Reduced-reference （RR） video-quality estimators send a small signature to the receiver. This signature comprises the original video content as well as the video stream. RR quality estimation provides reliability and...Reduced-reference （RR） video-quality estimators send a small signature to the receiver. This signature comprises the original video content as well as the video stream. RR quality estimation provides reliability and involves a small data payload. While significant in theory, RR estimators have only recently been used in practice for quality monitoring and adaptive system con- trol in streaming-video frameworks. In this paper, we classify RR algorithms according to whether they are based on a） model- ing the signal distortion, b） modeling the human visual system, or c） analyzing the video signal source. We review proposed RR techniques for monitoring and controlling quality in streaming video systems.展开更多
Air quality estimation assesses the pollution level in the air,supports public health warnings,and is a valuable tool in environmental management.Although air sensors have proven helpful in this task,sensors are often...Air quality estimation assesses the pollution level in the air,supports public health warnings,and is a valuable tool in environmental management.Although air sensors have proven helpful in this task,sensors are often expensive and difficult to install,while cameras are becoming more popular and accessible,from which images can be collected as data for deep learning models to solve the above task.This leads to another problem:several labeled images are needed to achieve high accuracy when deep-learningmodels predict air quality.In this research,we have threemain contributions:(1)Collect and publish an air quality estimation dataset,namely PTIT_AQED,including environmental image data and air quality;(2)Propose a deep learning model to predict air quality with few data,called PTIT_FAQE(PTIT Few-shot air quality estimation).We build PTIT_FAQE based on EfficientNet-a CNN architecture that ensures high performance in deep learning applications and Few-shot Learning with Prototypical Networks.This helps the model use only a fewtraining data but still achieve high accuracy in air quality estimation.And(3)conduct experiments to prove the superiority of PTIT_FAQE compared to other studies on both PTIT_AQED and APIN datasets.The results show that our model achieves an accuracy of 0.9278 and an F1-Score of 0.9139 on the PTIT_AQED dataset and an accuracy of 0.9467 and an F1-Score of 0.9371 on the APIN dataset,which demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared to previous studies.We also conduct detailed experiments to evaluate the impact of each component on model performance.展开更多
The electrode displacement signal of the resistance spot welding process is monitored and mapped into a binary matrix. Some welded spots, from different welding current specifications, are classified into five classes...The electrode displacement signal of the resistance spot welding process is monitored and mapped into a binary matrix. Some welded spots, from different welding current specifications, are classified into five classes according to the prototypes of the pattern matrices. A reliable quality classifier is developed based on Hopfield network when the tensile shear strength of the welded joint is measured as the quality indicator. The cross validation test results show that the method utilizing pattern matrix of the displacement signal to characterize nugget formation process is feasible and it can provide adequate quality information of the welded spot. At the same time, under small sample circumstance, the classifier presents good classification ability and it also can correctly estimate the weld quality in some abnormal welding process according to the pattern feature of the displacement signal.展开更多
On the basis of the introduction about water saving irrigation that works as a kind of new irrigation pattern,the method of anti-seep quality estimation of the conveying water and distributing channel which acts as an...On the basis of the introduction about water saving irrigation that works as a kind of new irrigation pattern,the method of anti-seep quality estimation of the conveying water and distributing channel which acts as an important engineering measure of water saving irrigation will be introduced in te paper.that is,by means of unit length of channel's water utilization coefficient(η 0)to estimate the quality of channel,and the calculative method has been explained by the example of an actual project.It can be referred to irrigational workers.展开更多
A multi-constituent water quality model is presented,Which relates carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD),amonia (NH3-N), nitrite(NO2-N), nitrate(NO3-N) and dissolvedoxygen(DO). The parameters are solved by Mar...A multi-constituent water quality model is presented,Which relates carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD),amonia (NH3-N), nitrite(NO2-N), nitrate(NO3-N) and dissolvedoxygen(DO). The parameters are solved by Marquardt Method (i. e.,Dampled Least Square Method) while initial values inoptimization are produced by Monte-Carlo Method. The Potential ofthe method as a parameter estimation aid is demonstrated for theapplication to the Liangyi Rver, JiangSu Province of China and by aspecial comparison with Gauss Method.展开更多
