Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all ov...Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all over the world and its encouraging intercalation chemistries, it has recently enticed attention in electrochemical energy storage industry in the form of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). The major factor in this K+ based battery, is to develop efficient approaches to manufacture electrode substance to intercalate its big size potassium ions with considerable voltage, kinetics, charge/discharge capacity, capacity retention, cost, etc. This study contributes in the recent developments of anode and cathode materials for PIBs, including several electrode materials in regards to synthesis, structure, electrochemical performance, and K-storage mechanisms. Finally, the review contributes to provide helpful sources for the increasing number of scientists working in this industry regarding its critical issues and challenges and also to indicate the future direction of electrode materials in PIBs.展开更多
DBC substrates are the standard circuit boardsfor power modules. Using the DBC technologythick copper foils (0.125mm - 0.Tmm) arecladded to Alumina or Aluminum Nitride,The strong adhesion of the copper to ceramicbond ...DBC substrates are the standard circuit boardsfor power modules. Using the DBC technologythick copper foils (0.125mm - 0.Tmm) arecladded to Alumina or Aluminum Nitride,The strong adhesion of the copper to ceramicbond reduces the thermal expansion coefficientin horizontal direction only slightly above theTEC of the ceramic itself. This allows directsilicon attach of large dies without using TECcontrolling layers.As DBC technology is using copper foils,integralleads overhanging the ceramic can be realized...展开更多
The US Asia-Pacific strategy is witnessing and will continue to witness new developments along with the evolution of its domestic politics as well as of the regional situation in Asia Pacific,particularly with Republi...The US Asia-Pacific strategy is witnessing and will continue to witness new developments along with the evolution of its domestic politics as well as of the regional situation in Asia Pacific,particularly with Republican candidate Donald展开更多
In this special issue, we present to the readers the current experimental results in theresearch of materials processing, superconducting properties, and industrialapplications. The invited authors in this special iss...In this special issue, we present to the readers the current experimental results in theresearch of materials processing, superconducting properties, and industrialapplications. The invited authors in this special issue are prominent researchers in thesuperconductivity community. The readers will be able to find this special issuevaluable and current information in several key areas including thin films, largedomain growth, flux pinning, coated conductors, and MgBsynthesis.展开更多
The field of forensic DNA typing,often referred to as“DNA fingerprinting,”has evolved and expanded considerably since its beginnings in the mid-1980s.Originally,forensic DNA typing was primarily used for individual ...The field of forensic DNA typing,often referred to as“DNA fingerprinting,”has evolved and expanded considerably since its beginnings in the mid-1980s.Originally,forensic DNA typing was primarily used for individual identification and criminal investigations,but it has evolved into a versatile discipline with a wide range of applications.This article addresses the growing scope of forensic genetics,which includes advances in DNA sequencing technologies,mixture analysis,body fluid identification,phenotypic profiling,forensic genealogy,microbiological analysis,exploration of novel markers,and ethical and legal considerations.These developments have enabled the analysis of difficult samples and provided comprehensive insights into the origins of biological evidence.In an ever-evolving landscape,forensic genetics continues to shape the future of forensic science by providing new tools and techniques that help deliver justice in an increasingly complex world.展开更多
This paper studies the business process known as project management. This process has exhibited a remarkable growth in business interest over the last 15 years, as demonstrated by a 1000% increase in membership in the...This paper studies the business process known as project management. This process has exhibited a remarkable growth in business interest over the last 15 years, as demonstrated by a 1000% increase in membership in the Project Management Institute since 1996. This growth is largely attributable to the emergence of many new diverse business applications that can be successfully managed as projects. The new applications for project management include IT implementations, research and development, new product and service development, corporate change management, and software development. The characteristics of modem projects are typically very different from those of traditional projects such as construction and engineering, which necessitates the development of new project management techniques. We discuss these recent practical developments. The history of project management methodology is reviewed, from CPM and PERT to the influential modem directions of critical chain project management and agile methods. We identify one important application area for future methodological change as new product and service development. A list of specific research topics within project management is discussed. The conclusions suggest the existence of significant research opportunities within project management.展开更多
