency barriers.Key focus areas include the in-depth exploration of fundamental mechanisms underpinning photocatalytic procedures,rational element selection,and functional planning,state-of-the-art experimental protocols for understanding photo-fixation processes,valid photocatalytic activity evaluation,and the rational design of catalysts.Furthermore,the review offers a suite of forward-looking recommendations aimed at propelling the advancement of mild nitrogen photo-fixation.It scrutinizes the existing challenges and prospects within this burgeoning domain,aspiring to equip researchers with insightful perspectives that can catalyze the evolution of cutting-edge nitrogen fixation methodologies and steer the development of next-generation photocatalytic systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51871155).
文摘Due to the low content of alloying elements and the lack of effective nucleation sites,the fusion zone(FZ)of tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded AZ31 alloy typically exhibits undesirable coarse columnar grains,which can result in solidification defects and reduced mechanical properties.In this work,a novel welding wire containing MgO particles has been developed to promote columnar-to-equiaxed transition(CET)in the FZ of TIG-welded AZ31 alloy.The results show the achievement of a fully equiaxed grain structure in the FZ,with a significant 71.9%reduction in grain size to 41 μm from the original coarse columnar dendrites.Furthermore,the combination of using MgO-containing welding wire and pulse current can further refine the grain size to 25.6 μm.Microstructural analyses reveal the homogeneous distribution of MgO particles in the FZ.The application of pulse current results in an increase in the number density of MgO(1-2 μm)from 5.16 × 10^(4) m^(-3) to 6.18 × 10^(4) m^(-3).The good crystallographic matching relationship between MgO and α-Mg matrix,characterized by the orientation relationship of[11(2)0]α-Mg//[0(1)1]MgO and(0002)_(α-Mg)//(111)_(MgO),indicates that the MgO particles can act as effective nucleation sites for α-Mg to reduce nucleation undercooling.According to the Hunt criteria,the critical temperature gradient for CET is greatly enhanced due to the significantly increased number density of MgO nucleation sites.In addition,the correlation with the thermal simulation results reveals a transition in the solidification conditions within the welding pool from the columnar grain zone to the equiaxed grain zone in the CET map,leading to the realization of CET.The exceptional grain refinement has contributed to a simultaneous improvement in the strength and plasticity of welded joints.This study presents a novel strategy for controlling equiaxed microstructure and optimizing mechanical properties in fusion welding or wire and arc additive manufacturing of Mg alloy components.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2022YFB3706801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.U2341253,52371019,U2241232)+2 种基金the Dalian High-level Talents Innovation Support Program (Grant No.2021RD06)the Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Province (Grant No.2022JH2/101300003)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant Nos.2022-BS-262,JYTMS20230031)。
文摘Based on thermodynamic calculations and continuous rheological extrusion(CRE)technology,Al-Ti-V-B master alloys were designed and prepared.The morphology and the distribution of the refined phases in the master alloys were analyzed by XRD,SEM,and TEM.The effects of master alloy addition and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 alloy were investigated.Under the optimum refiner addition of 0.3wt.%and the holding time of 20 min,the average grain size of the refined A356 alloy is 151.8±9.11μm,89.62%lower than that of original A356 alloy.The tensile strength and elongation of as-cast A356refined alloy are 196.11 MPa and 5.75%,respectively.After T6 treatment,the tensile strength and elongation of A356 refined alloy are 290.1 MPa and 3.09%,respectively.The fracture morphology is characterized by a predominance of along-crystal fracture with a small amount of through-crystal fracture,attributed to the refined grains.Finer grains promote crack path deflection and localized plastic deformation,enhancing energy dissipation and reducing the tendency for brittle fracture.This study provides a novel approach to improving the mechanical properties of A356 alloy through grain refinement using CRE Al-Ti-V-B master alloy.