Many safety-critical applications that utilize the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) demand highly accurate positioning information, as well as highly integrity and reliability. Due to GNSS signals are easily ...Many safety-critical applications that utilize the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) demand highly accurate positioning information, as well as highly integrity and reliability. Due to GNSS signals are easily distorted by the interferences or disturbances, the signal quality monitoring (SQM) is necessary to detect the presence of dangerous signal distortions. In this paper, we developed an SQM software for binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated navigation signals. Firstly, the models of BOC signal with ideal and distortion are presented respectively. Then the architecture of SQM software is proposed. Moreover, the effect of the white gaussian noise (WGN) and the front-end filter on the correlation peak of the receiver is analyzed. Finally, the biases induced by the signal distortion are evaluated. The experiments simulate the relationships between the code phase shift and the normalized correlation value in the case of the signal digital distortion and the analog distortion. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SQM method can effectively monitor the signal distortion and accurately estimate the correlation peak deviation caused by the distortion.展开更多
In this paper, we consider the problem of unknown parameter estimation using a set of nodes that are deployed over an area. The recently proposed distributed adaptive estimation algorithms(also known as adaptive netwo...In this paper, we consider the problem of unknown parameter estimation using a set of nodes that are deployed over an area. The recently proposed distributed adaptive estimation algorithms(also known as adaptive networks) are appealing solutions to the mentioned problem when the statistical information of the underlying process is not available or it varies over time. In this paper, our goal is to develop a new incremental least-mean square(LMS) adaptive network that considers the quality of measurements collected by the nodes. Thus, we use an adaptive combination strategy which assigns each node a step size according to its quality of measurement. The adaptive combination strategy improves the robustness of the proposed algorithm to the spatial variations of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). The performance of our algorithm is more remarkable in inhomogeneous environments when there are some nodes with low SNRs in the network. The simulation results indicate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
In this paper, electrical energy quality and its indices in ship electric networks are introduced, especially the meaning of electrical energy quality terms in voltage and active and reactive power distribution indice...In this paper, electrical energy quality and its indices in ship electric networks are introduced, especially the meaning of electrical energy quality terms in voltage and active and reactive power distribution indices. Then methods of measurement of marine electrical energy indices are introduced in details and a microprocessor measurement-diagnosis system with the function of measurement and control is designed. Afterwards, estimation and control of electrical power quality of marine electrical power networks are introduced. And finally, according to the existing method of measurement and control of electrical power quality in ship power networks, the improvement of relative method is proposed.展开更多
The throughput performance of modulation and coding schemes （MCS） selection with channel quality estimation errors （CQEE） is analyzed for high-speed downlink packet access （HSDPA）. To reduce the loss of throughp...The throughput performance of modulation and coding schemes （MCS） selection with channel quality estimation errors （CQEE） is analyzed for high-speed downlink packet access （HSDPA）. To reduce the loss of throughput caused by CQEE, the robust MCS selection method and adaptive MCS switching scheme are proposed. In addition, automatic repeat request （ARQ） scheme is used to improve the block error rate （BLER） performance. Simulation results show that the proposed methods decrease the throughput loss resulted from CQEE efficiently and BLER performance gets better with ARQ scheme.展开更多
The main purpose of this study is to classify the rock mass quality by using rock mass quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems along headrace tunnel of small hydropower in Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa....The main purpose of this study is to classify the rock mass quality by using rock mass quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems along headrace tunnel of small hydropower in Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Geological field work was carried out to determine the orientation, spacing, aperture, roughness and alteration of discontinuities of rock mass. The quality of rock mass along the tunnel route is classified as good to very poor quality by Q system, while very good to very poor by RMR classification system. The relatively good rock conditions are acquired via RMR values that are attributed to ground water conditions, joint spacing, RQD and favorable orientation of discontinuities with respect to the tunnel drive. The petrographic studies revealed that study area is mainly comprised of five major geological rock units namely quartz mica schist (QMS), garnet mica schist (GMS), garnet bearing quartz mica schist (G-QMS), calcareous schist (CS), marble (M). The collected samples of quartz mica schist, marble and garnet bearing quartz mica schist are fine to medium grained, compact and are cross cut by few discontinuities having greater spacing. Therefore, these rocks have greater average RQD, Q values, RMR ratings as compared to garnet mica schist and calcareous schist.展开更多
