To solve the problem of the origin of the human language,it is proposed to use the principle of“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”under the assumption that the development of the child’s language to a certain extent...To solve the problem of the origin of the human language,it is proposed to use the principle of“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”under the assumption that the development of the child’s language to a certain extent reflects the development of the human language.Taking as a basis the first sounds pronounced by a child,phonostems are determined and used when comparing etymological complexes for several semantic fields on lexical materials of several European and Asian languages.According to the results of the comparison,the effectiveness of the used principle has been estimated.展开更多
In vitro liver disease modelling,a rapidly evolving field,has become a multidimensional endeavour aimed at more precisely and effectively recapitulating the complexity of hepatic pathophysiology.This review systematic...In vitro liver disease modelling,a rapidly evolving field,has become a multidimensional endeavour aimed at more precisely and effectively recapitulating the complexity of hepatic pathophysiology.This review systematically outlines the essential structural and cellular components of the liver as foundational elements for model design.Emphasising pathophysiological states rather than disease hallmarks,we discuss key liver injury paradigms,including hepatic steatosis,drug-induced hepatotoxicity,fibrogenesis,tumourigenesis and cholestatic injury.Each section integrates cellular mechanisms with model development strategies,highlighting advances in co-culture systems,multicellular organoids and liver-on-a-chip platforms.Although challenges persist,emerging platforms are increasingly capable of capturing multicellular crosstalk,structural heterogeneity and injury-response dynamics.Moving forward,model utility will depend not only on structural mimicry but on the ability to produce biologically meaningful outputs under experimentally controlled conditions.展开更多
Neural organoids are emerging as promising in vitro models,offering a unique platform to partially recapitulate the structural and functional complexity of the human nervous system.These three-dimensional(3D)construct...Neural organoids are emerging as promising in vitro models,offering a unique platform to partially recapitulate the structural and functional complexity of the human nervous system.These three-dimensional(3D)constructs,which mimic key aspects of organ architecture,can be reliably derived from pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)or embryonic stem cells(ESCs).Their ability to faithfully model neural development and disease pathogenesis has positioned them as indispensable tools in neuroscience research.However,to further unleash their potential,there is a pressing need for long-term and stable monitoring of their dynamic functions in a 3D context.This review provides a brief overview on diverse types of neural organoids and their induction protocols.We further highlight recent advancements in bioelectronic interfaces and sensors tailored for 3D culture.Finally,we discuss future directions aimed at advanced methodologies for real-time,multidimensional functional analysis,ultimately paving the way for breakthroughs in understanding neural development and pathology.展开更多
文摘To solve the problem of the origin of the human language,it is proposed to use the principle of“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”under the assumption that the development of the child’s language to a certain extent reflects the development of the human language.Taking as a basis the first sounds pronounced by a child,phonostems are determined and used when comparing etymological complexes for several semantic fields on lexical materials of several European and Asian languages.According to the results of the comparison,the effectiveness of the used principle has been estimated.
基金supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG Ta434/8-1,CRC/TR 412 Project-ID 535081457 and SFB1382,Project-ID 403224013 and ID 556479455).
文摘In vitro liver disease modelling,a rapidly evolving field,has become a multidimensional endeavour aimed at more precisely and effectively recapitulating the complexity of hepatic pathophysiology.This review systematically outlines the essential structural and cellular components of the liver as foundational elements for model design.Emphasising pathophysiological states rather than disease hallmarks,we discuss key liver injury paradigms,including hepatic steatosis,drug-induced hepatotoxicity,fibrogenesis,tumourigenesis and cholestatic injury.Each section integrates cellular mechanisms with model development strategies,highlighting advances in co-culture systems,multicellular organoids and liver-on-a-chip platforms.Although challenges persist,emerging platforms are increasingly capable of capturing multicellular crosstalk,structural heterogeneity and injury-response dynamics.Moving forward,model utility will depend not only on structural mimicry but on the ability to produce biologically meaningful outputs under experimentally controlled conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82330064,32250008,62271443)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ24H090008)+1 种基金Key Project of Zhejiang Province(2024C03146,2023C03104)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00059).
文摘Neural organoids are emerging as promising in vitro models,offering a unique platform to partially recapitulate the structural and functional complexity of the human nervous system.These three-dimensional(3D)constructs,which mimic key aspects of organ architecture,can be reliably derived from pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)or embryonic stem cells(ESCs).Their ability to faithfully model neural development and disease pathogenesis has positioned them as indispensable tools in neuroscience research.However,to further unleash their potential,there is a pressing need for long-term and stable monitoring of their dynamic functions in a 3D context.This review provides a brief overview on diverse types of neural organoids and their induction protocols.We further highlight recent advancements in bioelectronic interfaces and sensors tailored for 3D culture.Finally,we discuss future directions aimed at advanced methodologies for real-time,multidimensional functional analysis,ultimately paving the way for breakthroughs in understanding neural development and pathology.
