Post-earthquake building reconstruction usually faces challenges such as inadequate preparation and lack of resources,while compensation measures can help alleviate these difficulties.Although various compensation mea...Post-earthquake building reconstruction usually faces challenges such as inadequate preparation and lack of resources,while compensation measures can help alleviate these difficulties.Although various compensation measures have been proposed for accelerating post-earthquake recovery,their effects on building reconstruction are still unclear.This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the effects of compensation measures on post-earthquake building reconstruction.To achieve this objective,this study first identified the post-earthquake building reconstruction goals,21 reconstruction factors across five categories,and four compensation measures,and employed the methods of structural equation modeling,paired-samples t-test,and repeated measures analysis of variance to analyze the effects of reconstruction factors on the reconstruction goals and the effects of compensation measures on the reconstruction factors,respectively.A questionnaire was designed to investigate the post-earthquake building reconstruction projects in China,with 251 respondents participated.The results show that apart from project-specific condition,the other four categories of reconstruction factors,including owner condition,technology condition,resource availability,and contractor management capability,have significant effects on the reconstruction goals.The study also evaluated the extent of the above effects.On the other hand,the results indicate that the affecting extents of various compensation measures on reconstruction factors are significantly different.These findings can provide support and guidance for government management of post-earthquake building reconstruction and the development of compensation measures.They also provide a basis for future research on optimizing compensation measures for post-earthquake building reconstruction.展开更多
Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has provided unprecedented insights into the topographic histories of many of the world's highest mountain ranges. However, on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), stable isotopes from paleosols ...Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has provided unprecedented insights into the topographic histories of many of the world's highest mountain ranges. However, on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), stable isotopes from paleosols generally yield much higher paleoaltitudes than those based on fossils. It is therefore essential when attempting to interpret accurately this region's paleoaltitudes that the empirical calibrations of local stable isotopes and the relations between them are established. Additionally,it is vital that careful estimations be made when estimate how different isotopes sourced from different areas may have been influenced by different controls. We present here 29 hydrogen isotopic values for leaf wax-derived n-alkanes(i.e., δD_(wax) values,and abundance-weighted average δD values of C_(29) and C_(31)) in surface soils, as well as the δD values of soil water(δD_(sw)) samples(totaling 22) from Mount Longmen(LM), on the eastern TP(altitude ~0.8–4.0 km above sea level(asl), a region climatically affected by the East Asian Monsoon(EAM). We compared our results with published data from Mount Gongga(GG). In addition,47 river water samples, 55 spring water samples, and the daily and monthly summer precipitation records(from May to October,2015) from two precipitation observation stations were collected along the GG transect for δD analysis. LM soil δD_(wax) values showed regional differences and responded strongly to altitude, varying from.160‰ to.219‰, with an altitudinal lapse rate(ALR) of.18‰ km^(-1)(R^2=0.83; p<0.0001; n=29). These δD_(wax) values appeared more enriched than those from the GG transect by ~40‰. We found that both the climate and moisture sources led to the differences observed in soil δD_(wax) values between the LM and GG transects. We found that, as a general rule, ε_(wax/rw), ε_(wax/p) and εwax/sw values(i.e., the isotopic fractionation of δD_(wax) corresponding to δD_(rw), δD_p and δD_(sw)) increased with increasing altitude along both the LM and GG transects(up to 34‰ and 50‰, respectively). Basing its research on a comparative study of δD_(wax), δD_p, δD_(rw)(δD_(springw)) and δD_(sw), this paper discusses the effects of moisture recycling, glacier-fed meltwater, relative humidity(RH), evapotranspiration(ET), vegetation cover, latitude,topography and/or other factors on ε_(wax/p) values. Clearly, if ε_(wax-p) values at higher altitudes are calculated using smaller ε_(wax-p) values from lower altitudes, the calculated paleowaterδD_p values are going to be more depleted than the actual δD values, and any paleoaltitude would therefore be overestimated.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.72204280)the Research and Innovation Team Support Program Funding Project of Central University of Finance and Economics(CUFE)(Grant No.CUFE-2021-GG-1)The authors are thankful for the support of NSFC and CUFE.