Recent progress in the production and technology of ductile cast iron castings in China is reviewed. The manufacture and process control of as-cast ductile iron are discussed. The microstructure, properties and applic...Recent progress in the production and technology of ductile cast iron castings in China is reviewed. The manufacture and process control of as-cast ductile iron are discussed. The microstructure, properties and application of partial austenitization normalizing ductile iron and austempered ductile iron (ADI) are briefly depicted. The new development of ductile iron production techniques, such as cored-wire injection (wire-feeding nodularization) process, tundish cover ladle nodularizing process, horizontal continuous casting, and EPC process (lost foam) for ductile iron castings, etc., are summarized.展开更多
Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating. According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment, two sets of neutral beam injectors （4-8 MW, 10-100s） w...Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating. According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment, two sets of neutral beam injectors （4-8 MW, 10-100s） were built and operated in 2014. We present the development of the EAST neutral beam injector （NBI） and the latest experiment results obtained on the test-stand about operation of ion source, beam extraction, and measurement of key parameters. Those results show that all targets reach or almost reach the design targets. All these lay a solid foundation for the achievement of plasma heating and current drive for EAST in 2014.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte, and the low standard redox potential of potassium. However, the development of PIBs is still in its infancy, which is largely restricted by the fact that the electrode materials, especially the cathode materials of PIBs, are far from satisfactory in practical applications regarding the capacity, voltage, and cycle life. Therefore, most of current research efforts have been devoted to exploring new and high-performance electrode materials for achieving PIBs with high capacity and voltage as well as excellent cyclability. In this review,the recent advancements on cathode materials for PIBs are specially summarized. Besides, technological developments, scientific challenges, and future research opportunities of cathode materials for PIBs are also briefly outlooked.展开更多
In this special section,two introductive papers from Waseda University and the University of Aizu are selected for the introduction of recent development of computer science education in Japan.Waseda University is one...In this special section,two introductive papers from Waseda University and the University of Aizu are selected for the introduction of recent development of computer science education in Japan.Waseda University is one of top and comprehensive private universities in Japan.The University of Aizu is a public university and the first university dedicated to computer science engineering in Japan.The University of Aizu advocates'advancement of knowledge for humanity'and carries out significant research in computer science.展开更多
Computer science(CS)is a discipline to study the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.As we enter into the Internet era,computers and the Internet have become intimate parts of our dai...Computer science(CS)is a discipline to study the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.As we enter into the Internet era,computers and the Internet have become intimate parts of our daily life.Due to its rapid development and wide applications recently,more CS graduates are needed in industries around the world.In USA,this situation is even more severe due to the rapid expansions of several big IT related companies such as Microsoft,Google,Facebook,Amazon,IBM etc.Hence,how to effectively train a large number of展开更多
China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the d...China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the diversification of its automobiles, with multi-grades and functions. The steady increase in output of automobiles is a significant feature in China’s auto industry in recent years. In the 1980s, the industry developed rapidly, with fluctuations at times.展开更多
Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ...Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.展开更多
The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for ab...The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production.Currently four different SMR designs are in operation,four in construction,one is licensed,and further 12 are in a licensing process.In this paper,definitions,history,and current developments of SMRs are presented.Subsequently,selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport,compactness and modularity,core design,improved core cooling,exclusion of accidents,features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents,economic viability,competitiveness and licensing are discussed.Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented.Finally,selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.展开更多