A mobile C-band dual polarimetric weather radar J type （PCDJ）, which adopts simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception （STSR） of horizontally and vertically polarized signals, was first developed in Chin...A mobile C-band dual polarimetric weather radar J type （PCDJ）, which adopts simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception （STSR） of horizontally and vertically polarized signals, was first developed in China in 2008. It was deployed in the radar observation plan in the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment （SCHeREX） in the summer of 2008 and 2009, as well as in Tropical Western Pacific Ocean Observation Experiments and Research on the Predictability of High Impact Weather Events from 2008 to 2010 in China （TWPOR）. Using the observation data collected in these experiments, the radar systematic error and its sources were analyzed in depth. Meanwhile an algorithm that can smooth differential propagation phase （~Dp） for estimating the high-resolution specific differential phase （KDP） was developed. After attenuation correction of reflectivity in horizontal polarization （ZH） and differential reflectivity （ZDR） of PCDJ radar by means of KDP, the data quality was improved significantly. Using quality-controlled radar data, quantitative rainfall estimation was performed, and the resutls were compared with rain-gauge measurements. A synthetic ZH /KDp-based method was analyzed. The results the traditional ZH-based method when the rain suggest that the synthetic method has the advantage over rate is 〉5 mm h^-1. The more intensive the rain rates, the higher accuracy of the estimation.展开更多
The attenuation factor or quality factor(Q-factor or Q) has been used to measure the energy attenuation of seismic waves propagating in underground media. Many methods are used to estimate the Q-factor. We propose a m...The attenuation factor or quality factor(Q-factor or Q) has been used to measure the energy attenuation of seismic waves propagating in underground media. Many methods are used to estimate the Q-factor. We propose a method to calculate the Q-factor based on the prestack Q-factor inversion and the generalized S-transform. The proposed method specifies a standard primary wavelet and calculates the cumulative Q-factors; then, it finds the interlaminar Q-factors using the relation between Q and offset(QVO) and the Dix formula. The proposed method is alternative to methods that calculate interlaminar Q-factors after horizon picking. Because the frequency spectrum of each horizon can be extracted continuously on a 2D time–frequency spectrum, the method is called the continuous spectral ratio slope(CSRS) method. Compared with the other Q-inversion methods, the method offers nearly effortless computations and stability, and has mathematical and physical significance. We use numerical modeling to verify the feasibility of the method and apply it to real data from an oilfield in Ahdeb, Iraq. The results suggest that the resolution and spatial stability of the Q-profile are optimal and contain abundant interlaminar information that is extremely helpful in making lithology and fluid predictions.展开更多
Software development effort estimation is considered a fundamental task for software development life cycle as well as for managing project cost, time and quality. Therefore, accurate estimation is a substantial facto...Software development effort estimation is considered a fundamental task for software development life cycle as well as for managing project cost, time and quality. Therefore, accurate estimation is a substantial factor in projects success and reducing the risks. In recent years, software effort estimation has received a considerable amount of attention from researchers?and became a challenge for software industry. In the last two decades, many researchers and practitioners proposed statistical and machine learning-based models for software effort estimation. In this work, Firefly Algorithm is proposed as a metaheuristic optimization method for optimizing the parameters of three COCOMO-based models. These models include the basic COCOMO model and other two models proposed in the literature as extensions of the basic COCOMO model. The developed estimation models are evaluated using different evaluation metrics. Experimental results show high accuracy and significant error minimization of Firefly Algorithm over other metaheuristic optimization algorithms including Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization.展开更多