文摘Background:Enzyme fragility remains a major challenge in research and applications.Free enzymes are highly unstable,inactivated by heat,acid,alkali,or organic solvents,and often lose activity even under optimal storage conditions.Limiting their use in cosmetics.Few commercial products combine acids and enzymes effectively.Objective:To investigate the physicochemical properties,in vitro exfoliation efficacy,and effects on facial skin parameters of a supramolecular acid-enzyme complex(SAE)composed of mandelic acid(MAN),betaine(BET),and composite enzymes(CE;papain and bromelain),thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for cosmetic applications.Methods:The supramolecular structure was characterized using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)spectroscopy.Dissolution experiments were conducted to compare the solubility of SAE and CE in aqueous solutions.Enzymatic activity assays evaluated the stabilizing effect of supramolecular deep eutectic technology on enzymes.In vitro exfoliation tests assessed acid-enzyme synergy in keratin removal.A 4-week clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of a 2%SAE essence aqueous solution on facial skin parameters.Results:Dissolution experiments confirmed that supramolecular deep eutectic technology significantly improved enzyme solubility.Enzymatic activity tests demonstrated that this technology effectively preserved protease activity,substantially enhancing its practical applicability.Furthermore,in vitro exfoliation efficacy tests revealed that this technology strengthened the synergistic interaction between acids and enzymes and exhibited superior stratum corneum-removing capability of the SAE.In clinical evaluations of efficacy,after 7 days of using the essence containing SAE,the formulation significantly enhanced cheek gloss(+8.08%),while reducing comedones volume(-16.25%).after 28 days,significantly enhanced cheek hydration(+25.0%,SCH),gloss(+15.93%),and smoothness(−7.78%SEsm),while reducing TEWL(−6.86%),sebum(−15.54%),roughness(+16.24%SEr),and pore metrics(volume:−39.98%;count:−30.64%),and decreased comedones(blackheads:−70.33%;Whiteheads:−52.42%;all p<0.05).Conclusion:The supramolecular acid-enzyme complex demonstrates enhanced stability,improved solubility,and superior exfoliation efficacy compared to free enzymes.Clinical results further confirm its multifunctional benefits,including enhancing skin hydration,sebum regulation,barrier repair,pore refinement,and comedolytic effects.This study provides both theoretical and practical foundations for developing stable acid-enzyme combinations in dermatological applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52205382,52225503)National Key Research and Development Program(No.2023YFB4603300)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BE2022069,BZ2024019)National Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups(No.51921003)International Joint Laboratory of Sustainable Manufacturing,Ministry of Education and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(NG2024014)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of NUAA(xcxjh20230616)。
文摘High cracking susceptibility of Al-Li alloys with Ti/Ce B6addition is thoroughly suppressed in laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)processing of Ti/Ce co-modified 2195 alloys at relatively high scan speeds,while the cracking suppression mechanism and phase formation in these composites are not clarified.In this work,microstructure evolution and mechanical performance of the LPBF-fabricated Ti/Ce co-modified 2195 are investigated to reveal their cracking suppression and strengthening mechanisms.The results show that apparent grain refinement of the composites is ascribed to high supercooling from rapid formation of constitutional supercooling zone in front of solid–liquid interfaces by high-Q-value Ti solute,and heterogeneous nucleation of in situ formed Al3Ti and Al11Ce3precipitates.Their synergistic interactions promote formation of fine equiaxed grains and thus inhibit crack initiation.The composites exhibit high microhardness of 100±5HV0.2,nano-hardness of 1.6±0.1 GPa and elastic modulus of 97±3 GPa,where the elastic modulus increases by 27%and 31%compared to those of LPBF-processed and conventionally manufactured 2195 alloys,respectively.A tensile strength of 336 MPa and an elongation of 3%are obtained from in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurement.The improved properties are derived from grain refinement and Orowan strengthening.Based on the optimal processing parameter and composition,a bracket component filled with lattice structures is designed and manufactured with good manufacturing quality and processing accuracy.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374395)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province,China(Nos.20210302123135,202303021221143)+5 种基金the Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation Guidance Special Project of Shanxi Province,China(Nos.202104021301022,202204021301009)the Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(No.YDZJSX20231B003)the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for financial support under the Megagrant(No.075-15-2022-1133)the National Research Foundation(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of Korea through the Research Institute of Advanced Materials(No.2015R1A2A1A01006795)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M710541)the Research Project supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(No.2022-038)。
文摘To investigate the effect of microstructure evolution on corrosion behavior and strengthening mechanism of Mg-1Zn-1Ca(wt.%)alloys,as-cast Mg-1Zn-1Ca alloys were performed by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)with 1 and 4 passes.The corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of alloys were investigated by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),electrochemical tests,immersion tests and tensile tests.The results showed that mechanical properties improved after ECAP 1 pass;however,the corrosion resistance deteriorated due to high-density dislocations and fragmented secondary phases by ECAP.In contrast,synchronous improvement in the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was achieved though grain refinement after ECAP 4 passes;fine grains led to a significant improvement in the yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,elongation,and corrosion rate of 103 MPa,223 MPa,30.5%,and 1.5843 mm/a,respectively.The enhanced corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of dense corrosion product films by finer grains and the barrier effect by high-density grain boundaries.These results indicated that Mg-1Zn-1Ca alloy has a promising potential for application in biomedical materials.