The rapid development of by the device scaling down. encountered difficulties and CMOS technology is driven Classical MOS devices have challenges as scaling down to nanoscale [1], which seriously affects the device p...The rapid development of by the device scaling down. encountered difficulties and CMOS technology is driven Classical MOS devices have challenges as scaling down to nanoscale [1], which seriously affects the device performance and limits the further development of CMOS technology. Because of the excellent control over short-channel effects and high current drive capability, novel multi-gate MOS devices have been regarded for years as the most attractive devices to continue the CMOS technology development following ＂Moore＇s law＂ [2]. Among which FinFET, mainly proposed by Hisamoto et al.展开更多
Serving as a classic and interesting strategy,gas–solid phase chemiluminescence(CL)has recently been a rapidly growing area where CL is emitted through chemical reactions between gas and solid reactants occurred on t...Serving as a classic and interesting strategy,gas–solid phase chemiluminescence(CL)has recently been a rapidly growing area where CL is emitted through chemical reactions between gas and solid reactants occurred on the surface of solid matter.This CL system provided a sensitive and simple spectral method for investigating gas–solid phase reactions while information on the rate constants,intermediate productions,surface states and reaction mechanisms of interaction could be acquired.Recent progresses mainly concentrate on development of new gas–solid phase CL systems and their practical applications.This review paper summarized main classifications,mechanisms and applications of gas–solid phase CL.The future prospects for gas–solid phase CL are discussed.展开更多
Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently be...Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently because of their great potential for application in addressing some of society’s most enduring issues with renewable energy.Transition metal-based nitrides,carbides,or carbonitrides,known as“MXenes”,are a relatively new and large family of 2D materials.Since the discovery of the first MXene,Ti_(3)C_(2) in 2011 has become one of the fastest-expanding families of 2D materials with unique physiochemical features.MXene surface terminations with hydroxyl,oxygen,fluorine,etc.,are invariably present in the so far reported materials,imparting hydrophilicity to their surfaces.The current finding of multi-transition metal-layered MXenes with controlled surface termination capacity opens the door to fabricating unique structures for producing renewable energy.MXene NMs-based flexible chemistry allows them to be tuned for energy-producing/storage,electromagnetic interference shielding,gas/biosensors,water distillation,nanocomposite reinforcement,lubrication,and photo/electro/chemical catalysis.This review will first discuss the advancement of MXenes synthesis methods,their properties/stability,and renewable energy applications.Secondly,we will highlight the constraints and challenges that impede the scientific community from synthesizing functional MXene with controlled composition and properties.We will further reveal the high-tech implementations for renewable energy storage applications along with future challenges and their solutions.展开更多
基金The authors express their thanks to the research starting foundation from Shaanxi University of Science and Technology(Grant No.2018GBJ-04).
文摘Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all over the world and its encouraging intercalation chemistries, it has recently enticed attention in electrochemical energy storage industry in the form of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). The major factor in this K+ based battery, is to develop efficient approaches to manufacture electrode substance to intercalate its big size potassium ions with considerable voltage, kinetics, charge/discharge capacity, capacity retention, cost, etc. This study contributes in the recent developments of anode and cathode materials for PIBs, including several electrode materials in regards to synthesis, structure, electrochemical performance, and K-storage mechanisms. Finally, the review contributes to provide helpful sources for the increasing number of scientists working in this industry regarding its critical issues and challenges and also to indicate the future direction of electrode materials in PIBs.
文摘DBC substrates are the standard circuit boardsfor power modules. Using the DBC technologythick copper foils (0.125mm - 0.Tmm) arecladded to Alumina or Aluminum Nitride,The strong adhesion of the copper to ceramicbond reduces the thermal expansion coefficientin horizontal direction only slightly above theTEC of the ceramic itself. This allows directsilicon attach of large dies without using TECcontrolling layers.As DBC technology is using copper foils,integralleads overhanging the ceramic can be realized...
文摘The US Asia-Pacific strategy is witnessing and will continue to witness new developments along with the evolution of its domestic politics as well as of the regional situation in Asia Pacific,particularly with Republican candidate Donald
文摘In this special issue, we present to the readers the current experimental results in theresearch of materials processing, superconducting properties, and industrialapplications. The invited authors in this special issue are prominent researchers in thesuperconductivity community. The readers will be able to find this special issuevaluable and current information in several key areas including thin films, largedomain growth, flux pinning, coated conductors, and MgBsynthesis.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82030058).