This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictabi...This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictability of water quality thus plays a crucial role in managing our ecosystems to make informed decisions and,hence,proper environmental management.This study addresses these challenges by proposing an effective machine learning methodology applied to the“Water Quality”public dataset.The methodology has modeled the dataset suitable for providing prediction classification analysis with high values of the evaluating parameters such as accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity.The proposed methodology is based on two novel approaches:(a)the SMOTE method to deal with unbalanced data and(b)the skillfully involved classical machine learning models.This paper uses Random Forests,Decision Trees,XGBoost,and Support Vector Machines because they can handle large datasets,train models for handling skewed datasets,and provide high accuracy in water quality classification.A key contribution of this work is the use of custom sampling strategies within the SMOTE approach,which significantly enhanced performance metrics and improved class imbalance handling.The results demonstrate significant improvements in predictive performance,achieving the highest reported metrics:accuracy(98.92%vs.96.06%),sensitivity(98.3%vs.71.26%),and F1 score(98.37%vs.79.74%)using the XGBoost model.These improvements underscore the effectiveness of our custom SMOTE sampling strategies in addressing class imbalance.The findings contribute to environmental management by enabling ecology specialists to develop more accurate strategies for monitoring,assessing,and managing drinking water quality,ensuring better ecosystem and public health outcomes.展开更多
文摘Reduced-reference （RR） video-quality estimators send a small signature to the receiver. This signature comprises the original video content as well as the video stream. RR quality estimation provides reliability and involves a small data payload. While significant in theory, RR estimators have only recently been used in practice for quality monitoring and adaptive system con- trol in streaming-video frameworks. In this paper, we classify RR algorithms according to whether they are based on a） model- ing the signal distortion, b） modeling the human visual system, or c） analyzing the video signal source. We review proposed RR techniques for monitoring and controlling quality in streaming video systems.
文摘Air quality estimation assesses the pollution level in the air,supports public health warnings,and is a valuable tool in environmental management.Although air sensors have proven helpful in this task,sensors are often expensive and difficult to install,while cameras are becoming more popular and accessible,from which images can be collected as data for deep learning models to solve the above task.This leads to another problem:several labeled images are needed to achieve high accuracy when deep-learningmodels predict air quality.In this research,we have threemain contributions:(1)Collect and publish an air quality estimation dataset,namely PTIT_AQED,including environmental image data and air quality;(2)Propose a deep learning model to predict air quality with few data,called PTIT_FAQE(PTIT Few-shot air quality estimation).We build PTIT_FAQE based on EfficientNet-a CNN architecture that ensures high performance in deep learning applications and Few-shot Learning with Prototypical Networks.This helps the model use only a fewtraining data but still achieve high accuracy in air quality estimation.And(3)conduct experiments to prove the superiority of PTIT_FAQE compared to other studies on both PTIT_AQED and APIN datasets.The results show that our model achieves an accuracy of 0.9278 and an F1-Score of 0.9139 on the PTIT_AQED dataset and an accuracy of 0.9467 and an F1-Score of 0.9371 on the APIN dataset,which demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared to previous studies.We also conduct detailed experiments to evaluate the impact of each component on model performance.
文摘The electrode displacement signal of the resistance spot welding process is monitored and mapped into a binary matrix. Some welded spots, from different welding current specifications, are classified into five classes according to the prototypes of the pattern matrices. A reliable quality classifier is developed based on Hopfield network when the tensile shear strength of the welded joint is measured as the quality indicator. The cross validation test results show that the method utilizing pattern matrix of the displacement signal to characterize nugget formation process is feasible and it can provide adequate quality information of the welded spot. At the same time, under small sample circumstance, the classifier presents good classification ability and it also can correctly estimate the weld quality in some abnormal welding process according to the pattern feature of the displacement signal.
文摘On the basis of the introduction about water saving irrigation that works as a kind of new irrigation pattern,the method of anti-seep quality estimation of the conveying water and distributing channel which acts as an important engineering measure of water saving irrigation will be introduced in te paper.that is,by means of unit length of channel's water utilization coefficient(η 0)to estimate the quality of channel,and the calculative method has been explained by the example of an actual project.It can be referred to irrigational workers.