文摘Post-earthquake building reconstruction usually faces challenges such as inadequate preparation and lack of resources,while compensation measures can help alleviate these difficulties.Although various compensation measures have been proposed for accelerating post-earthquake recovery,their effects on building reconstruction are still unclear.This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the effects of compensation measures on post-earthquake building reconstruction.To achieve this objective,this study first identified the post-earthquake building reconstruction goals,21 reconstruction factors across five categories,and four compensation measures,and employed the methods of structural equation modeling,paired-samples t-test,and repeated measures analysis of variance to analyze the effects of reconstruction factors on the reconstruction goals and the effects of compensation measures on the reconstruction factors,respectively.A questionnaire was designed to investigate the post-earthquake building reconstruction projects in China,with 251 respondents participated.The results show that apart from project-specific condition,the other four categories of reconstruction factors,including owner condition,technology condition,resource availability,and contractor management capability,have significant effects on the reconstruction goals.The study also evaluated the extent of the above effects.On the other hand,the results indicate that the affecting extents of various compensation measures on reconstruction factors are significantly different.These findings can provide support and guidance for government management of post-earthquake building reconstruction and the development of compensation measures.They also provide a basis for future research on optimizing compensation measures for post-earthquake building reconstruction.
基金co-supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB03020100)the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2013CB956400)the National Natural Science Foudation of China (Grant Nos. 41321061, 41571014 & 41371022)
文摘Stable isotope paleoaltimetry has provided unprecedented insights into the topographic histories of many of the world's highest mountain ranges. However, on the Tibetan Plateau(TP), stable isotopes from paleosols generally yield much higher paleoaltitudes than those based on fossils. It is therefore essential when attempting to interpret accurately this region's paleoaltitudes that the empirical calibrations of local stable isotopes and the relations between them are established. Additionally,it is vital that careful estimations be made when estimate how different isotopes sourced from different areas may have been influenced by different controls. We present here 29 hydrogen isotopic values for leaf wax-derived n-alkanes(i.e., δD_(wax) values,and abundance-weighted average δD values of C_(29) and C_(31)) in surface soils, as well as the δD values of soil water(δD_(sw)) samples(totaling 22) from Mount Longmen(LM), on the eastern TP(altitude ~0.8–4.0 km above sea level(asl), a region climatically affected by the East Asian Monsoon(EAM). We compared our results with published data from Mount Gongga(GG). In addition,47 river water samples, 55 spring water samples, and the daily and monthly summer precipitation records(from May to October,2015) from two precipitation observation stations were collected along the GG transect for δD analysis. LM soil δD_(wax) values showed regional differences and responded strongly to altitude, varying from.160‰ to.219‰, with an altitudinal lapse rate(ALR) of.18‰ km^(-1)(R^2=0.83; p<0.0001; n=29). These δD_(wax) values appeared more enriched than those from the GG transect by ~40‰. We found that both the climate and moisture sources led to the differences observed in soil δD_(wax) values between the LM and GG transects. We found that, as a general rule, ε_(wax/rw), ε_(wax/p) and εwax/sw values(i.e., the isotopic fractionation of δD_(wax) corresponding to δD_(rw), δD_p and δD_(sw)) increased with increasing altitude along both the LM and GG transects(up to 34‰ and 50‰, respectively). Basing its research on a comparative study of δD_(wax), δD_p, δD_(rw)(δD_(springw)) and δD_(sw), this paper discusses the effects of moisture recycling, glacier-fed meltwater, relative humidity(RH), evapotranspiration(ET), vegetation cover, latitude,topography and/or other factors on ε_(wax/p) values. Clearly, if ε_(wax-p) values at higher altitudes are calculated using smaller ε_(wax-p) values from lower altitudes, the calculated paleowaterδD_p values are going to be more depleted than the actual δD values, and any paleoaltitude would therefore be overestimated.