文摘The field of forensic DNA typing,often referred to as“DNA fingerprinting,”has evolved and expanded considerably since its beginnings in the mid-1980s.Originally,forensic DNA typing was primarily used for individual identification and criminal investigations,but it has evolved into a versatile discipline with a wide range of applications.This article addresses the growing scope of forensic genetics,which includes advances in DNA sequencing technologies,mixture analysis,body fluid identification,phenotypic profiling,forensic genealogy,microbiological analysis,exploration of novel markers,and ethical and legal considerations.These developments have enabled the analysis of difficult samples and provided comprehensive insights into the origins of biological evidence.In an ever-evolving landscape,forensic genetics continues to shape the future of forensic science by providing new tools and techniques that help deliver justice in an increasingly complex world.
基金supported in part by the Summer Fellowship Program of the Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University
文摘This paper studies the business process known as project management. This process has exhibited a remarkable growth in business interest over the last 15 years, as demonstrated by a 1000% increase in membership in the Project Management Institute since 1996. This growth is largely attributable to the emergence of many new diverse business applications that can be successfully managed as projects. The new applications for project management include IT implementations, research and development, new product and service development, corporate change management, and software development. The characteristics of modem projects are typically very different from those of traditional projects such as construction and engineering, which necessitates the development of new project management techniques. We discuss these recent practical developments. The history of project management methodology is reviewed, from CPM and PERT to the influential modem directions of critical chain project management and agile methods. We identify one important application area for future methodological change as new product and service development. A list of specific research topics within project management is discussed. The conclusions suggest the existence of significant research opportunities within project management.
文摘Recent progress in the production and technology of ductile cast iron castings in China is reviewed. The manufacture and process control of as-cast ductile iron are discussed. The microstructure, properties and application of partial austenitization normalizing ductile iron and austempered ductile iron (ADI) are briefly depicted. The new development of ductile iron production techniques, such as cored-wire injection (wire-feeding nodularization) process, tundish cover ladle nodularizing process, horizontal continuous casting, and EPC process (lost foam) for ductile iron castings, etc., are summarized.
基金Supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Grant No 2013GB101001
文摘Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating. According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment, two sets of neutral beam injectors （4-8 MW, 10-100s） were built and operated in 2014. We present the development of the EAST neutral beam injector （NBI） and the latest experiment results obtained on the test-stand about operation of ion source, beam extraction, and measurement of key parameters. Those results show that all targets reach or almost reach the design targets. All these lay a solid foundation for the achievement of plasma heating and current drive for EAST in 2014.
基金financialy supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG:LE2249/4-1 and LE2249/5-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21577086)the China Scholarship Council(CSC)for providing the doctoral scholarship(No.201806920051,No.201608370095)
文摘Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte, and the low standard redox potential of potassium. However, the development of PIBs is still in its infancy, which is largely restricted by the fact that the electrode materials, especially the cathode materials of PIBs, are far from satisfactory in practical applications regarding the capacity, voltage, and cycle life. Therefore, most of current research efforts have been devoted to exploring new and high-performance electrode materials for achieving PIBs with high capacity and voltage as well as excellent cyclability. In this review,the recent advancements on cathode materials for PIBs are specially summarized. Besides, technological developments, scientific challenges, and future research opportunities of cathode materials for PIBs are also briefly outlooked.
文摘In this special section,two introductive papers from Waseda University and the University of Aizu are selected for the introduction of recent development of computer science education in Japan.Waseda University is one of top and comprehensive private universities in Japan.The University of Aizu is a public university and the first university dedicated to computer science engineering in Japan.The University of Aizu advocates'advancement of knowledge for humanity'and carries out significant research in computer science.