文摘A multi-constituent water quality model is presented,Which relates carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD),amonia (NH3-N), nitrite(NO2-N), nitrate(NO3-N) and dissolvedoxygen(DO). The parameters are solved by Marquardt Method (i. e.,Dampled Least Square Method) while initial values inoptimization are produced by Monte-Carlo Method. The Potential ofthe method as a parameter estimation aid is demonstrated for theapplication to the Liangyi Rver, JiangSu Province of China and by aspecial comparison with Gauss Method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61771393 61571368)
文摘Many safety-critical applications that utilize the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) demand highly accurate positioning information, as well as highly integrity and reliability. Due to GNSS signals are easily distorted by the interferences or disturbances, the signal quality monitoring (SQM) is necessary to detect the presence of dangerous signal distortions. In this paper, we developed an SQM software for binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated navigation signals. Firstly, the models of BOC signal with ideal and distortion are presented respectively. Then the architecture of SQM software is proposed. Moreover, the effect of the white gaussian noise (WGN) and the front-end filter on the correlation peak of the receiver is analyzed. Finally, the biases induced by the signal distortion are evaluated. The experiments simulate the relationships between the code phase shift and the normalized correlation value in the case of the signal digital distortion and the analog distortion. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SQM method can effectively monitor the signal distortion and accurately estimate the correlation peak deviation caused by the distortion.
文摘In this paper, we consider the problem of unknown parameter estimation using a set of nodes that are deployed over an area. The recently proposed distributed adaptive estimation algorithms(also known as adaptive networks) are appealing solutions to the mentioned problem when the statistical information of the underlying process is not available or it varies over time. In this paper, our goal is to develop a new incremental least-mean square(LMS) adaptive network that considers the quality of measurements collected by the nodes. Thus, we use an adaptive combination strategy which assigns each node a step size according to its quality of measurement. The adaptive combination strategy improves the robustness of the proposed algorithm to the spatial variations of signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). The performance of our algorithm is more remarkable in inhomogeneous environments when there are some nodes with low SNRs in the network. The simulation results indicate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
文摘In this paper, electrical energy quality and its indices in ship electric networks are introduced, especially the meaning of electrical energy quality terms in voltage and active and reactive power distribution indices. Then methods of measurement of marine electrical energy indices are introduced in details and a microprocessor measurement-diagnosis system with the function of measurement and control is designed. Afterwards, estimation and control of electrical power quality of marine electrical power networks are introduced. And finally, according to the existing method of measurement and control of electrical power quality in ship power networks, the improvement of relative method is proposed.
文摘The throughput performance of modulation and coding schemes （MCS） selection with channel quality estimation errors （CQEE） is analyzed for high-speed downlink packet access （HSDPA）. To reduce the loss of throughput caused by CQEE, the robust MCS selection method and adaptive MCS switching scheme are proposed. In addition, automatic repeat request （ARQ） scheme is used to improve the block error rate （BLER） performance. Simulation results show that the proposed methods decrease the throughput loss resulted from CQEE efficiently and BLER performance gets better with ARQ scheme.
文摘The main purpose of this study is to classify the rock mass quality by using rock mass quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems along headrace tunnel of small hydropower in Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Geological field work was carried out to determine the orientation, spacing, aperture, roughness and alteration of discontinuities of rock mass. The quality of rock mass along the tunnel route is classified as good to very poor quality by Q system, while very good to very poor by RMR classification system. The relatively good rock conditions are acquired via RMR values that are attributed to ground water conditions, joint spacing, RQD and favorable orientation of discontinuities with respect to the tunnel drive. The petrographic studies revealed that study area is mainly comprised of five major geological rock units namely quartz mica schist (QMS), garnet mica schist (GMS), garnet bearing quartz mica schist (G-QMS), calcareous schist (CS), marble (M). The collected samples of quartz mica schist, marble and garnet bearing quartz mica schist are fine to medium grained, compact and are cross cut by few discontinuities having greater spacing. Therefore, these rocks have greater average RQD, Q values, RMR ratings as compared to garnet mica schist and calcareous schist.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40975013 and 40975014)Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) basic scientific and operational project:Observation and retrieval methods of microphysics and dynamic parameters of cloud and precipitation with multi-wavelength Remote Sensing,SCHeREX and TWPOR
文摘A mobile C-band dual polarimetric weather radar J type （PCDJ）, which adopts simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception （STSR） of horizontally and vertically polarized signals, was first developed in China in 2008. It was deployed in the radar observation plan in the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment （SCHeREX） in the summer of 2008 and 2009, as well as in Tropical Western Pacific Ocean Observation Experiments and Research on the Predictability of High Impact Weather Events from 2008 to 2010 in China （TWPOR）. Using the observation data collected in these experiments, the radar systematic error and its sources were analyzed in depth. Meanwhile an algorithm that can smooth differential propagation phase （~Dp） for estimating the high-resolution specific differential phase （KDP） was developed. After attenuation correction of reflectivity in horizontal polarization （ZH） and differential reflectivity （ZDR） of PCDJ radar by means of KDP, the data quality was improved significantly. Using quality-controlled radar data, quantitative rainfall estimation was performed, and the resutls were compared with rain-gauge measurements. A synthetic ZH /KDp-based method was analyzed. The results the traditional ZH-based method when the rain suggest that the synthetic method has the advantage over rate is 〉5 mm h^-1. The more intensive the rain rates, the higher accuracy of the estimation.
基金supported by The National Key Research and Development Program Plane(No.2017YFC0601505)National Natural Science Foundation(No.41672325)Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province Technology Project(No.2017GZ0393)
文摘The attenuation factor or quality factor(Q-factor or Q) has been used to measure the energy attenuation of seismic waves propagating in underground media. Many methods are used to estimate the Q-factor. We propose a method to calculate the Q-factor based on the prestack Q-factor inversion and the generalized S-transform. The proposed method specifies a standard primary wavelet and calculates the cumulative Q-factors; then, it finds the interlaminar Q-factors using the relation between Q and offset(QVO) and the Dix formula. The proposed method is alternative to methods that calculate interlaminar Q-factors after horizon picking. Because the frequency spectrum of each horizon can be extracted continuously on a 2D time–frequency spectrum, the method is called the continuous spectral ratio slope(CSRS) method. Compared with the other Q-inversion methods, the method offers nearly effortless computations and stability, and has mathematical and physical significance. We use numerical modeling to verify the feasibility of the method and apply it to real data from an oilfield in Ahdeb, Iraq. The results suggest that the resolution and spatial stability of the Q-profile are optimal and contain abundant interlaminar information that is extremely helpful in making lithology and fluid predictions.
文摘Software development effort estimation is considered a fundamental task for software development life cycle as well as for managing project cost, time and quality. Therefore, accurate estimation is a substantial factor in projects success and reducing the risks. In recent years, software effort estimation has received a considerable amount of attention from researchers?and became a challenge for software industry. In the last two decades, many researchers and practitioners proposed statistical and machine learning-based models for software effort estimation. In this work, Firefly Algorithm is proposed as a metaheuristic optimization method for optimizing the parameters of three COCOMO-based models. These models include the basic COCOMO model and other two models proposed in the literature as extensions of the basic COCOMO model. The developed estimation models are evaluated using different evaluation metrics. Experimental results show high accuracy and significant error minimization of Firefly Algorithm over other metaheuristic optimization algorithms including Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimization.
文摘This study demonstrates the complexity and importance of water quality as a measure of the health and sustainability of ecosystems that directly influence biodiversity,human health,and the world economy.The predictability of water quality thus plays a crucial role in managing our ecosystems to make informed decisions and,hence,proper environmental management.This study addresses these challenges by proposing an effective machine learning methodology applied to the“Water Quality”public dataset.The methodology has modeled the dataset suitable for providing prediction classification analysis with high values of the evaluating parameters such as accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity.The proposed methodology is based on two novel approaches:(a)the SMOTE method to deal with unbalanced data and(b)the skillfully involved classical machine learning models.This paper uses Random Forests,Decision Trees,XGBoost,and Support Vector Machines because they can handle large datasets,train models for handling skewed datasets,and provide high accuracy in water quality classification.A key contribution of this work is the use of custom sampling strategies within the SMOTE approach,which significantly enhanced performance metrics and improved class imbalance handling.The results demonstrate significant improvements in predictive performance,achieving the highest reported metrics:accuracy(98.92%vs.96.06%),sensitivity(98.3%vs.71.26%),and F1 score(98.37%vs.79.74%)using the XGBoost model.These improvements underscore the effectiveness of our custom SMOTE sampling strategies in addressing class imbalance.The findings contribute to environmental management by enabling ecology specialists to develop more accurate strategies for monitoring,assessing,and managing drinking water quality,ensuring better ecosystem and public health outcomes.