文摘Computer science(CS)is a discipline to study the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.As we enter into the Internet era,computers and the Internet have become intimate parts of our daily life.Due to its rapid development and wide applications recently,more CS graduates are needed in industries around the world.In USA,this situation is even more severe due to the rapid expansions of several big IT related companies such as Microsoft,Google,Facebook,Amazon,IBM etc.Hence,how to effectively train a large number of
文摘China’s auto industry has gradually been transformed from the original extensive operation, to readjustment and steady growth since 1993. It has begun to concentrate on the development of new leading brands and the diversification of its automobiles, with multi-grades and functions. The steady increase in output of automobiles is a significant feature in China’s auto industry in recent years. In the 1980s, the industry developed rapidly, with fluctuations at times.
文摘Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.
基金the works and results of the following research projects RS1521,RS1561,RS1574,RS1576,RS1577,RS1578,RS1579 and RS1589 which are funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy(BMWi)on the basis of decisions of the German Bundestag。
文摘The Gesellschaft für Anlagen-und Reaktorsicherheit(GRS)gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors(SMRs)for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production.Currently four different SMR designs are in operation,four in construction,one is licensed,and further 12 are in a licensing process.In this paper,definitions,history,and current developments of SMRs are presented.Subsequently,selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport,compactness and modularity,core design,improved core cooling,exclusion of accidents,features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents,economic viability,competitiveness and licensing are discussed.Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented.Finally,selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.
基金supported in part by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0200404)
文摘The rapid development of by the device scaling down. encountered difficulties and CMOS technology is driven Classical MOS devices have challenges as scaling down to nanoscale [1], which seriously affects the device performance and limits the further development of CMOS technology. Because of the excellent control over short-channel effects and high current drive capability, novel multi-gate MOS devices have been regarded for years as the most attractive devices to continue the CMOS technology development following ＂Moore＇s law＂ [2]. Among which FinFET, mainly proposed by Hisamoto et al.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21227006,21435002,81373373,21621003).
文摘Serving as a classic and interesting strategy,gas–solid phase chemiluminescence(CL)has recently been a rapidly growing area where CL is emitted through chemical reactions between gas and solid reactants occurred on the surface of solid matter.This CL system provided a sensitive and simple spectral method for investigating gas–solid phase reactions while information on the rate constants,intermediate productions,surface states and reaction mechanisms of interaction could be acquired.Recent progresses mainly concentrate on development of new gas–solid phase CL systems and their practical applications.This review paper summarized main classifications,mechanisms and applications of gas–solid phase CL.The future prospects for gas–solid phase CL are discussed.
文摘Unsustainable fossil fuel energy usage and its environmental impacts are the most significant scientific challenges in the scientific community.Two-dimensional(2D)materials have received a lot of attention recently because of their great potential for application in addressing some of society’s most enduring issues with renewable energy.Transition metal-based nitrides,carbides,or carbonitrides,known as“MXenes”,are a relatively new and large family of 2D materials.Since the discovery of the first MXene,Ti_(3)C_(2) in 2011 has become one of the fastest-expanding families of 2D materials with unique physiochemical features.MXene surface terminations with hydroxyl,oxygen,fluorine,etc.,are invariably present in the so far reported materials,imparting hydrophilicity to their surfaces.The current finding of multi-transition metal-layered MXenes with controlled surface termination capacity opens the door to fabricating unique structures for producing renewable energy.MXene NMs-based flexible chemistry allows them to be tuned for energy-producing/storage,electromagnetic interference shielding,gas/biosensors,water distillation,nanocomposite reinforcement,lubrication,and photo/electro/chemical catalysis.This review will first discuss the advancement of MXenes synthesis methods,their properties/stability,and renewable energy applications.Secondly,we will highlight the constraints and challenges that impede the scientific community from synthesizing functional MXene with controlled composition and properties.We will further reveal the high-tech implementations for renewable energy storage applications along with future challenges and their solutions.
